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First ASEAN Youth Development Index
FIRST ASEAN YOUTH DEVELOPMENT INDEX (YDI) An overall Framework and YDI 2016 Selected Domains and Indicators of ASEAN Member States
Executive Summary
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967. The Member States Youth is an important section of the population in have been used for this iteration of the ASEAN YDI
of the Association are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, any country and are in need of attention as they are 2016. The remaining domain on ASEAN Awareness,
Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia. both our current and future leaders and the catalyst Values and Identity is to be included in future YDIs
for economic, social and cultural development. In when data is agreed upon and available.
For inquiries, contact: order to facilitate effective youth development, there
The ASEAN Secretariat
is a need for more evidence-based policies on youth One of the strongest stories being delivered by the
Public Outreach and Civil Society Division
development. This is where the Youth Development results of the 2016 ASEAN YDI is that Education has
70A Jalan Sisingamangaraja
Index (YDI) becomes important as the basis for improved markedly across the region from 2011
Jakarta 12110
formulating related policies and programmes to 2015. It also highlights that Employment and
Indonesia
Phone : (62 21) 724-3372, 726-2991 on youth development both at ASEAN and AMS Opportunity is an area in need of future youth policy
Fax : (62 21) 739-8234, 724-3504 levels. ASEAN, as part of its commitment to youth development.
E-mail : [email protected] development, began its preparation of the ASEAN
YDI in 2016. A number of meetings and workshops Where possible, data for inclusion in the Index
Catalogue-in-Publication Data were held in 2015 and 2016 to discuss and obtain was obtained from credible international sources.
First ASEAN Youth Development Index an agreement on the preparation of the ASEAN Country data and imputations have been used where
Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, July 2017 YDI (twice in Cambodia and twice in Indonesia). information was not available. However, this may not
This Report reflects the development of an overall accurately or comparably capture the true picture for
General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website: www.asean.org framework and presents the first iteration of the youth in those indicators. Future improved data at the
The text of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, provided proper acknowledgement ASEAN YDI incorporating internationally available country level will make for more accurate YDIs which
is given and a copy containing the reprinted material is sent to Public Outreach and Civil Society
data from credible sources. in turn will give a clearer picture of the trajectory of
Division of the ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta
ASEAN Member States (AMS) agreed on an age youth development in the region. This first iteration of
range of population categorized as youth which the ASEAN YDI seeks to be a starting point giving an
Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2017.
are between 15 - 35 years for the purpose of the overview of youth development in the region. More
All rights reserved
ASEAN YDI. There are five domains and indicators effort is required to develop better quality data for
identified as important for the ASEAN YDI, namely: the ASEAN YDI which will reflect the situation of youth
Education; Health and Wellbeing; Employment and and enable evidence-based public policy, to improve
Opportunity; Participation and Engagement; and, both implementation and performance of youth
ASEAN Awareness, Values and Identity. Of these five development in ASEAN and AMS levels.
domains, the first four and their associated indicators
2 3
Foreword Consequently, the development of the First ASEAN

YDI provides us an even greater and informed
should become a regular feature of the work of
ASEAN especially in the Youth Sector. To this end,
ability to plan and develop relevant and timely I urge all relevant parties to support ASEAN in our
policies and interventions for our young people in work through the ASEAN YDI and in our overall
Since the early years of the establishment of Over the years, the ASEAN youth have become the region. The First YDI Report offers us a picture objective of developing our young people, the
ASEAN, our Leaders have always heralded the more aware and more involved in building and of our achievements as well as shows us important future of ASEAN.
importance of young people in ASEAN’s agenda. promoting the ASEAN Community, thanks to the signposts indicating areas that need further work
The recent focus for a truly people-oriented and efforts of ASEAN Member States to develop them on. For example, the report shows significant
people-centred ASEAN Community has provided through various interventions at the regional and achievements in education but a need for greater
opportunities for greater participation and role national levels. Moreover, other initiatives have focus on employment.
of the youth in promoting and deepening ASEAN also been launched and implemented by ASEAN
integration. This has also raised awareness on in cooperation with Dialogue Partners and other The ASEAN YDI helps the ASEAN Member States
the importance of developing the youth to better youth-oriented organisations. Among others, and the ASEAN Secretariat assess the effectiveness
prepare them to become the leaders of the region. these include student and youth exchanges, youth of policies and programmes concerning youth in LE LUONG MINH
leadership programmes, and youth volunteerism ASEAN. The first ever YDI in ASEAN, this initiative Secretary-General of ASEAN
opportunities. will help profile the youth of ASEAN and determine
specific areas that need greater attention and
These initiatives have paved the way for a more further development and investment.
coordinated development and involvement of youth
in the implementation of ASEAN programmes and Indeed, the ASEAN YDI serves as a useful
projects such as those under the ASEAN Work Plan reference for planning and policy-making on youth
on Youth 2016-2020 under the ASEAN SOMY. development in ASEAN. I believe this exercise
4 5
An overall Framework and YDI 2016 Selected Domains and Indicators of ASEAN Member States
Acknowledgements Contents
The ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on Youth University, Padang, Indonesia) and Gemma Wood Executive Summary 3 METHODOLOGY 54
(SOMY) led the process of the development of (Numbers and People Synergy, Australia). Funding
Acknowledgements 6 Future considerations to strengthen the YDI 57
the ASEAN Youth Development Index through the for this work was provided by the United Nations
appointment of an ASEAN Youth Development Population Fund (UNFPA). INTRODUCTION 8 Comparison of ASEAN YDI
Index Task Force. Focal Points from the ASEAN ASEAN YDI 2016: THE PICTURE with Commonwealth Global YDI 58
Member States actively participated in workshops The findings, interpretations and conclusions
for the identification of dimensions and indicators presented in this document may include views OF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN 14 ASEAN Awareness, Values and Identity 60
of ASEAN Youth Development Index (YDI). or recommendations from third parties, which do The Four Domains of the First ASEAN Youth Gender and Inclusion 62
not necessarily reflect the views of the individual
Development Index 15 Youth Dividend, Migration and Urbanisation 63
The Education, Youth and Sports Division (EYSD) consultants.
of the ASEAN Secretariat supported the process. Domain 1: Education 16 CONCLUSION 71
The report was prepared by Helmi (Andalas
Domain 2: Health and Wellbeing 18 References 72
Domain 3: Employment and Opportunity 20
Domain 4: Participation and Engagement 22 Annex 1: ASEAN Community Blueprints
RESULTS 27 and the Core Elements Related
General Trends 31 to Youth Development 74
Brunei Darussalam 34 Annex 2: The Vision and Sub
Cambodia 36 Goals/Priorities of the ASEAN Work Plan
Indonesia 38 on Youth 2016-2020 79
Lao PDR 40 Annex 3: Review of Youth Policies
Malaysia 42 of the ASEAN Member States 80
Myanmar 44 Annex 4: List of ASEAN Senior Officials
The Philippines 46 Meeting on Youth (SOMY) Leaders
Singapore 48 and Focal Points 86
Thailand 50 Annex 5: The ASEAN Youth
Viet Nam 52 Development Index (YDI) Taskforce 89
6 7
Figure 1. ASEAN Youth Population 15-34 (thousands)
218931
213192 215055
190892
85598
55395
1950 1970 2000 2015 2030 2050
30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19
INTRODUCTION Source: UN DESA 2017
ASEAN aims for people to enjoy human rights and Forging Ahead Together. The ASEAN Vision 2025
One of the important aims of development is the transformation towards positive
fundamental freedoms, a higher quality of life and the consists of three blueprints: political security, economic,
progress. Public policy is a major instrument in achieving this goal. In order to
benefits of community building, to reinforce the sense and socio-cultural, all of which have a strong focus on
be responsive to the needs and problems faced in fostering development, a
of togetherness and common identity. The ASEAN youth development. The core elements in the three
public policy has to be based on the evidence and understanding of what has
Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) 2025 vision is for blueprints which directly or indirectly relate to youth
been done and achieved, and on what areas require more targeted efforts and
an ASEAN Community that engages and benefits the development are outlined in Annex 1.
resources.
peoples and is inclusive, sustainable, resilient, and
dynamic. It aims to realise an inclusive community In support of this, the ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting
There are currently 213 million youth (15-34 years) in ASEAN countries,
that promotes high quality of life, equitable access to on Youth (SOMY) developed the ASEAN Work Plan
constituting the largest ever cohort of ASEAN youth. The peak population of
opportunities for all and promotes and protects human on Youth 2016-2020 and included the development
just over 220 million is expected in 2038. Youth is an important sector of the
rights of all including the youth. of the ASEAN Youth Development Index as a priority.
population where attention needs to be focussed as they are also leaders and
The development of ASEAN YDI has the objective of
the catalysts for economic, social, and cultural development. Therefore, there is
After the realisation of the ASEAN Community on evaluating the outcomes and effectiveness of youth
a need for a more evidence-based policy on youth development. This is where
1 January 2016, ASEAN starts another chapter of programmes in ASEAN, and to assist AMS in planning
the YDI becomes important as the basis for formulating and evaluating related
cooperation and launched the ASEAN Vision 2025: new interventions for the youth.
policies and programmes on youth development both at ASEAN and AMS levels.
8 9
Table 1. Selected key development indicators of ASEAN 2016.
№ Data and Indicator. Value

