ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL SYMBOLS - Symbols do not

Unit 1: Nature and Elements of Communication have meaning in themselves.

COMMUNICATION CHANNEL – It refers to the medium through which the
-It comes of a process of sharing experiences among the messages are sent. NOISE reduced the quality of Signal.
people that is clear and understandable. FEEDBACK – It refers to the message transmitted by the
-SYSTEMATIC PROCESS receiver in response to the message of the speaker.
-It involves the people interaction with each other.
-Exchanging of VERBAL and NON-VERBAL Symbols. SYMBOL SYSTEMS IN COMMUNICATION
-Creation and Interpretation of meanings. LANGUAGE – A power tool in Communication. And it
enables us to create meanings.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE
1. To improve our personal lives. SYMBOLIC – It consists of symbols in the form of spoken
2. To better our interpersonal relationship. and written words. ABSTRACT or CONCRETE.
3. To help gain success in our professional lives. ARBITRARY – It can change depending on the speaker,
4. To broaden our perspective to become a civil- audience and context. WORDS are DYNAMIC.
oriented individuals. COMMUNICATES POWER – Women tend to use
powerless language while men use more powerful
PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNICATIONS language.
- We cannot not communicate RULE GOVERNED – We learn to use language based on
- Communication is irreversible the rules estabilished by our culture and tradition. Rules
- Communication is unrepeatable govern the way on speaking and interacting to each
- Communication is a process of adjustment other.
- Communication is transactional
DENOTATION - the literal or primary meaning of a
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT COMMUNICATION word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word
According to Wrench and McChroskey suggests. Example: words in Dictionaries
- Meaning are in Word CONNOTATION - an idea or feeling which a word
- Communication is a Verbal Process invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary
- Telling is Communication meaning. Example: Your own understanding of a word.
- Communication will solve all our problems TERMS DENOTATION CONNOTATION
- The more people communicate, the better. 1.Snake Type of reptile animal A traitor
- Communication is a Natural Ability 2.Filipino a person or a citizen Language of the
- Interpersonal Communication means Intimate from the Philippines. Philippines.
Communication
- Communication Competence means PROBLEMS WITH LANGUAGE
Communication Effectiveness VAGUE LANGUAGE – Language that lacks directness
and specifity in conversation. A problem of instructions.
EXAMPLE: Did you see lions and giraffes and that kind
of thing when you were in South Africa?

ABSTRACT LANGUAGE – Use of words or ideas with

more than one meaning.
EXAMPLE: The man was rude to everyone.

