11/12

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Evolution of Philippine
Politics and Governance
Philippine Politics and Governance – Grade 11/12
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mark A. Geronimo
Editors: Latreia E. Estabillo, Dawn Hope Almuena, Mary Joy Velasco
Reviewers: Evelyn C. Frusa PhD, Antonio V. Amparado Jr.,
Rolex I. Lotilla and Arvin M. Tejada
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Raiza M. Salvaloza
Cover Art Designer: Reggie D. Galindez
Management Team: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV – Regional Director
Fiel Y. Almendra, CESO V – Assistant Regional Director
Crispin A. Soliven, Jr., CESE - Schools Division Superintendent
Roberto J. Montero EdD, CESE - ASDS
Gilbert B. Barrera – Chief, CLMD
Arturo D. Tingson Jr. – REPS, LRMS
Peter Van C. Ang-ug – REPS, ADM
Johnny M. Sumugat – REPS, Subject Area Supervisor
Belen Fajemolin PhD - CID Chief
Evelyn C. Frusa PhD - Division EPS In Charge of LRMS
Bernardita M. Villano - Division ADM Coordinator
Antonio V. Amparado Jr. - EPS – Subject Area Supervisor

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN Region

Office Address: Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 11/12

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Evolution of Philippine Politics and
Governance
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance with Grade 11/12 Self-Learning
Module (SLM) on Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance - Grade 11/12 Self-Learning

Module (SLM) on Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

3
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

4
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module is aimed at implementing the following learning outcome:

 LO 1 – Analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and
governance

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Explain the roles of different political institutions during each period in
the Philippine History;
 Describe politics during the Pre-Spanish Period;
 Describe politics during the Spanish Period;
 Describe politics during the American Period; and
 Describe politics during the Japanese Period.

5
 What I Know

Let us determine how much you have already learned.

Instruction. Kindly answer the following questions. Select the letter of the correct
answer and write it in a separate sheet of paper.

1. A form of government or institution is called _____.

A. Community C. Governance
B. Polity C. Politics

2. A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy is

called ______.

A. Madjapahit C. Brahmanism
B. Hinduism D. Social Stratification

3. This refers to rule of friars.

A. monitor C. Democracy
B. Theology D. Frailocracy

4. Self-governing unit associated with the United States is called ______.

A. Nation C. State
B. Commonwealth D. Colony

5. The gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more

complex form is called _____.

A. Progression C. Development
B. Evolution D. Regression

6. What is the first recorded visit by Europeans in the Philippines is the arrival
of _____.

A. Herodotus
B. Amerigo Vespucci
C. Ferdinand Marcos
D. Pigaffita

6
7. Magellan sighted Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed next day on
______________.

A. Homonhon
B. Cebu
C. Manila
D. Leyte

8. Spanish colonization began with the arrival of _________ on February 13,

1565 from Mexico.

A. Herodotus
B. Amerigo Vespucci
C. Ferdinand Marcos
D. Pigaffita

9. The United State established ________ to rule the Philippines.

A. Satellite Government
B. Insular Government
C. Colony
D. Republican Government

10. In 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed __________.

A. Court Marshal
B. State of Calamity
C. Martial Law
D. State of Emergency

11. The balangay government of early Filipinos were headed by _____.

A. Rajah
B. Sultan
C. Cabiza de Barangay
D. Umalahokan

12. During the pre-Spanish Government, ______ established with a seat in

Sumatra.

A. Balangay
B. Visayan Famire
C. Sultanate
D. Amerigo Vespucci

7
13. The rule of the friars is called ______.

A. Frailocracy
B. Bureaucracy
C. Democracy
D. Aristocracy

14. At the end of the 13th century, a new empire called ____ was founded in
Java.

A. Majapahit
B. Shri-Visayan Empire
C. Negritos
D. Timawa

15. Spanish rule in 1898 with Spanish defeat in the Spanish American war.
The Philippines then became a territory of the _______.

A. US
B. Japanese
C. Chinese
D. Russia

8
 Lesson
Evolution of Philippine
2 Politics and Governance
The way Philippines is governed is consistently evolving. It depends from various
factors on a particular time. This module will revisit and examine the way
Philippines were governed on a particular time. Eventually, the politics during
these times was diversely affected.

Our present government is a result of the experience of the previous governments.

Through time, the way we are governed are voted for by the people considering that
Philippines is a democratic government. These are all embodied in a relevant
document which is so called as the Constitution.

What’s In

Interview your relatives how they were governed during their time. Write the
significant information in your Answer Sheet.

9
 What’s New

Read the poem written by Jose P. Rizal. Write a letter in response to Jose P. Rizal.
Write this letter in a piece of paper to be submitted to your teacher.

To my Fellow Youth
by: Jose P. Rizal

Whenever people of a country truly love

The language which by heav'n they were taught to use
That country also surely liberty pursue
As does the bird which soars to freer space above.

For language is the final judge and referee

Upon the people in the land where it holds sway;
In truth our human race resembles in this way
The other living beings born in liberty.

Whoever knows not how to love his native tongue

Is worse than any best or evil smelling fish.
To make our language richer ought to be our wish
The same as any mother loves to feed her young.