1 Total population (million) 628.9
2 Population as % of world population. 8.7
3 GDP per capita (US$). 3,866.8
4 Youth 15 – 34 years (000). 213192
5 Below National Poverty Line (%), 2013 figure. 25.2 - 1.7
6 Unemployment rate (%). 0.5 - 6.9
7 Access to safe drinking water (%). 44.0 - 100.0
8 Access to improved sanitation (%). 51.0 - 100.0
9 Internet subscriber per 100 persons. 18.2 - 82.1
10 Cellular phone per 100 persons. 53.1 - 146.1
Source: ASEC (2016), UN DESA (2017).
ASEAN demonstrated its commitment to developing an ASEAN Youth Adopting a standardised definition of youth is complex as there is no definition
Development Index by staging workshops throughout 2015 and 2016 to which is universally recognised (Global YDI Report, 2016). The complexity
discuss and successfully obtain agreement on the preparation of the ASEAN comes from the different aspects and issues involved in the transition
YDI (twice in Cambodia and twice in Indonesia). The process included a review stages of young people’s development from adolescence to adulthood.
of global YDIs, Member States’ national YDIs and proposed indicators for the The UN definition of youth is 15-24 years and the Commonwealth Global
Sustainable Development Goals, followed by a review of the availability of Youth Development Index definition is 15-29 years. In the context of ASEAN
comparable quality data across ASEAN. Further details on the methodology Member States (AMS) the age ranges of youth are defined in the law and
are included on page 54. regulations which exist in each country. Overall the youth age ranges in AMS
are between 15 – 35 years, and this will be used as reference for this ASEAN
This first iteration of the ASEAN YDI seeks to be a starting point, giving
YDI report as agreed upon by the ASEAN YDI Task Force. It should be noted,
an overview of youth development in the region. More effort is required to
however, that the age ranges available for the indicators do not align with
develop better quality data for the ASEAN YDI which will reflect the current
this definition. Should further disaggregation by age become available in the
youth development status and enable evidence-based public policy. This will
future this may improve the accuracy of the picture provided of youth in the
result in an improvement of both implementation and performance of youth
region by the YDI.
development at ASEAN and ASEAN Member States (AMS) levels. Several
Member States including Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and The Philippines Through the consultation phase of the ASEAN YDI it became clear that there
have already developed national YDIs and other Member States, aware of the is both commitment to a regional YDI as well as a desire to have localised
importance of the YDI, have begun their own national process of producing national YDIs. National YDIs can include more detailed indicators specifically
YDIs. addressing individual country issues which are important for national progress
in youth development. This Report also acts as a platform for the youth’s voice
with contributions made at meetings of the ASEAN Youth Forum included in
text boxes throughout the Report.
10 11
“No Youth Should

Be Left Behind”:
by ASEAN Youth Forum
The ASEAN Youth Forum (AYF) has been the Malaysia (2015) and Cambodia (2016). It allows 2. Engaging key participants including civil society, The AYF believes that the pursuance of the Youth
bedrock of empowerment and engagement young leaders from all ASEAN countries to discuss youth-relevant bodies at the national, regional, and Development Index, initiated by the ASEAN and its
towards a people-oriented, people-centred and issues, have dialogue with various stakeholders international level through meaningful dialogues Member States, will open doors for young people
youth-driven ASEAN Community. In the last eight and define their potential future with respect to the and activities to be involved in more meaningful engagements
years, the AYF was held in Thailand (2009), Viet issues and realities they are facing and may face in at the regional and national levels. Moreover, it
Nam (2010), Indonesia (2011), Cambodia (2012), the future. 3. Expanding influences with other significant looks to the importance of the YDI in helping to
Brunei Darussalam (2013), Myanmar (2014), groups in ASEAN and beyond better understand the situation of young people,
ASEAN Youth Forum has committed itself to especially those who are at the margins.
upholding meaningful youth participation in the 4. Strengthening capacity of this body/organization/
following: network and other related groups in the region
1. Realising action-based activities on youth issues 5. Bringing the youth in the region to take part in the
at the national, sub-regional and regional levels movement towards ASEAN Community 2015
12 13
The Four Domains of the First ASEAN

Youth Development Index
The ASEAN YDI Task Force agreed on five domains for the First ASEAN YDI. For this
report, domain 5 - ASEAN Awareness, Values and Identity will not be included for lack
of data, but will be the focus of the Second ASEAN YDI.
Figure 2. The four domains of the ASEAN YDI
ASEAN YDI 2016: THE

