Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology

ANSWER SCRIPT

Date: 2-11-2020
Roll Number: 190
Section: D
Name: SEEMAL IRFAN
Course Name: PAK STUDIES
Degree Program:
Total number of pages
being submitted:

Q.1 (10) The Aligarh Movement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is the forerunner of the Pakistan
Movement. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s services can be categorized into loyalty to British,
devotion to education and indifference to politics. Examine and justify your comments and
references in your own words about his role for the promotion of education and politics
among Indian Muslims or as a guide for the people of Pakistan in the present times.

Page 1 of 12
Page 2 of 12
Page 3 of 12
Page 4 of 12
Page 5 of 12
Q.2 (10) Pakistan’s Founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in his presidential address to the annual
session of the All India Muslim League in March 1940, said: “The problem in India is not of
an intercommunal character, but manifestly of an International one and it must be treated
as such.” Review the two-nation theory or the Lahore resolution in the context of the above
statement as per your understanding. For even roll numbers: “Two-Nation Theory”

The Two-Nation Theory explained:-

Two nation theory means the cultur,political,religious,economic,and social
dissimilarbetween two majorvommunities hindus and muslims of sub continent.this theory
means there were two nation in one sub continent.this theory gave rise to two distinct
political ideologies that was responsibility for the partition of india into two independent
states.

The two-nation theory formed the basis of the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan
in 1947. The theory simply states that Muslims and Hindus of South Asia are two different
nations based on their contrasting and incompatible religions. This theory implied two
viable scenarios for Muslims of India once the colonial rule ended. In the first scenario, the
Muslim majority provinces would become a part of a loose Indian confederation with the
option to secede. This would work as a counterweight to potential discrimination against
Muslims in Hindu dominated provinces. In the second scenario, Muslim majority provinces
would be made into a separate country. This would involve mass migration of Muslims and
non-Muslims in South Asia. The second scenario became the reality in 1947 with the
formation of Pakistan.

While the differences in the lifestyles of Hindus and Muslims had been identified by thinkers
such as Al-Biruni as early as the 10th century, it wasn’t until the 19th century that the idea of
two nations was brought into the popular discourse.

Since Urdu was predominantly spoken by Muslims of British India, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
reacted to this move by articulating his thoughts about how Muslim rights were not being
protected in Hindu majority areas.

Competing views before independence::-

As the two-nation theory came into the hyperspace of ideas about nations and the
coexistence of different communities, it was competing with several other perceptions of

Page 6 of 12
reality. These ideas came from different political players explaining their vision of the future
of South Asia once the British left. Some of these views that were more popular compared
to the two-nation theory, even as late as 1939, are given below.

Muslim religious scholars claimed that Islam should not be restricted to the boundary of
nation state and hence lobbied for a united India after the British left. This is surprising
because religion became the popular expression of differences between communities in
1947 in spite of the fact that religious scholars were firm in their opposition of the two-
nation theory..

Muslim modernists were interested in protecting the socio-economic rights of Muslims and
lobbied for adequate representation in politics and civil service in a united India. These
modernists were in the same camp as the ones who later on championed the two-nation
theory. It can be argued that Pakistan’s founding father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was in this
camp as late as 1945 where he used the threat of secession only to lobby for rights in a
united India. However, by 1947, this category of thinkers was small because by that time,
most Muslims had rallied behind the two-nation theory.

Two-Nation Theory becomes Pakistan’s

“single story”:-
Once Pakistan was created, the two-nation theory became an integral part of the Pakistani
narrative on the events that led up to the independence. While it was a fringe idea before
the 1940s, Pakistan’s existence and the communal violence along religious lines that broke
out in 1947 over the partition of India gave credence to theory. While the popular narrative
in India about the partition saw this as a tragedy and attributed it to British mistakes, the
popular narrative in Pakistan saw it as a logical conclusion of the two-nation theory.

Impact on the social fabric in Pakistan

The change in the meaning and importance of the two-nation theory had dramatic
consequences for the social fabric in Pakistan. There are three that clearly stand out.

Q. 3 The most pressing problem faced by Pakistan as a new country was:

a) Administrative problems;

b) Kashmir (10)

Page 7 of 12
Your answer should be based on solid arguments reflecting your own learning about the
topic.

