ENGG1500 MODULE 8 TUTORIAL SOLUTIONS

Second Law of Thermodynamics (Ch 7 C&B)

HOMEWORK QUESTIONS

HW1
(a)
Assumptions
• Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible. Wb = 700 kJ
• No other work except boundary
work due to expansion process.
• Quasi-equilibrium expansion.
• Adiabatic process. water
Define the water vapour inside the m = 2 kg
piston-cylinder as the system. This is a P1 = 600 kPa
closed system with no mass crossing sat. vap.
the boundaries and only one energy
flow, i.e. the boundary work by the P2 = 100 kPa
water vapour as it expands.

Designate state 1 as the initial state of the system and state 2 as the final state, i.e.
after the expansion.
(b)
Energy Balance
Ein  Eout  Esystem
0 0
Wout  U  KE  PE
Wout  U 2  U1  m  u2  u1 

We already know the work output, which is boundary work done by the system, so
Wout  Wb  700 kJ .

Initial State (P1 = 600 kPa; sat. vap.)

From Table A-5:
• u1 = ug = 2566.8 kJ/kg
• s1 = sg = 6.7593 kJ/(kg⋅K)
Now we can use the energy balance to solve for the final state internal energy.
Wb 700 kJ
u2  u1   2566.8 kJ/kg   2216.8 kJ/kg
m 2 kg
Final State (P2 = 100 kPa; u2 = 2216.8 kJ/kg)
From Table A-5:
• uf = 417.4 kJ/kg
• ug = 2505.6 kJ/kg
So, uf < u2 < ug, therefore state 2 is a saturated mixture, the quality is:

x2 
u2  u f

 2216.8  417.40  kJ/(kg)  0.8617
u fg 2088.2 kJ/(kg)

Additionally, from Table A-5:

• sf = 1.3028 kJ/(kg⋅K)
• sfg = 6.0562 kJ/(kg⋅K)
Then,
s2  s f  s2 s fg  1.3028 kJ/(kg  K)  0.8617  6.0562 kJ/(kg  K)  6.5214 kJ/(kg  K)

The entropy change is

s  s2  s1   6.5214  6.7593 kJ/(kg  K)  0.2379kJ / (kg  K)

(c)
The process is not realistic since entropy change of a closed system cannot decrease
during an adiabatic process. In the limiting case of a reversible (and adiabatic)
process, the entropy would remain constant (i.e. s  0 ).
HW2
Yes, it can. If we examine the change of entropy of an ideal gas under isothermal
conditions:

T  P  T  v 
s2  s1  c p ln  2   R ln  2  or s2  s1  c p ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   P1   T1   v1 
If the process is isothermal, then the temperature ratio in the first term in the above
expression will be 1 and hence the logarithm will cause this term to disappear
(because ln1  0 ). This then leaves:

P  v 
s2  s1   R ln  2  or s2  s1  R ln  2 
 P1   v1 
Hence, even during an isothermal process, it is possible for the entropy of an ideal gas
to change if there is a change in the pressure or specific volume of the gas during the
process.

Discussion
Notice how different this conclusion is to the Joule-Thomson experiment, where
internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal gas is solely a function of temperature.

TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

1
Designate the initial state of the process as state 1 and the final state as state 2.
The first process is at constant pressure, and the entropy change associated with that
process can be calculated as:

T  P 
S P =const  mc p ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   P1 
P2
In this case, since P1 = P2, the ratio  1 and hence the logarithm in the second term
P1
of the expression above disappears. This leaves:

T 
S P =const  mc p ln  2 
 T1 
The second process is at constant volume between the same temperatures. The
entropy change for this process can be similarly calculated:

T  v 
SV =const  mcv ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   v1 
Similarly in this case, since v1 = v2, then the logarithm in the second term will be 0
and thus this term drops out of the expression, leaving

T 
SV const  mcv ln  2 
 T1 
Now comparing the entropy changes of these two processes:

T  T 
S P =const  mc p ln  2   SV =const  mcv ln  2 
 T1   T1 
It can be seen that the only difference between both processes is in the specific heat
constant. In the constant pressure process, the factor of cp, but in the constant volume
process, the factor is cv. If all the other factors are the same, then the constant pressure
process will result in a larger result, because cp > cv.
Hence, the ideal gas process at constant pressure will result in a larger entropy
change.

T  v  T  P 
Required to Prove: s2  s1  cv ln  2   R ln  2   c p ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   v1   T1   P1 
for an ideal gas, assuming constant specific heat capacity.