PICTURE OF YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT IN ASEAN
The ASEAN YDI 2016 is the first attempt to available data and where this data was missing or
measure regional youth development based on was not available, national data provided by the
selected domains and indicators deemed relevant AMS was used. The domains, indicators and data
and important to all ASEAN member States (AMS). are selected from credible international sources
In deciding the domains for an ASEAN YDI, it was which compile comparable data from Member
made imperative that the domains correspond States and as endorsed by the ASEAN YDI Task
to the key elements in the ASEAN Work Plan on Force.
Youth 2016-2020 which reflect the characteristics
of ASEAN in the ASCC Blueprint 2025. The selection of indicators for ASEAN YDI may not
cover the complete range of indicators deemed
The choice of domains and indicators is based necessary by AMS. However, as the first attempt
on agreement of the ASEAN YDI Task Force and to prepare YDI, the major limiting factor for the
from the ASEAN YDI Technical Meetings attended inclusion of more indicators was data availability
by ASEAN YDI Task Force members and focal and credibility of the sources. The next ASEAN
points from the AMS. The members of the ASEAN YDI is expected to develop further to include both
YDI Task Force were nominated by the ASEAN relevant indicators to the ASEAN Objectives as
Senior Officials Meeting on Youth (SOMY). The well as priority domains and indicators for each
score calculated is mainly based on internationally AMS.
14 15
Domain 1: Education
There has been much discussion around education internationally with a heavy focus on the benefits that
occur for both individuals and society when quality education is received. The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the Education 2030 Agenda are just a few of the formally
recognised international efforts with an education focus.
The variety of ways to measure education has led to a raft of different indicators being used in different policy
evaluation and YDIs. Some of the more common are:
• Literacy rates, measuring basic literacy of the population,
• Enrolment numbers in primary, secondary and tertiary education, often used as a proxy for access
to education
• Graduation rates from all levels of education
• Government spending on education
• Vocational training enrolment and graduations
• Second chance education opportunities (adults returning to finish primary and secondary education)
For this iteration of the ASEAN YDI there was also much discussion around informal learning and its
importance. Unfortunately, the indicators available do not cover informal education but may do so in the
future. The Indicators decided on for this iteration are:
Table 2. Education domain indicators, description and source
Domain Indicator Description Source

Enrolment in Total (gross) enrolment in secondary education, regardless
Secondary of age, expressed as a percentage of the population of UNESCO
Education official secondary education age.
Percentage of people 15-24 year olds who can both read
Literacy Rate and write with understanding a short simple statement on UNESCO
Education their everyday life.
Percentage of people 15-24 year olds with five or more

Digital Natives ITU
years of online experience
Gross Tertiary Gross graduation ratio from first degree programmes

UNESCO
Graduation (ISCED 6 and 7) in tertiary education, both sexes (%)
16 17
Domain 2:
Health and Wellbeing
Similar to education, many international agreements and institutions focus on physical and mental health.
From the World Health Organization to the Sustainable Development Goals, access to quality health care as
well as the right to mental wellbeing continue to have primary importance across the globe.
While mortality in youth is lower than other ages, youth are more likely to to partake in risky behaviors than
other cohorts which can impact both their immediate and longer-term health. This makes health monitoring
of young people vital for both intervention and long term health planning. Health monitoring of young people
is vital. Some of these risks include:
• Road traffic accidents

• Violence (both as victims and perpetrators)
• Suicide
• Communicable diseases
• Maternal disorders
• Nutrient deficiency
• Alcohol and drug abuse.
Some of these risks can be reduced through evidence based policies targeting the risky behaviours and
providing safe alternatives. The indicators which have been included in this iteration of the ASEAN YDI are:
Table 3. Health and Wellbeing domain indicators, description and source
Youth Mortality Rate per 100,000 of 15-29 year olds GBD

Years Life Lost (YLL) per 100,000 of 15-29 year
Mental Disorder YLL GBD/IEP
olds due to mental illness
Alcohol Abuse YLL GBD/IEP
olds due to alcohol abuse

Health and Drug Abuse YLL GBD/IEP
olds due to drug abuse
Wellbeing
Percentage of youth infected with HIV 15-24 year
HIV Rate World Bank
olds (prevalence)
Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections

STIs GBD
(STI) in 15-29 year olds per 100,000
Per cent of population using improved sanitation

Sanitation WHO
facilities (e.g. flush toilet or pit latrine with slab )
18 19
Domain 3:
Employment and Opportunity
The right to work and freedom in choice of employment is acknowledged in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights and the Sustainable Development Goals and enables the economic growth and security of a
country.
Youth have many added vulnerabilities in the labour market such as:
• Lack of experience and/or professional networks
• Lack of bank accounts
• Little job security with lack of up skilling opportunities
• Lack of access to credit for entrepreneurial endeavours
• High vulnerability to exploitation
Whilst this iteration of the YDI does not include entrepreneurship indicators it was discussed as a high
priority for the region. The indicators which have been included are:
Table 4. Employment and Opportunity domain indicators, description and source

Percentage of youth not in education,
NEET ILO
employment or training (NEET) 15-29 year olds
Youth Unemployment Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult

UNDATA
Ratio unemployment rate, both sexes 15-24 year olds
Employment
Adolescent fertility
and Births per 1,000 females in ages 15-19 year olds World Bank
rate
Opportunity
Account at a financial Percentage of people 15-24 with an account at a World Bank
institution formal financial institution Findex
Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who

Child Marriage UNICEF
were first married or in union before aged 18
20 21
Domain 4:
Participation and Engagement
A cohesive society where youth are able to participate in healthy relationships and activities has been deemed
important in much research on youth development. Being empowered to be politically and socially active can
increase fulfilment in the lives of youth and societies can benefit from the innovative ideas from the voices
of youth. This domain seeks to measure how youth are positively interacting with their communities and the
indicators included are:
Table 5. Participation and Engagement domain indicators, description and source
Percentage answering “Yes” to question: “In the

Gallup World
Volunteered Time last month, have you volunteered your time to an
Poll
organization” in 15-29 year olds
Participation
and
Engagement Percentage answering “Yes” to question “In
the last month, have you helped a stranger or Gallup World
Helped a Stranger
someone you didn’t know who needed help” in Poll
15-29 year olds
22 23
‘Ibil’s’ Plea: Make ASEAN Youth Healthy

Every time, Everywhere
‘Ibil’ is an Indonesian Youth who has been involved In March 2015 the Maternal and Child Health Minister and requesting her to attend our session in sexual and reproductive health services including
in local, national and regional efforts to promote and Movement (GKIA) initiated Citizen Hearing (Forum WHA was an exciting process. Despite the prepared access to Family Planning. Health services include
protect health rights of young people in his country. Suara Rakyat Nasional) to discuss the involvement recommended documents, I had the chance to preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative
He is a member of the World Health Assembly and of civil society in the process of policy making in discuss with the Minister about the recommended measures. Second, Indonesian youth wanted
has been part of ASEAN Youth Forum. Indonesia. This is Ibil’s experience of the process: materials to be presented in the forum. good leadership from the central government. We
already have youth friendly services at the city/
Civil society and youth are often not involved in I had the chance to voice the needs of Indonesian During the Youth Health Panel, I was given an district level, but we have not yet implemented the
the making of health policy in Indonesia and this youth on a global forum. During this event, we had opportunity to share my stories about challenges services accordingly. Third, we wanted more public
can lead to their health needs not being met or an opportunity to share and convey Indonesian on Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights faced participation in the development process, starting
accommodated. youth’s opinions in two sessions. This opportunity by Indonesian youth. I also shared about the from the planning and implementation to control.
was a big responsibility for me as I needed to successful involvement of youth in the process of
ascertain that the needs of our youth were well policy making in Forum Suara Rakyat. Ibil’s advocacy for Indonesian youth gave depth
heard by stakeholders at the international level. to the WHA process and was included in the final
During the main session of Global Citizens Dialogue WHA Recommendations.
The whole preparation before attending WHA was which was attended by the Health Minister and
an amazing experience for me. From gathering other WHO representatives, I delivered several
information on the schedule of the Indonesian messages of concern from Indonesian youth. First,
Health Minister, having a discussion with the Health Indonesian youth wanted access to comprehensive
24 25
An overall Framework and YDI 2016 Selected Domains and Indicators of ASEAN Member States
ASEAN YDI RESULTS