Tagalog and the Latin language are the same

And English and Castilian and the angels' tongue;
And God, whose watchful care o'er all is flung,
Has given us His blessing in the speech we claim,
Our mother tongue, like all the highest that we know
Had alphabet and letters of its very own;
But these were lost -- by furious waves were overthrown
Like bancas in the stormy sea, long years ago.

10
 What is It

The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the
first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of
Callao Man suggested. Negrito groups first inhabited the isles. Groups of
Austronesians later migrated to the islands.

Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into
various settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization, social
stratification, and political organization. Some of these settlements (mostly those
located on major river deltas) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some
scholars believe they should be considered early states. This includes the
predecessors of modern-day population centers such as Maynila, Tondo,
Pangasinan, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, and Sulu as well as
some polities, such as Ma-i, whose possibly location are still the subject of debate
among scholars.

These polities were either influenced by the Indian Hindu religion, language,
culture, literature and philosophy from India through many campaigns from India
including the South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I, Islam from Arabia or
were Sinified tributary states allied to China. These small maritime states flourished
from the 1st millennium. These kingdoms traded with what are now called China,
India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The remainder of the settlements
were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states.

The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He

sighted Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon
Island, now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar. Spanish colonization began with the
arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico.
He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu. Much of the archipelago came
under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political structure known as the
Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the code of
law and the oldest modern university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the
Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain until Mexican independence. After which, the
colony was directly governed by Spain.

Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War.
The Philippines then became a territory of the United States.

American rule was not uncontested. The Philippine Revolution had begun in
August, 1896 against Spain, and after the defeat of Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay
began again in earnest, culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence
and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. The Philippine–American War
ensued, with extensive damage and death, and ultimately resulting in the defeat of
the Philippine Republic.

11
 The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines.
In 1907, the elected Philippine Assembly was convened as the lower house of a
bicameral legislature and in 1916 the U.S. Federal Government formally promised
independence in the Jones Act. The Philippine Commonwealth was established in
1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence. Before independence,
World War II began and Japan occupied the Philippines. After the end of the war, the
Treaty of Manila established an independent Philippine Republic.

In 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law.

Following the assassination of Ninoy Aquino, Marcos held snap elections in 1986 and
subsequently fled the country during the People Power Revolution which installed
Cory Aquino as president and reestablished democracy.

The Pre-Spanish Government.

The early Filipinos had a government which they called “balangay”. Rajah or
Datu is called for those head or leader. There were three social classes at that time
namely: The Maharlika (Nobles), The Timawas (Freemen) and the Apilin (Slaves).

Visavan Famire was established with a seat in Sumatra about the 7th century,
and extended to the places now known as Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula,
Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and the Philippine Islands. At the end of the 13th
century a new empire called Majapahit was founded in Java, which absorbed the
Shri-Visayan kingdom. At about the end of the 14th century, this new empire
comprised all the territories controlled by the Shri-Visayan empire as well as Siam,
French Indo-China, Borneo and New Guinea. The culture which predominated in
these two empires was Hindu. The greatest pre-Spanish influence on the Philippines
was, therefore, the Hindu influence. Hindu culture had given the early Filipinos a
system of writing, a mass of religious ideas and practices, though not a well-defined
religion, and a general culture far superior to that of the aborigines, the Negritos. It
had taught them some mechanical and industrial art such as metal working} but it
had not greatly changed the structure of society, nor had it brought in ideas of a
well-defined national political organization. "At the time of the Spanish discovery
according to H. Otley Beyer not only were the more civilized Filipinos using the Indian
syllabaries for writing, but their native mythology, folk-lore and written literature all
had a distinct Indian cast. The same was true of their codes of laws and their names
for all sorts of political positions and procedure. The more cultured Philippine
languages contain many Sanskrit words, and the native art a noticeable sprinkling
of Indian design. A strong Brahmanistic religious element was also certainly
introduced, though it seems to have affected chiefly a limited class, while the mass
of the people still clung to their more ancient pagan worship." Time and again
scholars have affirmed that the Filipino people did not gain as great material benefits
from the Spanish occupation as they did spiritual ones.

12
Government in the Philippines under the Spanish rule.

During the Spanish period, the people of the Philippines were governed
indirectly by the King of Spain through the Viceroy of Mexico. In theory, he was
highest government official in the country, in practice though frailocracy “rule of the
friars”. Mexico, the former colony of Spain, gained her freedom in 1821 and ruled
directly by Spain until 1898.

The Government During the American Regime.

Americans started the military rule in the Philippines on August 14, 1898.
President of US delegated his authority to the military governor who exercised all
powers of the government (as long as the war lasted) -executive, legislative and
judiciary.

The Government Under the Japanese Occupation

Japanese military administration was Establish in Manila on January 3,

1942. Philippine Executive Commission is the civil government established with
Jorge B. Vargas as Chairman. Ultimate source of authority was the Japanese
administrators. It was dissolved on August 17, 1945.