Proof:

T  v 
s2  s1  cv ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   v1 
For a fixed mass of ideal gas, the ideal gas law states that for any two given states of
the ideal gas (state 1 and state 2):
Pv Pv v2 PT
1 1
 2 2   1 2
T1 T2 v1 P2T1

Substituting this into the first formula for ideal gas entropy change:

T   PT 
s2  s1  cv ln  2   R ln  1 2 
 T1   P2T1 
The term in the second logarithm can be viewed as the product of P1 / P2 and T2 / T1 .
Separating this logarithm of a product into the sum of two logarithms gives:
 T   P  T 
s2  s1  cv ln  2   R  ln  1   ln  2  
 T1    P2   T1  
T  P T 
s2  s1  cv ln  2   R ln  1   R ln  2 
 T1   P2   T1 
T  P
s2  s1   cv  R  ln  2   R ln  1 
 T1   P2 

T  P
Now for an ideal gas, cv  R  c p : s2  s1  c p ln  2   R ln  1 
 T1   P2 

Finally, P1 / P2 can be rewritten as  P2 / P1  , and the resulting exponent can be

1

brought outside the logarithm as a coefficient.

1
T  P 
s2  s1  c p ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   P1 
T    P 
s2  s1  c p ln  2   R   ln  2  
 
 T1    P1  
T  P 
s2  s1  c p ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   P1 
Q.E.D.

Wb,R
Q=0 copper
Define the system to be the vessel
cp = 0.3846 kJ/(kg.K)
and its contents, i.e. the refrigerant
m = 40 kg
and the copper block. This is a
T1 = 150oC
closed system with no mass
crossing the boundary. There is
heat T2 = 20oC
transfer
only one energy flow out of the
system, which is the boundary R-134a
work done by the refrigerant as it m = 20 kg
expands (or contracts – we will sat. liq.
investigate this later). P = 100 kPa

Assumptions
• Insulated vessel, so no heat exchanged with the surroundings.
• Copper has a constant specific heat during cooling process, and cp ≈ cv.
• Uniform heating of R-134a and cooling of copper.
• Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
• No work done except for boundary work of R-134a.
 • Ignore boundary work of copper.
• Isobaric cooling process (not a rigid vessel).
• No loss of refrigerant from the vessel.
Designate state 1 to be the initial state (block placed in vessel) and state 2 to be the
final state (after the block reaches the target temperature of 25°C and is removed from
the vessel).

(a)
Energy Balance
Ein  Eout  Esystem
0
Ein  Wb,R  Esystem
0  Esystem  Wb,R

Now subdivide the system into two subsystems – the copper block and the refrigerant,
so
Esystem  ECu  ER

where the subscript ‘Cu’ refers to the copper and ‘R’ for refrigerant-134a. Then,
0  ECu  ER  Wb,R
0 0 0 0
0  U Cu  KECu  PECu  U R  KER  PER  Wb,R
0  U Cu,2  U Cu,1  U R,2  U R,1  Wb,R

0  mCu  uCu,2  uCu,1   U R,2  U R,1    P dV 

1
2

As the whole process is isobaric, then the boundary work integral for the refrigerant
becomes very simple.

0  mCu  uCu,2  uCu,1   U R,2  U R,1  P  dVR

2

0  mCu  uCu,2  uCu,1   U R,2  U R,1  P VR,2  VR,1 

0  mCu  uCu,2  uCu,1   U R,2  U R,1  PVR,2  PVR,1
0  mCu  uCu,2  uCu,1   U R,2  PVR,2  U R,1  PVR,1 
0  mCu  uCu,2  uCu,1   H R,2  H R,1
0  mCu  uCu,2  uCu,1   mR  hR,2  hR,1 

The internal energy change of the solid copper can be calculated using the specific
heat for copper and the temperature change.

0  mCu c p TCu,2  TCu,1   mR  hR,2  hR,1 

Discussion
Since energy is being transferred from the copper block to the refrigerant, the
refrigerant must gain heat. Note that this is the energy balance of the combined
system (copper and refrigerant), therefore the heat term is not included.
As the initial state is a saturated liquid, addition of energy to the refrigerant must
result either in a saturated mixture, or a superheated vapour (i.e. in the latter case,
enough energy has been transferred from the copper block to the refrigerant in order
to both vaporise the refrigerant and then also heat it up).

R-134a Initial state (R,1) (P = 100 kPa; sat. liq.)