ANSWER:--

ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEM:-

The country came into existence in very worst conditions. The Government of Pakistan
could not get enough time to set up workable administrative machinery because of the
great difficulties created by Congress. The Indian Government adopted delaying tactics in
transferring the Government servants and official record which aggravated the situation.

Due to this the immediate task before the nation was to establish a workable
administrative and Government machinery to run the affairs of the newly born state. The
major administrative problem facing Pakistan was the acute shortage of competent and
experienced personnel in the Central and Provincial Governments. Moreover, there weren’t
enough chairs, tables or even stationary and paper pins for administrative purposes.
However, Quaid-e-Azam paid his immediate attention towards setting up of administrative
machinery and took a number of steps to overcome the administrative problems of the new
state.

Pakistan came into being under the most terrible conditions. The Government of Pakistan
could not get enough time to set up workable administrative machinery because of the
great difficulties created by Congress. The Indian Government adopted delaying strategies in
transferring the Government servants and official record which aggravated the
situation.Therefore the immediate task before the nation was to establish a workable
administrative and Government machinery to run the affairs of the newly born state.

The biggest administrative problem facing Pakistan was the acute shortage of competent
and experienced employees in the Central and Provincial Governments.Furthermore, there
weren't enough chairs, tables or even stationary and paper pins for administrative purposes.
However, Quaid-e-Azam paid his immediate attention towards setting up of administrative
machinery and took a number of steps to overcome the administrative problems of the new
state.

b) Kashmir:-
(1)KASHMIR ISSUE

the state of jammu and Kashmir was the most important state in the sub- continent.

It is situated in the north part of indo-pak sub-continent

It was the biggest state in India and occupied 84471 sqr miles of territory.

Page 8 of 12
 It has its boundaries with Tibet,china,russia, and Afghanistan which have placed it in a great
strategic position. Kashmir issue

The river Indus, Jhelum and Chenab, which are the sources of life for Pakistan, flow into Pakistan
from the state of jammu and Kashmir making it a whole geographical unit.

The state had its road and rail links with Pakistan.

Its import and exports move through Pakistan.

Both the countries are well wisher of each other. Relation ship between Kashmir and Pakistan

The total population of the state according to 1941 census,was about 4,000,000 which comprised
majority of Muslim residents.

The Muslim were in clear majority in every province of the valley.

The state of gammu and Kashmir was ruled by a dogra ruler Gulab singh.

The dogra dynasty has purchased the state from the British government in 1846 for 7.5 million of
rupees. Historical back ground

The Muslims were ruthlessly subjected to the most inhuman treatment .

They were heavily taxed and made to live a poor life.

The Hindus were given preference in government jobs over Muslims.

Cruel punishments were awarded to Muslims Condition of Muslims in Kashmir.

The state of Jammu and Kashmir should have acceded to Pakistan because of its Muslim
majority population and geographical location, but this was not happened when Mahraja
Hari Singh seek military assistance from India to resist the Pakistani tribal’s attacks and
ultimately signed the ‘Instrument of Accession’ with India. Eventually Indian forces
intervened and captured the state of Jammu and Kashmir. From that day Kashmir dispute
has been the core issue between both Pakistan and India, which also had kept the security
of entire South Asia at stake because of their extensive nuclear capability.

So, the Kashmir issue has been a major bone of contention from the day of independence,
resulted in three wars, numerous conflicts between India and Pakistan and severely rigid
diplomacy. The United Nations Security Council had tried to resolve the dispute by declaring
that the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan should be decided through
the democratic method by holding a free and fair plebiscite but India had rejected any
mediation which opposed its claim regarding Kashmir.

Page 9 of 12
 Pakistan came into being as a free Muslim state in quite unfavorable conditions. It had
no resources and it had to build up administrative machinery from scratch. However,
supreme efforts were made by the Muslims who exhibited a strong stance under Quaid’s
leadership. In his last message to the nation on 14th August, 1948 he told the nation: “The
foundation of your state have been laid and it is now for you to build and build as quickly as
you can”

Q. 4 The repeated constitutional crises created by controversial actions of non-democratic

leaders, which were also endorsed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan, led to constitutional
catastrophe in the country. Provide proper justifications and arguments in your own words
to analyze the effects of derailment of democratic process on the subsequent history of
Pakistan.