MULTIPLE MEANINGS – Concepts, words or ideas with

more than one meaning.
EXAMPLE: The hard parts on your fingers and toes are
your nails or Nails are also thin, sharp metal pieces used
SENDER – (Codify) or encodes ideas. in construction.
RECEIVER – (Decoding) or receiving the ideas.
MESSAGES – Are ideas or thoughts that are transmitted DOUBLE SPEAK – Language that misrepresents or
from sender to receiver. The culture and experience mislead listeners.
together is called SCHEMA (background knowledge).
EXAMPLE: Jennie’s friend passed out in the middle of NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
the pageant and she said to the reporters “She passed “It is the communication with no words but with actions
away” that earned laughter and confusion to the and bubbling.”
audiences. FUNCTIONS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
EUPHEMISM – Words that substitute for other words, 1. ACCENTING
soften words that sound too harsh to spare someone’s - It accentuates or emphasizes a particular point in a
feelings or lessen the impact of words. verbal message.
EXAMPLE: Instead calling her FAT, call her CURVY. EXAMPLE: We can tell when a person is excited because
JARGON – Specialized terms associated with a particular they usually speak loud and their eyes widen, making
area, discipline, career or skill. the message more clear.
EXAMPLE: Schools use acronym “TBA” for “To be 2. COMPLEMENTING
Announced.” - It is to reinforce or enhance a verbal message.
INSENSITIVE LANGUAGE – This are the negative type of EXAMPLE: When you’re thinking and talking about sad
communication that involves discrimination among things, you lower down your head.
other people you are talking about. 3. CONTRADICTING
EXAMPLE: Black African people should not be accepted - When verbal and non-verbal messages are in conflict
in many western countries. with each other. The use of a non-verbal message to
negate the verbal message.
PARALINGUISTIC MEDIUM OR VOICE EXAMPLE: If you ask how someone is and they say
VOICE (VERBAL) – It is the study of voice and how “good” but they roll their eyes or look down at the floor
words are said. Environmental, Psychological and and shrug their shoulders, you know they are actually
Hereditary Factors of Communication. not good and they have just negated the verbal
message they were sending.
VOLUME – It is the intensity or loudness of your voice. 4. REPEATING
THE EMPHASIS and IMPACT of your voice. - Non-verbal messages seem redundant, but it is simpler
and more effective.
PITCH – It refers to the Highness and Lowness of your EXAMPLE: Saying no, then shaking head afterwards
voice. The natural pitch is determined by the length and 5. REGULATING
width of the vocal chord. - Non-verbal behaviors regulate the flow of speech
between people.
RATE – It refers to the SPEED of talking at which the EXAMPLE: We use hand signals to indicate that we are
person speaks to his/her audience. The Fast and Slow of done talking and it is someone else’s turn to talk.
speaking. 6. SUBSTITUTING
- It is used when there are barriers to verbal
QUALITY – It is the texture of the sound or tone that communication.
distinguishes it from another tone having the same EXAMPLE: Instead of actually saying “hi” or “bye” you
pitch, duration and loudness. might just wave a hand at someone. When we are not
able to speak to a person we use a nonverbal cue.
VOCAL PAUSES – Pauses are punctuation guides to
speeches. It used deliberately to achieve desire effect. CATEGORIES OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Speakers pause to take a break from speaking. 1. BODY MOVEMENTS AND GESTURES
- Commonly referred to as KINESICS.
VOCAL STRESS AND EMPHASIS – Stress is the degree of - It will outline the use of gestures, head movements
prominence of a syllable with in a word. Emphasis is the and posture, eye contact, and facial expressions as
degree of prominence of a word with in a phrase or nonverbal communication.
sentence.
2. EMBLEMS (arbitrary)
VOCAL VARIETY – It is the spice of public speaking. The - Behaviors that directly translate or substitute words or
Variation in Volume, Pitch and Rate. phrases. A gesture that have a specific agreed-on
PRONOUNCIATION AND ARTICULATION – It describes meaning.
the combination of vowels, consonants, syllables and EXAMPLE: John gave a “thumbs up” to Alyssa after she
accents of a speaker. got a perfect score in a Math test.
 10. EYE CONTACT
3. ILLUSTRATORS - It helps to control eye communication and the flow of
- It is the most common type of gesture and are used to interaction. Eye behavior serves many functions in
illustrate the verbal message they accompany. communication. It estabilishes and maintains
EXAMPLE: John indicate the shape of Earth in front of relationships. It expresses feelings and shows respect to
his classmates. someone.
EXAMPLE: Jeric looked intently to Alyana’s eyes to
4. REGULATORS express his true feelings for her.
- Non-verbal behaviors that control or regulate
communication between people. Listeners have their 11. TERRITORY AND PERSONAL SPACE
70% eye contact to the Speaker. - It’s the way people use space is determined by their
EXAMPLE: Father Nolan was speaking in front of all the cultural orientation, gender, age and status.
students of ESPS who’s eagerly listening to him. - PROXEMICS refers to the way we use space in
communication.
5. AFFECT DISPLAYS - It is the Intimate, Personal, Social, and Public Distance
- Non-verbal behaviors that reflect one’s emotional way of communicating with each other.
state. EXAMPLE: John maintain his intimate distance with
EXAMPLE: Jennie remains her poker face and have Alyssa by hugging her tightly on his arms.
teary eyes while staring at her mother’s coffin. 12. TOUCH
- HAPTICS refers to the use of touch and how touch is
6. ADAPTORS used to communicate.
- Movements that are usually exhibited unconsciously 5 types – Functional/Professional touch, Social/Polite
and are associated with tension or anxiety. Touch, Friendship/warmth touch, Love/Intimacy touch