From Table A-12 at 100 kPa:
• hR,1 = hf @100 kPa = 17.28 kJ/kg

R-134a Final state (R,2)

Using the energy balance to solve for the final specific enthalpy of the refrigerant.

c p TCu,2  TCu,1   17.28 kJ/kg 

mCu 40 kg
hR,2  hR,1   0.3846 kJ/(kg  K)   20  150  K
mR 20 kg
hR,2  117.276 kJ/kg

Rechecking Table A-12, at 100 kPa, hg = 234.44 kJ/kg. In this case, hf < hR,2 < hg, so
the second state of the refrigerant must be saturated liquid-vapour mixture.

(b)
As the final state of the refrigerant is in the saturation region, the temperature of the
refrigerant at the final state will simply be the saturation temperature at 100 kPa.
From Table A-12, this is −26.37°C.

(c)
The entropy change of the copper block is found by applying the entropy change
formula for solids and incompressible liquids:
T    20  273 K 
SCu  mCu c p ,Cu ln  Cu,2   40 kg  0.3846 kJ/(kg  K)  ln 
T   150  273 K 
 Cu,1   
SCu  5.649 kJ / K
(d)
R-134a Initial state (R,1) (P = 100 kPa; sat. liq.)
From Table A-12:
• sR,1 = sf = 0.07188 kJ/(kg⋅K)
R-134a Final state (R,2) (P = 100 kPa; hR,2 = 117.276 kJ/kg)
From Table A-12:
• hf = 17.28 kJ/kg • sf = 0.07188 kJ/(kg⋅K)
• hfg = 217.16 kJ/kg • sfg = 0.87995 kJ/(kg⋅K)
The quality of the mixture at the final state is:

xR,2 
hR,2  h f

117.276  17.28  kJ/kg  0.4605
h fg 217.16 kJ/kg

Then the specific entropy of the refrigerant at the final state is:

sR,2  s f  xR,2 s fg  0.07188 kJ/(kg  K)  0.4605  0.87995 kJ/(kg  K)  0.4771 kJ/(kg  K)

Finally, the total change in entropy of the refrigerant is:

S R  mR ( sR ,2  sR ,1 )  20 kg  0.4771  0.07188  kJ/(kg  K)  8.104 kJ / K

(e)
Entropy Balance (of the total system)
Keep in mind that we can subdivide the entire system into the sum of two smaller
systems (the copper and the refrigerant).
0 0
Sin  Sout  Sgen  Ssystem
Sgen  Ssystem  SCu  SR

Substituting in the previously found values for the changes in entropy of the copper
and refrigerant give the entropy generated:
S gen   5.649  8.104  kJ/K  2.46 kJ / K
4

. steam in
m = 10000 kg/h
steam out hs,in
hs,out Q=0 kes,in
C.V. pes,in
kes,out
pes,out xs,in = 1
Ts,out = 32oC Ts,in = 35oC
air in air out
ha,in ha,out
kea,in kea,out
pea,in pea,out
Pa,in = 1 atm Ta,out = 30oC
Ta,in = 20oC

Define the system to be the heat exchanger. This is an open system with two pairs of
streams (two in and two out of the control volume) which don’t mix: there are the
steam inlet and outlet streams, which supply heat to the air stream. There are no other
external flows of energy to or from the control volume.
Assumptions
• Steady state heat exchanger.
• Steady flow of air and steam streams.
• No heat lost from or gained by heat exchanger unit with the surroundings.
• No external work done by heat exchanger.
• Perfect heat exchanger operating conditions: well-baffled, perfect heat transfer
between streams, thin walls.
• Isobaric heat exchange process.
• Kinetic and potential energy changes in all streams are negligible.
• Air is an ideal gas.
• Constant specific heat capacity of air.
Designate the properties relating to the air stream with ‘a’, and that of the steam
stream with ‘s’.
Since the system is at steady state, and each exchanger stream has only one inlet and
one outlet, then the mass flow rates going into the heat exchanger will be the same as
those exiting the heat exchanger for each stream.

Entropy Balance
dSsystem
Sin  Sout  Sgen   0 (steady state)
dt
Sgen  Sout  Sin
Sgen  Sa,out  S s ,out  Sa,in  S s ,in
Sgen  ma  sa,out  sa,in   ms  ss ,out  ss ,in 
The specific entropy difference of the air passing through the heat exchanger can be
rewritten using the formula involving specific heat capacity.