The objective of presenting the results of the ASEAN YDI 2016 calculation is not to
make comparisons among ASEAN Member States, but rather to show initial bench
marking figures about the progress of youth development in different domains in
each AMS. The four domains covered in the 2016 YDI are: Education; Health and
Wellbeing; Employment and Opportunity; and, Participation and Engagement.
Based on this objective, results of ASEAN YDI 2016 is presented country by country
of AMS in alphabetical order, starting from Brunei Darussalam up to Viet Nam.
The graph below shows that at both the regional and AMS levels, improvements in
youth development are evident between 2011 and 2015. The YDI score is a number
between 0 and 1, with 0 reflecting the lowest youth development in the region and
1 reflecting the highest level of youth development attained in the region.
Figure 3. The overall YDI trends 2011-2015
1.0
Brunei
0.9
Cambodia
0.8
Indonesia
0.7 Lao PDR
Malaysia
0.6
Myanmar
0.5 Philippines
Singapore
0.4
Thailand
0.3
Viet Nam
0 ASEAN
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
26 27
Broken down by indicator, there are considerable indicators where countries all score much more
variations between high and low scores and the similarly as in Literacy Rates with a range of 90 to
ASEAN regional average. Examples of indicators 100 per cent and Gross Tertiary Graduation ranging ASEAN
with very wide spread scores are Digital Natives from 11 to 21 per cent. YDI indicator Indicator description Low High
Average
ranging from 1 per cent to 88 per cent and Drug
Abuse Years Life Lost ranging from only 12 years The following Table shows the distribution of scores Youth Mortality
Mortality rate per 100,000 of 15–29 year olds 167 112 25
per 100,000 youth to 838 years. There are also for each indicator as well as the regional average. Rate
Alcohol Abuse Years Life Lost (YLL) per 100,000 of 15-29 year olds due
139 32 1
YLL to alcohol abuse
Table 6. Distribution of scores for each indicator by domain Years Life Lost (YLL) per 100,000 of 15-29 year olds
Drug Abuse YLL 838 194 12
due to drug abuse
Mental Disorder Years Life Lost (YLL) per 100,000 of 15-29 year olds due
1137 529 150
Education YLL to mental illness
Sexually
ASEAN Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in 15-29
YDI indicator Indicator description Low High Transmitted 20351 15425 11970
Average year olds per 100,000
Infections (STIs)
Enrolment in Total (gross) enrolment in secondary education,
Secondary regardless of age, as a percentage of the population of 42 77 108 Percentage of youth 15-24 year olds who are HIV
HIV Rate 0.5 0.2 0.1
Education official secondary education age positive (prevalence)
Improved Per cent of population using improved sanitation
Gross Tertiary Gross graduation ratio from first degree programmes 42 77 100
11 18 21 Sanitation facilities( e.g. flush toilet or pit latrine with slab )
Graduation (ISCED 6 and 7) in tertiary education, both sexes (%)
Percent of 15-24 year olds who can both read and write
Literacy Rate 90 97 100 Employment and Opportunity
with understanding a short simple statement
ASEAN
Digital Native Percentage of people 15-24 year olds with five or more YDI indicator Indicator description Low High
1 36 88 Average
Rate years of online experience
Percentage of youth not in education, employment or
NEET 24 11 2
training (NEET) 15-29 year olds
Youth
Ratio of youth (aged 15–24) unemployment rate to adult
Unemployment 10 6 3
unemployment rate, both sexes
Participation and Engagement Ratio
Account at
ASEAN Percentage of people 15-24 with an account at a formal
YDI indicator Indicator description Low High a Financial 14 53 92
Average financial institution
Institution
Helped a Percentage 15–29 year olds answering ‘yes’ to Adolescent
10 46 64
Stranger questions on helping a stranger Fertility Births per 1,000 females in ages 15-19 year olds 63 37 3
Rate
Volunteered Percentage 15–29-year-olds answering ‘yes’ to
14 31 51 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who were
Time questions on volunteering Child Marriage 35 15 0
first married or in union before aged 18
28 29
General Trends
Health and Wellbeing had the highest regional lagging behind. One of the bigger factors in the
average domain score in 2015, suggesting region’s favourable Health and Wellbeing scores
it is the strength in the region. It was followed is relatively low levels of Drug Abuse Years Life
closely by Education, with Employment and Lost (YLL), Alcohol Abuse YLL and HIV rates.
Opportunity, and Participation and Engagement
Figure 4. 2015 ASEAN Average Domain Score
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Parcipaon Employment Health
Educaon
and Engagement and Opportunity and Wellbeing
30 31
The domains of Education and Participation and Engagement saw the largest
improvements in the region between 2011 and 2015. Health and Wellbeing
also saw improvement while Employment and Opportunity declined slightly.
These findings indicate that more attention is required at the regional level
for the Employment and Opportunity domain. It is important that Education,
and Employment and Opportunity domains work in concert as having
highly educated youth who cannot find employment can lead to negative
social behaviours such as idleness, dissatisfaction or, in the worst of cases,
violence. Conversely, if employment is favoured over education, it can lead to
reduced professional opportunity and progression.
Figure 5. Changes in ASEAN average Domain scores 2011 – 2015

