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Lesson 1 Introduction To RC Design

1) Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel where steel provides tensile strength to concrete which only has compressive strength. 2) The objectives of reinforced concrete design are for the structure to be appropriate, economical, structurally adequate, and maintainable. 3) Loads on structures include dead loads which are constant and live loads which can change and include wind, rain, earthquakes, and temperature effects. Load combinations must be considered in design.

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135 views

Lesson 1 Introduction To RC Design

1) Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel where steel provides tensile strength to concrete which only has compressive strength. 2) The objectives of reinforced concrete design are for the structure to be appropriate, economical, structurally adequate, and maintainable. 3) Loads on structures include dead loads which are constant and live loads which can change and include wind, rain, earthquakes, and temperature effects. Load combinations must be considered in design.

Uploaded by

rose ann claveria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of Southeastern Philippines

Bislig Campus
Maharlika, Bislig City

Lesson 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Design

Objectives:
1. Identify the characteristics and components of a reinforced concrete.
2. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete as a structural material.
3. Identify the four main criteria in the design of reinforced concrete.
4. Apply the process of analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures.

Activity/Analysis

 What conditions dictate the use of reinforced concrete structures?


 How would you make representations of real world structures in for analysis and
design or reinforced concrete structures?
 What structural loads would you consider in the analysis and design of reinforced
concrete structures?
 What load combinations should you use in your analysis and design of reinforced
concrete structures?
 How would you select the governing forces for the design of any structural elements
of a reinforced concrete structure?

Introduction

To understand and keep abreast with the design requirements of reinforced concrete as well as to
engage safely in innovative design, the engineer needs a thorough grounding in the fundamental
performance of concrete and steel as structural materials and in the behavior of reinforced concrete
members and structures. Civil engineers need to design structures safely, economically, efficiently,
and fully compliant with the governing building and structural codes. A civil engineer needs to have
technical knowledge on the characteristics, process of analysis and design procedures of any
structural element of reinforced concrete. Thus, the following topics will be covered.

Abstraction

Concrete is a mixture of sand and gravel held together with a paste of cement and water.
Sometimes one or more admixture is added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such as
its workability, durability, and time of hardening. Concrete has a high compressive strength and a
very low compressive tensile strength.

Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement
provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcement is also capable of resisting
compression forces and is used in various structural elements of reinforced concrete structures.
1

Module 1: Design & Analysis of Beams, T-Beams, and One-Way Slab


University of Southeastern Philippines
Bislig Campus
Maharlika, Bislig City

Reinforced concrete design can be understood if its numerous advantages and disadvantages
are considered. These include the following:

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as Structural Material


 It is a low maintenance material.
 It has great resistance to the action of fire provided that there is adequate cover over the
reinforcing steel.
 A special nature of concrete is its ability to be cast in to a variety of shapes from simple slabs,
beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
 A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared to other materials such
as structural steel.
 In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and
water) and requires a relatively small amount of cement and reinforcing steel.

Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as Structural Material


 Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
 Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. Formwork
could be expensive.
 The properties of concrete could vary widely due to variations in its proportioning and
mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled, as is
the production of other materials such as structural steel.
 In general, reinforced concrete members are relatively large, as compared to structural steel
members

Objectives of Reinforced Concrete Design

The structure should satisfy four (4) major criteria:


1. Appropriateness. The arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling heights, access, and traffic
flow must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its environment and be
aesthetically pleasing.
2. Economy. The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client’s budget.
Frequently, teamwork in design will lead to overall economies.
3. Structural Adequacy. Structural adequacy involves two major aspects.
a) A structure must be strong enough to safely support all anticipated loadings.
b) A structure must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a manner that impairs its
usefulness.
4. Maintainability. A structure should be designed to require a minimum of maintenance and
to be able to be maintained in a simple fashion.

Process of Analysis and Design

1. Idealization of the structure into loadbearing frames and elements for analysis and design.
2. Estimation of loads.
3. Analysis to determine the maximum moments, thrusts and shears for design.
4. Design of sections and reinforcement arrangements for slabs, beams, columns and walls
using the results from step 3.
5. Production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules.
2

Module 1: Design & Analysis of Beams, T-Beams, and One-Way Slab


University of Southeastern Philippines
Bislig Campus
Maharlika, Bislig City

Structural Elements and Frames

The complete building structure can be broken down into the following elements:

Beams – horizontal member carrying lateral loads


Slabs - horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads
Columns - vertical members carrying primarily axial load but generally
subjected to
axial load and moment
Walls - vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads
Bases and foundations – pads or strips supported directly on the ground that spread the
loads from

Reinforced concrete
building elements

Slab and
Module beam system
1: Design in a building
& Analysis Typical
of Beams, T-Beams, andreinforced
One-Way concrete
Slab structural framing system
University of Southeastern Philippines
Bislig Campus
Maharlika, Bislig City

LOADS

The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the loads that can
be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible combination of these loads that might
occur simultaneously. Loads on structure may be classified as dead loads or live loads.

Dead Load
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. This consists mainly of the
weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame.

Live Load
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move under their
own power called moving loads. Other Live loads are those caused by wind, rain, earthquakes, soils,
and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are called lateral loads.
Arrangements of Live Load
Live loads may be applied only to the floor or roof under consideration, and the far ends of columns
built integrally with the structure may be considered fixed. It is permitted by the code to assume the
following arrangement of live loads:
a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two adjacent spans, and
b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternative spans.

Load combinations and load factors when designing reinforced concrete

Required strength U:

Dead load (D) and live load (L)


U = 1.4D + 1.7L

Combination of D, L, and W (Wind load)


U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
U = 0.9D + 1.3W

Combinations of D, L and E (Earthquake load)


U = 1.1D + 1.3L + 1.1E
U = 0.9D + 1.1E

Earth pressure H is included in design


U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 H

Note: Select the maximum effect of the applicable load combinations for the structure under consideration.

References: Nilson, et. al. (2016), MacGregor, and Wight (2012), and McCormac and Nelson
(2006), NSCP (2010).
4

Module 1: Design & Analysis of Beams, T-Beams, and One-Way Slab


University of Southeastern Philippines
Bislig Campus
Maharlika, Bislig City

Application

Using the load combinations, determine the ultimate axial force and bending moment combinations
for the column CD at point C. The frame is subjected to the following working loads:
D = 15 kN/m (uniform)
L = 30 kN/m (uniform)
Wind load of 95 kN (may act in either direction) (MacGregor and Wight, 2012)

Structural analysis results:

How to select forces governing the design?


Consider the max. and min. ultimate axial
force on the column and the max. and min.
ultimate bending moment at C:
The section must be designed to withstand:
1. an axial compression force of -207 and a
bending moment of -161.9)
2. axial force -188.2, and bending -196.6
3. axial force -17.6, and bending +36.4

Reference:
MacGregor, and Wight (2012)
5

Module 1: Design & Analysis of Beams, T-Beams, and One-Way Slab


University of Southeastern Philippines
Bislig Campus
Maharlika, Bislig City

REFERENCES:

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2010). The National Structural Code of the
Philippines, 6th Ed. Panay Ave., Quezon City: ASEP.

Gillesania (2004). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd Ed. Cebu City, Philippines

McCormac and Nelson (2014). Design of Reinforced Concrete, 7th Ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.

MacGregor, J. G., and Wight, J. K. (2012). Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics & Design. 9th ed.,
Pearson Education, Inc.

Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., and Dolan, W. (2016). Design of Concrete Structures. 15th ed.,
McGraw Hill.

Module 1: Design & Analysis of Beams, T-Beams, and One-Way Slab

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