 T   Pa,out 
Sgen  ma  c p ,air ln  a,out
 T   Rair ln     ms  ss ,out  ss ,in 
  a,in   Pa,in 
Since everything stays at constant pressure, the pressure ratio in the air entropy
change expression will be equal to 1, and thus the logarithm will cause the second
term to drop out. Then,
T 
Sgen  ma c p ,air ln  a,out
T   ms  ss ,out  ss ,in 
 a,in 
To find out the mass flow rate of air, we look at the energy balance of the system.

Energy Balance
dEsystem
Ein  Eout   0 (steady state)
dt
Ein  Eout

Ignoring the kinetic and potential energy differences to the energy balance yields:
H a,in  H s ,in  H a,out  H s ,out
H s ,in  H s ,out  H a,out  H a,in
ms  hs ,in  hs ,out   ma c p ,air Ta,out  Ta,in 

So,
ms  hs ,in  hs ,out 
ma 
c p ,air Ta,out  Ta,in 

Substituting the mass flow rate of air into the entropy balance gives:
 hs,in  hs,out  ln  Ta,out   m s  s
Sgen  ms    
Ta,out  Ta,in   Ta,in  s s,out s,in
Note that the specific heat capacity of air has cancelled out.

Now finding the values for the required proberties.

Steam inlet (s,in) (Ts,in = 35°C; sat. vap.)

From Table A-4 at 35°C:
• hs,in = hg = 2564.6 kJ/kg
• ss,in = sg = 8.3517 kJ/(kg⋅K)
• Ps = Psat@35°C = 5.6291 kPa
Steam outlet (s,out) (Ts,out = 32°C, Ps = Psat@35°C = 5.6291 kPa, compressed liquid)
Interpolate on Table A-4:
0.001006  0.001004 v f  0.001004
T Psat vf hf sf 
• 35  30 32  30
(oC) (kPa) (m3/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/(kg⋅K))
v f  0.0010048 m3 /kg
30 4.2469 0.001004 125.74 0.4368
32 Psat vf hf ss,out
35 5.6291 0.001006 146.64 0.5051 146.64  125.74 h f  125.74

• 35  30 32  30
h f  134.1kJ/kg
5.6291  4.2469 Psat  4.2469 0.5051  0.4368 ss ,out  0.4368
 
• 35  30 32  30 • 35  30 32  30
Psat  4.7998 kPa ss ,out  0.46412 kJ/kg

Then,
hs ,out  h f  v f ( Ps  Psat )  134.1 kJ/kg  0.0010048 m3 /kg   5.6291  4.7998  kPa
hs ,out  134.1 kJ/kg

Returning to the entropy balance to find the entropy generation:

h  hs ,out T 
S gen  ms   ms  ss ,out  ss ,in 
s ,in
ln  a,out
T
a,out  Ta,in 
T
 a,in 
kg  1h   2564.6  134.1 kJ/kg   30  273 K 
S gen  10000   ln 
h  3600s   30  20  K   20  273 K 
 
kg  1h 
 10000     0.46412  8.3517  kJ/(kg  K)
h  3600s 
S gen  22.658 kW/K   21.910 kW/K   0.748 kW/K  0.75 kW / K

Discussion
You can also calculate the mass flow rate of air first and use that result to calculate
Sgen . Remember to look up the specific heat capacity of air at the average
temperature, which is 25°C or  300 K. From Table A-2 at 300 K gives
cp,air = 1.005 kJ/(kg⋅K).
5
.
. Q = 180 kJ/min
m 1 = 135 kg/min
P1 = 200 kPa
T1 = 10°C C .V .
h1
.
ke 1 m3
pe1 P 3 = 200 kPa
. H 2O T 3 = 55°C
m2 h3
P2 = 200 kPa ke 3
T2 = 150°C pe3
h2
ke 2
pe2

Define the system as the mixing chamber. That is, the system boundary defines the
region where the mixing takes place, and outside of the boundary are the streams
which are at the specified states. The system is an open one, with two mass flows
going into the control volume and one mass flow going out. There is one other energy
flow which is the heat loss to the surroundings.
Assumptions
• Steady state mixing chamber.
• Steady flow of water/steam in all streams.
• Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
• No work done (except for flow work).

