Scribd
Upload
50 views14 pages

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

This document discusses electromagnetic wave propagation and provides information about waves and electromagnetic spectra. Some key points: 1. Electromagnetic waves share characteristics of traveling at high velocity, assuming wave properties, and radiating outward from a source. Maxwell's equations describe EM wave motion in various media like free space, dielectrics, and conductors. 2. A wave is a function of both space and time. The wave equation and its solutions describe sinusoidal time-dependent waves that vary in amplitude and phase with position and time. 3. Characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, period, wave speed, and propagation direction. The electromagnetic spectrum lists examples of EM phenomena and their approximate frequency ranges.

Uploaded by

Tahsin Alam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
50 views14 pages

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

This document discusses electromagnetic wave propagation and provides information about waves and electromagnetic spectra. Some key points: 1. Electromagnetic waves share characteristics of traveling at high velocity, assuming wave properties, and radiating outward from a source. Maxwell's equations describe EM wave motion in various media like free space, dielectrics, and conductors. 2. A wave is a function of both space and time. The wave equation and its solutions describe sinusoidal time-dependent waves that vary in amplitude and phase with position and time. 3. Characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, period, wave speed, and propagation direction. The electromagnetic spectrum lists examples of EM phenomena and their approximate frequency ranges.

Uploaded by

Tahsin Alam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

Chapter - 10

Microwave and Antenna Engineering


Course No.: EEE 357

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.1 Introduction
 Waves are means of transporting energy or information.
 Examples of EM waves- radio waves, TV signals, radar beams, light rays.

 All forms of EM energy share three fundamental characteristics:

1. They all travel at high velocity


2. In travelling they assume the properties of wave
3. They radiate outward from a source

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.1 Introduction
 Our major goal is to solve Maxwell’s equations and
describe EM wave motion in following media:

1. Free space (  0,    o ,   o )
2. Lossless dielectrics (  0,    r o ,    r o or  )
3. Lossy dielectrics (  0,   r o ,    r o )
4. Good Conductors (  ,    o ,    r o , or  )

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.2 Waves in General
 A wave is a function of both space and time.
 Wave motion occurs when a disturbance at point A, at time to is related to what
happens at point B at time t>to.
 A wave equation is a partial differential equation of the second order.
2E 2  E
2
[Chap 09, equations 9.51,9.52
 u  0        (i ) ‘Wave equations’]
t 2 z 2
where u is the wave velocity. The solution of the equation-
E   f ( z  ut )
E   g ( z  ut )
E  f ( z  ut )  g ( z  ut ) [Example 6.5]

where f and g denote any function of (z-ut) and (z+ut) respectively, such as
z  ut , sin k ( z  ut ), cos k ( z  ut ), e jk ( z ut )
where k is a constant.

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


Wave is a function of space and time

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.2 Waves in General
 If we particularly assume harmonic (or sinusoidal) time dependence e jt
equation (i) becomes -
d 2 Es
  2
Es  0        (ii )
dz 2
where ß=  / u and Es is the phasor form of E. The solution of equation (ii) –
E   Ae j (t  z )    (iii )
E   Be j (t  z )    (iv)
Where E  means positive z travel and E  means negative z travel.

E  Ae j (t  z )  Be j (t  z )

where A and B are real constant.

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.2 Waves in General
 Taking the imaginary part of the equation (iii) we have –
E  A sin(t  z )    (v)

 This is a sine wave chosen for simplicity, a cosine wave would have resulted
if we take real part of equation (iii).
 The characteristics of wave in equation (v)
1. It is time harmonic because we assumed time dependence of the form e jt
to arrive at eq. (v)
2. The amplitude of the wave A has the same units as E.
3. The phase (in radians) of the wave depends on time t and space variables
z, it is the term (t  z )
4. The angular frequency  is given in radians per second,  the phase
constant or wave number is given in radians per meter.

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.2 Waves in General
 Both E varies with both time t and the space variable z, we may plot E as a
function of t by keeping z constant and vice versa. The plots of
E(z,t=constant) and E(t,z=constant) are shown in Figure 10.1

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.2 Waves in General
 From figure 10.1 we get two parameters:
 (wavelength) = the wave takes distance  to repeat itself.
T (period) = the wave takes time T to repeat itself.
Some basic relationships –
  uT But T =1/f, where f is the frequency of the wave in hertz.
u  f 
  2  f

 
u
1 2 
T  
f 
2 
  For every wavelength of distance traveled a wave undergoes a
 phase change of 2π radians.

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.2 Waves in General

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


10.2 Waves in General
 In summary we note the following-
1. A wave is a function of both time and space.
2. Though time t = 0 is arbitrarily selected as a reference for the wave, a
wave is without beginning or end.
3. A negative sin in (t  z ) is associated with a wave propagating in the +z
direction (forward-travelling or positive-going wave), whereas a positive
sign indicates that a wave is travelling in the –z direction (backward
travelling or negative going wave).
4. Since sin(-θ) = -sin θ = sin(θ±π), whereas cos(- θ)=cos θ
sin(   / 2)   cos 
sin(   )   sin 
cos(   / 2)   sin 
cos(   )   cos 
where θ= t  z . One of the above relations in equations can be used to
represent any time-harmonic wave in the form of sine or cosine.

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


Table 10.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
EM phenomena Examples of uses Approximate frequency
Range
Cosmic Rays Physics, Astronomy 1014 GHz and above
Gamma Rays Cancer therapy 1010 - 1013 GHz
X-rays X-ray examination 108  109 GHz
Ultraviolet Radiation Sterilization 10 6  108 GHz
Visible light Human vision 105  106 GHz
Infrared Radiation Photography 103  10 4 GHz
Microwave waves Radar, microwave relays, 3-300GHz
satellite communication
Radio waves UHF Television 470-806MHz
VHF Television, FM radio 54-216MHz
Short-wave radio 3-26MHz
AM radio 535-1605Mhz

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


Example 10.1
 An electric field in free space is given by

E  50 cos(108 t  x)a yV / m
a)Find the direction of wave propagation
b)Calculate ß and the time it takes to travel at a distance  / 2
c)Sketch the wave at t=0,T/4 and T/2.

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET


Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, EEE, CUET

You might also like