EXAMPLE: Lisa got weaken her knees and her heart and Sexual/Arousal Touch of communication.
suddenly stop beating when she’s already next upon 13. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
speaking in front of many people. - This estabilishes norms in various settings.
6 categories – Formal, Warm, Private, Familiar, Distant,
7. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND ATTRACTIVENESS Constraining Environment of communication.
- It alters physiological reactions, judgments, and EXAMPLE: In terms of formality, Fancy cars and
interpretations on the way you look and present expensive watches can serve as symbols that distinguish
yourself in front of people. a CEO from an entry-level employee.
EXAMPLE: Mr. Anderson looks very handsome in front 14. TIME
of his employees while speaking to them that’s why - A person’s use of time element communicates about
they are in awe and they look excited upon listening to the person to others.
him. - CHRONEMICS refers to the role of time in
communication.
8. DRESS AND ARTIFACTS 2 concepts – MONOCHRONIC: Time as commodity
- Clothing and personal grooming can send messages to POLYCHRONIC: Time is more holistic and more fluid.
all people. Socio-economic status, attitudes and careers. EXAMPLE: Physical time refers to the fixed cycles of
EXAMPLE: Jennica looks elegant and beautiful with her days, years, and seasons. Physical time, especially
make-up, expensive accessories and gown that’s why seasons, can affect our mood and psychological states.
people think that she’s rich and professional. 15. SILENCE
- We always communicate, even we’re silent.
9. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - It’s a weapon to hurt others.
- Our faces are the most expressive part of our bodies. - Used to express or show personal anxiety.
The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, - Silence is a powerful non-verbal strategy to get
fear, disgust, interest are the basic emotions of a someone’s message.
person. EXAMPLE: Alyssa still keeps her mouth shut and she
EXAMPLE: John remained his poker face and cold doesn’t feel talking to her friends about her problems
expression to Alyssa because he already knew she was and anxiety attacks.
cheating on him.
 COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE BARRIERS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
ETHNOCENTRISM – It is the evaluation of other cultures
“Knowing what to say, according to preconceptions originating in the
How to say it standards and customs of one's own culture. Belief that
And When to say it.” one’s own culture is better than the other.
It have Positive, Negative, Extremely Negative Level of
ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE ethnocentrism.
STRUCTURAL ASPECT – Knowing the form of utterance. EXAMPLE: Asian culture is way more deep and
The PRONOUNCIATION AND GRAMMAR traditional compared to Western culture.
LEXICAL ASPECT – Properly understanding and using of
WORDS, PHRASES AND IDIOMS upon communicating STEREOTYPING – The mental categorization or general,
or speaking. often inaccurate, representation of a particular group of
people depending on one’s observation and examples.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION EXAMPLE: Guys are messy and unclean.
“Communication which involves interaction between
people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems PREJUDICE – This is a positive or negative feeling held
are distinct enough to alter the communication event.” toward individuals belonging to a particular race, social,
-It occurs when two people belonging to different class and religion.
cultures communicate. EXAMPLE: Mark feel threatened and uneasy because a
COMMUNICATION CULTURE Muslim person was seated beside him inside the jeep.
Culture is passed on to Communication is
generations through influenced by culture. DISCRIMINATION – Negative behaviors that are caused
communication. by prejudice or stereotyping. It’s the Verbal insults,
Culture reflects how a In turn, it reflects on how Avoidance, Physical Violence and Genocide.
particular group interprets they behave or EXAMPLE: Kevin was physical abused by his classmates
meaning or makes sense of communicate with each because of his fat appearance and small height.
the world. other.
COMPETENCE IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
5 CULTURAL IDENTITIES MOTIVATION – The desire to communicate and
GENDER IDENTITY – The meanings and interpretations understand the culture of others.
we hold concerning our self-images and expected other CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE – One’s awareness and
images of “femaleness” and “maleness” of the society. understanding of another culture’s rules, tradition and
Men and Women differ in the way they speak: behavior.
MEN – Direct, competitive and aggressive COMMUNICATION SKILLS – Having this skills will
WOMEN – Symphatetic, tentative and emotional. enhance your confidence and social skill upon
communicating with other people.
AGE IDENTITY – Involves behaving in a particular matter SENSITIVITY – Characterized by being sensitive to other
expected of one’s age. culture.
CHARACTER – Evaluated through people being
CLASS IDENTITY – Define by one’s social or economic trustworthy and nice upon communicating with others.
status. It may be inherited and attained.
IMPROVING INTERCULTURE AND AVOID BARRIERS
RELIGIOUS IDENTITY – This one influences how one 1. Be open to new ideas, beliefs, experiences and ways
behaves and what one believes. One’s religious identity of living.
may be also related to one’s racial or national identity. 2. Avoid dogmatic thinking
3. Ask yourself whether you practice barriers
NATIONAL IDENTY – It refers to one’s national 4. Be aware of how identities shape behaviors.
citizenship or legal status in a country or nation. It’s 5. Avoid stereotypes, totalizations and generalizations.
different from racial and ethnic identity. 6. Develop sensitivity towards other cultural beliefs.
7. Avoid thinking that you are superior or inferior.