Mass balance
dmsystem
min  mout   0 (steady state)
dt
min  mout
m1  m2  m3

Energy Balance
dEsystem
Ein  Eout   0 (steady state)
dt
Ein  Eout  Qout
m1e1  m2 e2  m3e3  Qout

Neglect the kinetic and potential energies changes and combine the energy and mass
balances,

m1h1  m2 h2  m3h3  Qout

m1h1  m2 h2   m1  m2  h3  Qout
Entropy Balance
Apply the rate form of the entropy balance on an extended system that includes the
mixing chamber and its immediate surroundings with 20°C as boundary temperature.
dSsystem
Sin  Sout  Sgen   0 (steady state)
dt
Sgen  Sout  Sin
Qout
Sgen   m3 s3   m1s1  m2 s2 
Tb
Qout
Sgen    m1  m2  s3  m1s1  m2 s2
Tb

From Table A-5, Tsat@200 kPa = 120.21°C. The inlet water at 10°C and the outlet water
at 55°C are both compressed liquid. The inlet steam at 150°C is a superheated
vapour.

State 1 (water inlet) (P1 = 200 kPa; T1 = 10°C; compressed liquid)

From Table A-4:
• Psat@10°C  1.2281 kPa • h f @10°C  42.022 kJ/kg
• v f @10°C  0.001000 m3/kg • s1  s f @10°C  0.1511 kJ/(kg⋅K)
The enthalpy of the water inlet can be approximated via

 
h1  h f@T  v f@T P  Psat@T  42.022 kJ/kg  0.001 m3 /kg   200  1.2281 kPa  42.221 kJ/kg

State 2 (steam inlet) (P2 = 200 kPa; T2 = 150°C; superheated vapour)

From Table A-6:
• h2 = 2769.1 kJ/kg
• s2 = 7.2810 kJ/(kg⋅K)

State 3 (outlet state) (P3 = 200 kPa; T3 = 55°C; compressed liquid)

From Table A-4:
• Psat@55°C  15.763 kPa • h f @55°C  230.26 kJ/kg
• v f @55°C  0.001015 m /kg
3
• s3  s f @55°C  0.7680 kJ/(kg⋅K)
Hence, the enthalpy of the outlet water is
h3  230.26 kJ/kg  0.001015 m3 /kg   200  15.763  kPa  230.447 kJ/kg
Now we can determine the unknown mass flow rate of the steam inlet using the
energy balance:

m1  h3  h1   Qout 135 kg/min   230.447  42.221 kJ/kg  180 kJ/min

m2  
h2  h3  2769.1  230.447  kJ/kg
 10.08 kg/min

The rate of entropy generation is then,

Sgen  135  10.08  kg/min  0.768 kJ/(kg  K)  135kg/min  0.1511 kJ/(kg  K)

180 kJ/min
 10.08kg/min  7.281 kJ/(kg  K) 
 20  273 K
Sgen  18.2 kJ / (min  K)

Discussion
This entropy generation is caused by the mixing of two fluid streams (an irreversible
process) and the heat transfer between the mixing chamber and the surroundings
through a finite temperature difference (another irreversible process).

6
Define the system to be the tank. This mout
is an open system with only one mass
flow, which is the mass flow out of the
control volume. There are no other
energy flows. argon
Designate the states of the gas within m = 4 kg C .V .
the system boundary as ‘1’ for the P 1 = 450 kPa
initial state and ‘2’ for the final state T1 = 30°C
(i.e. after the argon has been removed P 2 = 200 kPa
from the tank).

Assumptions
• Argon can be assumed to be an ideal gas for the duration of the process
• Constant specific heat for argon.
• Adiabatic, reversible process.  Isentropic Process.
• Isochoric process (rigid tank).

In an isentropic process: s  0 . For an ideal gas the change in entropy is defined as:
T  P  T  P 
s  c p ln  2   R ln  2   0  c p ln  2   R ln  2 
 T1   P1   T1   P1 
Using logarithmic rules and rearranging for the final temperature gives:

cp R R/cp
T  P  T2  P2 
ln  2   ln  2   
 T1   P1  T1  P1 
cp R R/cp
 T2   P2  P 
    T2  T1  2 
 T1   P1   P1 

From Table A-2 for argon: Rargon  0.2081 kJ/(kg  K) and c p ,argon  0.5203 kJ/(kg  K) .
0.2081/0.5203
 200 kPa 
T2   30  273 K     219 K
 450 kPa 
Now the final mass can be determined from the ideal gas relation (note the volume
stays constant):
V m1T1 m2T2
PV
1  m1 RT1 and PV
2  m2 RT2   
R P1 P2

P2T1 200 kPa  303 K

m2  m1  4 kg   2.46 kg
PT
1 2 450 kPa  219 K