The biggest contribution to the Education domain’s improvement was from
an increase in the Gross Tertiary Graduation which regionally improved from
12 per cent to 18 percent between 2011 and 2015. There was also notable
increase in the Enrolment in Secondary Education improving from 70 per cent
Educaon to 77 per cent. There was very little movement in literacy rates remaining at a
rate of 97 per cent - a relatively high global rate.
It is also important to note that the Youth Unemployment Ratio of the region
Parcipaon was the only indicator to deteriorate over the 2011 to 2015 period. It increased
and Engagement by over 1 percentage point to 6.4, meaning that youth were 6.4 times more
likely to be unemployed than their adult counterparts in the labour force in
Health 2015. Account at a Financial Institution was a wide ranging indicator with a
and Wellbeing low of just 14 per cent and a high of 92 percent. Only three countries scored
above 70 per cent in 2015 leaving much room for improvement in the future.
Employment Both the Participation and Engagement indicators were volatile across
and Opportunity time and varied across countries. While there was eventual improvement
in Volunteered Time it remains one of the lowest averaging indicators after
-0.02 0.0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 banding in the YDI.
ASEAN аverage
32 33
Brunei Darussalam
Population of youth (15 - 29 years) in Brunei Brunei Darussalam’s overall YDI score in 2015 is
Darussalam is 26 per cent of the total population 0.758 with increasing trend from 2011. The two
(0.110 out of 0.417 million). Youth development domains of Education, and Health and Wellbeing
affairs in Brunei Darussalam fall under the performed well above the regional average. This
responsibility of the Ministry of Culture, Youth, and improvement in Education was largely due to
Sports (to coordinate actions with other relevant a doubling of Gross Tertiary Graduation over the 5
ministries) guided by National Youth Policy. The goal years measured.
of the youth policy is to foster quality characteristics
in Brunei Darussalam youth through five objectives: The slight decline in the Employment and
uphold Islam as the official religion and integral Opportunity domain is due to an increase in the
to daily life; enable youth to contribute to the Youth Unemployment Ratio with young people 6.7
economy, culture and society; foster understanding times more likely to be unemployed than their adult
and awareness; build knowledge and skill of youth; counterparts in 2015.
develop attitudes and personal qualities, such as
patriotism, confidence and creativity.
Figure 6. The overall YDI and Domains score for Brunei Darussalam
1.0
0.9
YDI score
0.8
0.7
Educaon
0.6 Health and Wellbeing
0.5 Employment and

Opportunity
0.4 Parcipaon and
Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
34 35
Cambodia
Almost a third of the total population of Cambodia was the best performing domain with the third
are youth (15 - 29 years), which is considered largest improvement of countries in the region.
a significant youth bulge (31% or 4.775 out of Improvements in the Health and Wellbeing domain
15.405 million). Cambodia enacted a National were seen in Youth Mortality, Mental Disorder Years
Policy on Youth Development in 2011 focusing Life Lost, Sexually Transmitted Infection prevalence
on twelve strategic areas. The responsibility for and Sanitation. The most improved domain from
implementation of youth development policy rests 2011 to 2015 in Cambodia was Education, although
with the Youth Department within the Ministry of large portions of this domain were imputed due to
Education, Youth, and Sports (MoEYS). A National lack of internationally comparable data.
Youth Council has also been established with a
mission to foster greater participation and voice of There was a slight decline in Employment and
youth in development and democratic change in Opportunity largely linked to a rise in the Youth
Cambodia. Unemployment Ratio and a rise in Adolescent
Fertility Rate. Decline was also seen in Participation
Cambodia’s overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.383 with and Engagement due to a decrease in the number
increasing trend from 2011. Health and Wellbeing of youth who Helped a Stranger.
Figure 7. Overall YDI and Domains score for Cambodia
1.0
0.9
YDI score
0.8
Educaon
0.7
0.6
Employment and
0.5 Opportunity
Parcipaon and
0.4 Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
36 37
Indonesia
The population of youth (15 - 29 years) is 25 Engagement and the Education domain were both
per cent of the total population (64.354 out of above the regional average with Indonesia having
255.461 million). Indonesia has continuously the largest number of youth who Volunteered Time
renewed its commitment to youth development in the region. Education saw the largest increase
by enacting government regulations as the basis of the domains largely due to improvements in
for implementation. The Law on Youth, enacted Enrolment in Secondary Education and Gross
in 2009, provides direction and strategies for Tertiary Graduation.
youth development in the country. The Ministry of
Youth and Sports is responsible for coordinating Employment and Opportunity dropped slightly from
and providing leading roles in empowerment and 2011 to 2015 with the Youth Unemployment Ratio
provision of necessary services for youth. Youth climbing to the highest in the region with youth
organizations are set up to facilitate youth in being 10.4 times more likely to be unemployed
development of self-potential. Emphasis in youth in 2013. There has, however, been a significant
development in Indonesia is given to character increase in the number of youth with an Account at
development, health, competency and livelihood a Financial Institution – improving from 13 per cent
which could maximally contribute to national in 2011 to 43 per cent in 2015.
development and actively play a role in global
interactions. There was a slight fall in Health and Wellbeing
largely attributed to an increase in HIV prevalence.
Indonesia’s overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.533 Improvements in the Health and Wellbeing domain
with increasing trend from 2011. Participation and were seen in Youth Mortality, Alcohol Abuse Years
Life Lost and Sanitation.
Figure 8. Overall YDI and Domains score for Indonesia
1.0
0.9
YDI score
0.8
Educaon
0.7

0.6
Employment and
0.5 Opportunity
Parcipaon and
0.4 Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
38 39
Lao PDR
The youth population (15 - 29 years) in Lao PDR improvement seen in Youth Mortality Rates and
is 29 per cent of the total population (2.033 out Sanitation. Mental Health Years Life Lost, however,
of 6.902 million). Although the processes are scored the lowest in the region.
underway, Lao PDR has yet to formulate its youth
policy. Youth affairs are managed by the Lao Youth Employment and Opportunity improved slightly
Union (LYU) within the ruling party. The objectives with improvements in the Adolescent Fertility Rate
of the LYU are: to mobilize youth solidarity in and Account at a Financial Institution, albeit from
implementing the goals of the Government of Lao relatively low bases in 2011.
PDR; and to contribute to the construction and
expansion of the People’s Democratic Regime, Lao PDR still lags behind in the Education domain
aiming to create peace, independence, democracy, with relatively low scores in all domain indicators.
unity and prosperity. There has, however, been improvement in
Enrolment in Secondary Education and an almost
Lao PDR’s overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.365 doubling in Gross Tertiary Graduation.
with an increasing trend from 2011. Health and
Wellbeing was Lao PDR’s best performing domain The trend of decline in Participation and
with the lowest HIV Prevalence in the region and Engagement was started through 2011 to 2013.
More up to date data would assist in confirming the
continued decline shown in the YDI.
Figure 9. Overall YDI and Domains score for Lao PDR
1.0
0.9
YDI score
0.8
Educaon
0.7
0.6
Employment and
0.5
Opportunity
Parcipaon and
0.4
Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
40 41
Malaysia
Youth (individuals aged between 15 and 30 Malaysia’s overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.729 with
years old) comprise 31 per cent of the Malaysian increasing trend from 2011. Malaysia scored above
population (9.902 out of 31.661 million) as of the regional average in all four domains with Health
November 2016. Youth development affairs in and Wellbeing performing best. The only indicator
Malaysia are led and coordinated by the Ministry of in this domain to show notable improvement was
Youth and Sports, guided by the Malaysian Youth Youth Mortality Rate.
Policy (MYP) that was updated in 2015. MYP is
an updated and improved version of the National Although being Malaysia’s lower performing
Youth Development Policy 1997. domain, Participation and Engagement showed the
biggest improvement of the domains between 2011
MYP is manifested in strengthening both human and 2015 with the number of youth who reported
capital and the potential of youth as the drivers they had Helped a Stranger more than doubling
for future strategic development of the country in to 51 per cent, and the number of youth who
accordance with the Federal Constitution and Rukun Volunteered Time increasing to 31 per cent.
Negara (National Principal). The Youth Societies and
Youth Development Act followed suit in 2007, which The improvements made in Education largely came
acts to register youth societies, promote and facilitate from a large increase in the Enrolment in Secondary
the development of youth in education, research Education. There has, however, been a drop in
and human resources, to establish a National Youth Gross Tertiary Graduations since 2012.
Consultative Council and the Malaysian Institute for
Research in Youth Development.
Figure 10. Overall YDI and Domains score for Malaysia