ANSWER:-

The period between 1958 and 1969 is marked with the martial law rule. Hussain Shaheed
Suhrawardy was a determined Prime Minister (1958) who wanted to see a strong
democratic government in the country. A parliamentary system demands educated, and
enlightened voters, which unfortunately this country lacked at that time and the same
deficiency persists even today. Iskander Mirza asked Suhrawardy for resignation, and
managed somehow to dismiss the latter from the office of Prime Minister. Constitution and
democracy once again fell victim to the dictatorial attitude on part of the President and his
political ambitions. The Muslim League once very popular at the time of independence of
Pakistan had lost its popularity. Other politicians also did not enjoy trust of people. The
nation was already deprived of Mr. Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan in 1948 and 1951,
respectively. The political chaos gave chances for the non-political forces to establish strong.
Moreover, there were unconstitutional dismissals of Chief Minister and Governor in East
Pakistan. By mid of 1958, economic conditions including low foreign exchange were
indicative of collapse of monetary and banking system in the country. However, the
government took no remedial measures. When martial law was promulgated in 1958, the
Constitution of 1956 was abrogated. Later, Gen. Ayub Khan transformed this Constitution
into Constitution of 1962 on the plea that the Constitution of 1956 had been a failure.
However, the very spirit of the Constitution was changed. The parliamentary system of
government provided in the 1956 was given the outlook of a presidential system where the
President was handed immense powers over the parliament. The ‘constitutional’ powers
gave control to the President and his executive over the legislature. The military rulers
issued Orders to get immunity from any writs. No courts of law or person was allowed to

Page 10 of 12
question the military action, proclamation of martial law, the provincial Governors or the
military courts. It is not difficult to understand the situation that the judiciary was going
through. In order to prolong his rule, General Ayub Khan introduced Basic Democracies. The
President headed the state as well as the Government. He had the authority to appoint
Provincial Governors, Federal Ministers, Advocate General, Auditor General and Chairmen
and Members of various administrative commissions. As the Supreme Commander of the
Armed Forces of Pakistan, the appointment of the chiefs of the forces was also within his
powers. The President was also involved in the appointment of Chief Justice and other
judges of the Supreme Court. The authoritarian governance by Ayub Khan under the 1962
Constitution caused countrywide street agitation against Ayub Khan towards the end of
1968. Supported by this agitation, the major political parties demanded resignation of Ayub
Khan, restoration of parliamentary system and restoration of four provinces in West
Pakistan. The East Pakistan demanded provincial autonomy and representation in the
national legislature on the basis of population. Eventually, the deteriorating law and order
situation forced Ayub Khan to resign from office. He, however, handed the power to yet
another military general Yahya Khan who abrogated the constitution and declared martial
law on March 25, 1969.

QUESTION:5:- The ongoing Afghan peace process is taking its final shape. Discuss and
analyze its impact on regional peace, particularly in the context of Pakistan. The discussion
and analysis should reflect your own views about the topic.

ANSWER:-

The proposition that a political settlement is needed to end the war in Afghanistan has
gained increasing attention in recent months. Channels for preliminary talks with Taliban
leaders have been sought and a High Peace Council created.

• However, despite upbeat military assessments, the insurgency has expanded its reach
across the country and continues to enjoy sanctuary in Pakistan. Afghans increasingly resent
the presence of foreign troops, and the Taliban draw strength from grievances by ordinary
Afghans against their government. External money to supply military bases and pay for
development projects often ends up fueling conflict rather than creating stability.

• For their part, President Karzai and many Afghan political elites lack genuine commitment
to reform, calling into question the viability of a state-building international strategy and
transition by 2014.

Page 11 of 12
• Missing is a political strategy to end the conflict that goes beyond dealing with the Taliban;
it must define the kind of state that Afghans are willing to live in and that regional neighbors
can endorse. Knowing that such a settlement could take years to conclude does not diminish
the urgency of initiating the process.

• Given doubts about Karzai’s ability to manage the situation effectively, the international
community needs to facilitate a peace process more pro-actively than it has. To be
sustainable, the process will need to be inclusive; women’s rights, human rights, and media
freedoms cannot become casualties of negotiations.

• Afghanistan’s international partners should commit to a peace process and lay the
groundwork to appoint a mediator. This includes gauging the interests of parties, identifying
actual participants in talks, and structuring an agenda. In the meantime, international
military efforts must be realigned to avoid action that contradicts the ultimate aim of a
peace settlement.

Page 12 of 12