Definition of Terms
Polity - A form or process of civil government or constitution

Regime - A system or planned way of doing things, especially one imposed

from above

Evolution - The gradual development of something, especially from a simple

to a more complex form

Commonwealth - A self-governing unit voluntarily grouped with the US

Social Stratification - A system by which a society ranks categories of people
in a hierarchy

Frailocracy - Rule of Friars

Majapahit - A Javanese Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empire in Southeast

Asia, based on the island of Java that existed from 1293 to circa
1517

Brahmanistic - Ancient Indian religious tradition that emerged from the

earlier Vedic religion, emphasizing the status of the
Brahman, or priestly, class.

13
 What’s More

Create a timeline from the first recorded beginning of the Philippine History. Write
your answer in your Answer Sheet. Refer to the example.

Period Describe Government

Pre-historic Period People lived separately in Balangay

various place

14
 What I Have Learned

Respond to the following questions. Write your responses to your Answer Sheets.

1. How did the Philippine government evolve?

2. What are the significant traits of the previous governments that are still
present to the current government?

15
 What I Can Do

News Reporter
Create a news article about the Philippine Government. Find out the historical
background that influenced such event.

Goal To report a current event end explain the historical background of

such event

Role News Reporter

Audience Social Media Users

Situation You are asked to report a current event and explain the historical
background of such event

Product,
Performan
News report
ce, and
Purpose

Standards Criteria Description Points

and
Criteria Content 5 Comprehensiveness of information
for and ideas
Success
Organization 5 Presentation of ideas

Grammar 5 Free from ungrammatical

structures and misspelled words

16
 Assessment

Let us determine how much you have already learned.

Instruction. Kindly answer the following questions. Select the letter of the correct
answer and write it in a separate sheet of paper.

1. A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy is

called ________.
A. Madjapahit C. Brahmanism
B. Hinduism D. Social Stratification

2. A form of government or institution is called _____.

A. Community C. Governance
B. Polity C. Politics

3. Rule of friars is called _____.

A. monitor C. Democracy
B. Theology D. Frailocracy

4. Self-governing unit associated with the United States is called ______.

A. Nation C. State
B. Commonwealth D. Colony

5. The gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more

complex form is called ______.
A. Progression C. Development
B. Evolution D. Regression

6. What is the first recorded visit by Europeans in the Philippines is the arrival
of _____.
A. Herodotus
B. Amerigo Vespucci
C. Ferdinand Marcos
D. Pigaffita

7. Magellan sighted Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed next day on
______________.
A. Homonhon
B. Cebu
C. Manila
D. Leyte

17
8. The United States established ________ to rule the Philippines.
A. Satellite Government
B. Insular Government
C. Colony
D. Republican Government

9. Spanish colonization began with the arrival of _________ on February 13,

1565 from Mexico.
A. Herodotus
B. Amerigo Vispucci
C. Ferdinand Marcos
D. Pigaffita

10. In 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed __________.

A. Court Marshal
B. State of Calamity
C. Martial Law
D. State of Emergency

11. During the pre-Spanish Government, ______ established with a seat in

Sumatra.
A. Balangay
B. Visayan Famire
C. Sultanate
D. Amerigo Vespucci

12. The balangay government of early Filipinos were headed by _____.

A. Rajah
B. Sultan
C. Cabiza de Barangay
D. Umalahokan

13. At the end of the 13th century, a new empire called ____ was founded in
Java.
A. Majapahit
B. Shri-Visayan Empire
C. Negritos
D. Timawa

14. The rule of the friars is called ______.

A. Frailocracy
B. Bureaucracy
C. Democracy
D. Aristocracy

18
 15. Spanish rule in 1898 with Spanish defeat in the Spanish American war.
The Philippines then became a territory of the _______.
A. US
B. Japanese
C. Chinese
D. Russia

Additional Activities

Create a timeline of important events that lead to the existing government in the
Philippines. Make sure to include relevant events that contributed to the current
form of government as described in the 1987 Constitution. Place your out in a
separate piece of paper.

19
 20
Assessment What I Know
1. D 1. B.
2. B 2. A
3. D 3. D
4. B 4. B
5. B 5. B
6. C 6. B
7. A 7. A
8. B 8. C
9. B 9. B
10. C 10. C
11. B 11. A
12. A 12. B
13. B 13. A
14. A 14. A
15. A 15. A
Answer Key
References

List of youth organizations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_youth_

Organizations. July 6, 2020

Branches of Government. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/branches-of

government. 2020

Three Branches of Government. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/

three-branches/three-branches-of-government. Harry S. Truman. July 22,
2019

Civil Society and Social Movement. https://study.com/academy/lesson/

what-is-a-civil-society-definition-examples.html. 2020

Political Ideology. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies.

2020

Political Ideology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/

psychology/political-ideology 2020

Local Government. https://www.foi.gov.ph/?gclid 2020

What is Local Government? https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-

local-government-definition-responsibilities-challenges.html March 2020

Power. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political). July 2,

2020

21
 DISCLAIMER

This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN with

the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal. Contents
of this module were based in DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all learners of Region XII
in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The process of LR development was
observed in the production of this module. This is version 1.0. We highly
encourage feedback, comments, and recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN

Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: [email protected]

22