1.0
0.9
0.8
YDI score
Educaon
0.7

0.6
Employment and
0.5 Opportunity
Parcipaon and
0.4 Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
42 43
Myanmar
The proportion of youth (15 - 29 years) is 27 per cent the region since 2011. It is important to note that
(14.191 out of 52.476 million) of the total population Myanmar received more imputations in the data
of Myanmar. Myanmar enacted the Child Law in than any other country in the YDI and the accuracy
1993 which also covers the youth between 16 - 18 of these scores would be improved by enhanced
years. The Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief, and data collection and dissemination.
Resettlement, through its Department of Social
Welfare, is responsible for youth development. Myanmar scored above the regional average in both
Formulation of Youth Policy started in 2016 and Employment and Opportunity and Participation
a draft policy has been framed with nation-wide and Engagement domains, the latter scoring the
youth involvement and a series of youth meetings, highest in the region. Participation and Engagement
forums and conferences in each respective State was Myanmar’s highest scoring domain with large
and Regional level. increases in the number of youth who Helped a
Stranger and Volunteered.
Myanmar’s overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.560 with
the largest improvement seen of the countries in
Figure 11. Overall YDI and Domains scores for Myanmar
1.0
0.9
YDI score
0.8
Educaon
0.7
0.6
Employment and
0.5 Opportunity
Parcipaon and
0.4 Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
44 45
The Philippines
The youth population (15 - 29 years) consists of 28 The Philippines’ overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.554
per cent of the total population of The Philippines with increasing trend from 2011. The Philippines
(28.113 million out of 101.562 million). The scored well above the regional average in Health
Philippines enacted the Youth in Nation-Building and Wellbeing and just over the regional average
Act in 1994 which mandated the establishment of for Participation and Engagement. Health and
the National Youth Commission (NYC). The NYC Wellbeing was the Philippines’ best performing
is attached to the Office of the President, as an domain with improvements between 2011 and
autonomous and independent unit, responsible 2015 being largely due to lower Youth Mortality
for youth affairs. A Philippine Youth Development Rates.
Plan has also been prepared covering three
objectives: (1) improved enabling conditions for Employment and Opportunity saw a slight decline
youth participation in governance, society and with both the Adolescent Fertility Rates increasing
development; (2) increased contribution of and and rates of Account at a Financial Institution
benefits for the youth in the attainment of MDGs decreasing between 2011 and 2015.
and other goals; and (3) improved access to quality
basic services and social protection through
enabling policies.
Figure 12. Overall YDI and Domains scores for The Philippines
1.0
0.9
YDI score
0.8
Educaon
0.7

0.6
Employment and
0.5 Opportunity
Parcipaon and
0.4 Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
46 47
Singapore
In Singapore the proportion of resident youth (15 Singapore’s overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.940 with
- 29 years) in the total population is 14 per cent a strong increasing trend from 2011. Singapore
(0.778 out of 5.535 million). The Ministry of Culture, scored above the regional average in all four
Community and Youth is responsible for youth domains with Education and Employment and
affairs in Singapore with the aims: (1) to fulfil youth Opportunity performing best. Singapore performed
aspiration and interest; (2) to encourage youth consistently well giving it the best Education, Health
engagement in the community; and (3) to foster and Wellbeing and Education and Opportunity
youth leadership. This Ministry is assisted by the Domain scores in 2015.
National Youth Council (NYC) Singapore. The policy
reference for youth development in Singapore is the Although being Singapore’s lowest performing
Children’s and Young Persons Act 1993. In addition, domain, Participation and Engagement showed the
Singapore is a signatory to the Commonwealth biggest improvement of the domains between 2011
Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment (PAYE) 2006 and 2015 with the number of youth who Helped a
- 2015 Stranger more than doubling to 52 per cent, the
highest in the region, and the number of youth who
Volunteered Time increasing to 30 per cent.
Figure 13. Overall YDI and Domains scores for Singapore
1.0
0.9
0.8 YDI score
0.7 Educaon
0.6 Health and Wellbeing
0.5 Employment and

Opportunity
0.4 Parcipaon and
Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
48 49
Thailand
In Thailand, youth (15 - 29 years) comprise 23 per Thailand’s overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.481 with
cent of the total population (15.607 out of 68.979 increasing trend from 2011. Thailand scored above
million). Thailand’s youth development approach is the regional average in Education with this domain
based on the National Child and Youth Development being by far its highest scoring. Much of the data
Promotion Act (NCYDA) B.E. 2550 (2007) and the in the Education domain are imputations so the
National Child and Youth Development Plan B.E. increase may be represented accurately but an
2555-2559 (2012). The NCYDA 2007 focuses on the improvement in the availability of data has made
rights of young people to education, health care, more recent years available.
play and participation in social and cultural life. The
Indicators in Health and Wellbeing stayed fairly
Youth Development Plan 2012 asserts that young
consistent over time with Thailand performing very
people lead secure, healthy, happy and creative
well in Alcohol Abuse Years Life Lost and Sanitation
lives. The Office of Promotion and Protection of
but lagging in other areas with the highest Sexually
Children, Youth, the Elderly and Vulnerable Groups
Transmitted Infection prevalence in the region.
is responsible for implementation and coordination
of youth development in Thailand (currently The slight decline in Employment and Opportunity
Department of Children and Youth). can largely be attributed to an increase in the Youth
Unemployment Ratio which in 2015 reached nearly
10 meaning that youth are 10 times more likely to
be unemployed than adults in the labour force.
Figure 14. Overall YDI and Domains scores for Thailand
1.0
0.9
0.8
YDI score
0.7 Educaon
0.6 Health and

Wellbeing
Employment and
0.5
Opportunity
Parcipaon and
0.4 Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
50 51
Viet Nam
In Viet Nam, the proportion of youth (15 - 29 years) scoring domain. Sanitation was the only indicator
is 25 per cent of the total population (22.562 out in the Health and Wellbeing domain to see notable
of 91.713 million). Viet Nam adopted the Viet Nam improvement. Much of the data in the Education
Youth Law in 2005 which mandated the preparation domain are imputations, but the data which has
of policies in the areas of education, employment, been made available shows improvement in
health, and recreation. This was followed by the Enrolment in Secondary Education.
formulation of the Vietnamese Youth Development
Strategy 2011 - 2020 with the goals of: developing The improvement in Employment and Opportunity
a highly patriotic generation; and creating a young can be largely attributed to a decrease in the number
workforce that meets the needs of modernization. of youth Not in Education, Employment or Training
The lead agency for implementing the law and dropping to 7.4 in 2014, and increases in Account
the youth development strategy is the Ministry of at a Financial Institution. There was, however, a
Home Affairs. There are two youth organizations slight increase in the Adolescent Fertility Rate and
stated in the Youth Law 2005: The Viet Nam Youth the Youth Unemployment Ratio which negatively
Federation and The Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth impacted on this domain.
Union, within the ruling party.
Viet Nam also shows great improvement in the
Viet Nam’s overall YDI score in 2015 is 0.667 with a Participation and Engagement domain with the
strong increasing trend from 2011. Viet Nam scored number of youth Volunteered Time almost doubling
above the regional average in Education, Health to 19 percent in 2015 and the number who Helped
and Wellbeing and Employment and Opportunity a Stranger increasing to 57 per cent.
with Health and Wellbeing being its highest
Figure 15. Overall YDI and Domains scores for Viet Nam
1.0
0.9
YDI score
0.8
Educaon
0.7

0.6
Employment and
0.5 Opportunity
Parcipaon and
0.4 Engagement
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
52 53
METHODOLOGY
Imputation, banding, and calculation methods: One of the common challenges Once observations were finalised a banding process was used to place
in preparing YDI is data availability and consistency across the region. In all indicators on the same scale with scores between 0 and 1. Where the
order to overcome this constraint empirical and statistical techniques such as direction of an indicator is negative (i.e. where an increase is a negative such
imputation, banding, and calculation methods are employed. as higher HIV prevalence) reverse banding was used.
For the purpose of this Report, noting data and time constraints, weighting
of indicators has been done by attributing 30 per cent of the index to the
Where data was missing from the global sets used in the ASEAN YDI, AMS first three domains (similar to that of the Global YDI) and 10 per cent to
data was requested. Where this was not available, regional averages have Participation and Engagement as it has only 2 indicators. The final weights
been used in place of true data observations. This may skew countries’ can be seen in the table below. As reference for future work, the following
trends. To overcome this in the future it is hoped that data disaggregated by are the existing methods for indicator weighting: (1) Expert Judgement; (2)
age be made available at the country level. Other disaggregation such as sex, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP); (3) Benefit of the doubt approach (BOD);
gender, disability and religion may also allow for a more detailed view of how (4) Public Opinion; (5) Budget Allocation Process (BAP); and (6) Multivariate
different youth cohorts fare against each other. Statistical Methods.
54 55
Future
considerations to
strengthen the YDI
As referred to above, the preparation of this first iteration of the ASEAN YDI
Table 7 Weighting of individual indicators included four out of the five domains. Available indicators with data were
chosen from internationally credible sources. Calculation for ASEAN YDI
2016 is based on four domains and indicators (Domain 1-4), while Domain 5
Domain Indicator Weights on ASEAN Awareness, Values and Identity require further exploration.
Enrolment in Secondary Education 7.5% Further to this, the areas of gender, inclusiveness and youth as a demographic
Literacy Rate 7.5% dividend have been discussed and agreed upon as important to all AMS
Education and as such are included below in the hope that improved data will become
Digital Natives 7.5% available for future YDIs, at both the regional and national levels.
Gross Tertiary Graduation 7.5%
Youth Mortality 4.3%
Mental Disorder YLL 4.3% Figure 14. Roadmap of ASEAN and AMS YDIs Preparation
Alcohol Abuse YLL 4.3%

Health and Wellbeing Drug Abuse YLL 4.3%
HIV Rate 4.3%
STIs 4.3%
Sanitation 4.3%
NEET 6.0%
Youth Unemployment Ratio 6.0%
Employment and
Adolescent fertility rate 6.0%
Opportunity
Account at a financial institution 6.0%
Child Marriage 6.0%
Participation and Volunteered Time 5.0%

Engagement Helped a Stranger 5.0%
56 57
Comparison of ASEAN YDI with

Commonwealth Global YDI
While the ASEAN YDI has been largely based on the 2016 Commonwealth
Global YDI indicators there are a few notable differences:
1. Gross Tertiary Graduation has been included as the ASEAN Community

commits to higher education.
2. Prevalence of STIs has been included to show commitment to sexual and

reproductive health. It should be noted that this indicator is given as a rate
but may include individuals with multiple STIs counted more than once. HIV
remains an indicator but, as it is very low in many ASEAN countries now,
this STI indicator was deemed necessary to fully capture sexual health in the
region. Measures of decent youth employment
3. Sanitation has been included as the level and quality of both water and
sanitation across the region vary significantly. Youth labour markets measures need to take As such, it is necessary to also look at the
into account both the quantity and quality quality of youth jobs alongside the availability
4. Youth Not in Education, Employment or Training has been included but it
of employment. This is most relevant when and quantity of youth jobs. One indicator is the
has been noted through the ASEAN YDI development process that this may
examining countries with a mix of income levels. youth working poverty rate (within SDG indicator
not be the best measure for youth in the ASEAN region. For example, youth
For example, the lack of suitable (or any) jobs may 1.1.1). This is defined as the share of youth
leaving the education system at young ages to enter work in rural areas are
correspond to a higher number of youth not in employed who are living on less than $3.10 PPP
not counted in this measure even though they may be missing out on both
employment and also not in education or training, a day (which corresponds to the moderately poor
educational and better employment opportunities in the future. The ILO has
or NEET (SDG 8.6). While high NEET rates are international poverty threshold). These employed
recommended that for future iteration working poverty statistics may better
worrisome for any country, they are most likely youths lack sufficient income to escape poverty.
measure the situation of youth in the region. See succeeding box for details.
to be elevated where youth can afford not to be Moreover, working poor youth are more likely to
working, i.e. where a country has a certain level be in informal and precarious working conditions,
5. Child marriage has been included as an indicator as young marriages and
of development and thus more developed social are unlikely to be eligible to social protection or
partnerships are still common across much of the region having large impact
protection systems, namely high and upper- employment protection legislation and are more
on the lives and future opportunities for young females.
middle income economies. Accordingly, in low likely to be in insecure and irregular working
6. Youth Policy has been removed from the participation domain. This is not and lower-middle income economies, NEET rates arrangements. While working poverty is not a
due to a lack of commitment from the ASEAN Member States to improve are likely to be lower, but are more likely to be due major problem for high income economies, the
and develop evidence based youth policies at all levels of government, but to the fact that youth in these countries cannot inclusion of both NEET and working poverty
instead reflects the different methods used which can go un-monitored in the afford not to be working. would address the main challenges for youth
global indicator. As such a summary of each country’s youth policy has been employment in both lower and higher income
collected and included in Annex 3. It is hoped that this will be turned into a ASEAN economies. (ILO)
measurable index for future iterations of the ASEAN Index.
58 59
ASEAN Awareness, Values

and Identity
Values are important element of civilization as they provide the basis for
behaviour and actions (which result from a combination of knowledge and
values) of individuals in the community. Awareness and practices of those
values and behavior will form their identity. Integrating values and identity into
human development is an important initiative as it is related to any tendencies
for degradation of moral standards in public life and the wider impact on
the community. The basic aim of integrating values and identity into youth
development is to develop behaviours so as to be meaningful at both an
individual and societal level and to enable their roles as catalysts and leaders
in society. Russell (1960) has warned of the danger to society of behaviours
lacking in values (wisdom):
“The human race has survived hitherto owing to ignorance and incompetence.
But, given the knowledge and competence combined with folly, there can
be no certainty for survival. Knowledge is power but it is power for evil just
as much as it is for good. Unless man increases in wisdom as much as in
knowledge, increase in sorrow is certain” (Bertrand Russell, 1960).
The ASEAN Region is rich in values derived and embedded in the faiths
and cultures practised by people in the region. These faith-based values
are present and guide behaviours in Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity,
Confucianism, and Islam, as well as in living cultures of the society. The
decision to be part of ASEAN is an integral component of demonstrating
understanding, recognition, respect, and tolerance for the values that exist Among the keywords of the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC)
in guiding the behaviour of ASEAN peoples. This is the basis for the principle Blueprint 2025 which may be used as indicators for the domain are as follows:
adopted to guide interaction in the context of ASEAN, that is: “United in promotion of ASEAN awareness; equitable access and opportunities; inclusive
diversity”. This principle is actively guiding ASEAN peoples in efforts to realize and participatory; elimination of all forms of discrimination; promote culture of
and enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms, higher quality of life and tolerance, understanding and mutual respect for religion and faiths; promote
the benefits of community building - all reinforcing the sense of togetherness greater people-to-people interaction and mobility; encourage volunteerism;
and common identity. and intensify the promotion of the culture of peace and moderation.
60 61
Gender and Inclusion – leaving

no one behind
The international community increasingly recognises the importance of
closing gender gaps in development outcomes, and the value in implementing
evidence-based policies which cater to the different needs of young males
and females, including youth with disabilities, ethnic minorities, migrants, and
youth from low socioeconomic groups or geographically remote communities.
The pledge to “leave no-one behind” is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda. It
means the Sustainable Development Goals and targets should be met for
everyone, with a particular focus on the poorest, most vulnerable and furthest
behind – those who are often the hardest to reach.
Gender equity is associated with higher levels of economic development,

peacefulness and general well-being at all levels of society. This creates a
platform for the younger generation to begin adulthood on an equal playing
field and enjoy greater potential for progress. The Sustainable Development
Goal 5 – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls, is one
of many examples of the global commitment to inclusive, equal opportunity
society. Gender gaps differ across regions, levels of development and
countries, and need to be investigated at fine levels of disaggregation for
evidence-based policy design. More quality data would assist to understand
and develop targeted policy around gender issues.
Gender mainstream, one programme at a time: The lack of gender

disaggregated data, especially in regard to youth, can be one of the principal
challenges preventing implementation of a gendered approach. However,
knowledge and best practice are continuously developing, making it even Youth Dividend, Migration
easier and more important to consider gender in programme planning and
policy making. and Urbanisation
More and better data, disaggregated by age, gender and socioeconomic
status, with attention to excluded groups: The first step in achieving Understanding the demographic makeup of a society is an essential aspect
inclusion of all youth and closing the gender gap in youth development is of planning and informing youth policies. Accurate and timely demographic
to measure its extent of exclusion. Unfortunately, however, many of the key data is critical for the most elementary development planning. For instance,
indicators used to assess youth development only measure outcomes in at the national level, knowing how many children will reach school age in a
total. Too few datasets offer data disaggregated by gender or disadvantaged certain year informs planning for building schools and recruiting teachers.
groups. Reporting data only in the aggregate informs on the total progress Similarly, accurate public health and migration data informs planning for
that a country is making, but can obscure the differences that might exist hospital facilities, infrastructure and other public services. On regional and
between male and female, rich and poor, rural and urban, and for marginalised national levels, gathering demographic and population information allows for
groups of youth, including youth with disabilities. age and context appropriate policies and interventions.
62 63
Figure 16. Percentage of the Population who are Youth (15-24) Figure 17. Young People and the Demographic Dividend
35
30
25
20
15
10
Source: UNFPA State of World Population 2016
The phenomenon of the ’youth bulge’ is an important theme in development

work and is often perceived as a negative issue. A large proportion of
young people in a society are often associated with negative societal Adapted from UNFPA 2014
stressors, including high unemployment, civil and political instability and

the intensification of youth related health issues such as teen pregnancy,
drug use and HIV. Conversely however, the demographic opportunity that
high numbers of young people may provide to broader society is becoming Migration – both domestic and international – adds Of note is the insufficient data on youth migration.
increasingly clear. a layer of complexity to understanding demographic While it is known that young people make up a
patterns of youth development. In 2013, the nearly sizable share of the global migrant population,
51 million international migrants that were between detailed statistics for each country remain
the ages of 15 and 29 years made up 22 per cent challenging to source. Principally, the reason a
of the global total. They were also fairly evenly young person migrates is not often recorded,
sourced from more and less developed regions. leaving policymakers with inadequate information
(United Nations Department of Economic and to create accurate youth migration and remittance
Social Affairs, 2015). Within the migrant population policies in both countries of origin and destination.
younger people are more likely to relocate than A lack of publicly available information makes it
older people, with the age distribution of migrants challenging to accurately depict youth migration
generally peaking in the mid- to late-twenties. experiences and the ultimate effects on both
(Global Migration Group. 2014). migrants and society.
64 65
Figure 18. ASEAN Urban population
1950 2000 2050
Urban
Rural 30% 47% 66%
Urban population Urban population Urban population

26 million 199 million 507 million
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014)
Internal migration from rural to urban areas is an important phenomenon

which has contributed to urbanisation. In ASEAN in 2015, 301 million, 54%
of the population, lived in urban areas. This proportion has grown rapidly
from 47% in 2000. It is estimated that by 2050, two out of three people in
ASEAN (66%) will be urban dwellers – 507 million people. Even by 2030,
many young people in ASEAN will be living in mega-cities bigger than 10
million, with Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City joining Manila and Jakarta (Martin
Prosperity Institute 2017). Urbanisation has the potential to lead to economic
development across the region if appropriate planning and development of
young people is in place.
66 67
The Youth’s Dream

titled “The Youth’s Dream for Future Mekong.” The they underestimated the capacity of the youth. He
group is working to promote sustainable development said “I hope that organizations out there would give
in the Mekong region. Young people shared their opportunities to the youth. I hope our voices will be
for Future Mekong experiences and noted:
• “For us, rivers are not just water that is flowing.

heard by governments and other organizations and I
wish they will listen to what their children want to say.”
by Tom Weerachat, member of the ASEAN Youth Forum It’s the flow of our history, our culture, our ancestors’ • The Vietnamese youth said “Development on the
stories and memories.” upstream countries have created huge problems
for Viet Nam. We have to help one another to find
• A young woman from Lao PDR, a country with the solutions. In Viet Nam, we say a tree cannot make a
smallest population in the region but one of the richest mountain but many trees would become a mountain. I
Tom was one of a group of 100 young activists who in resources, added “I want to express my opinion hope everybody will cooperate to protect the Mekong
had travelled all the way from different countries in about development in my country. I want to see River.”
the ASEAN region and beyond to participate in a sustainable development that allows communities to
campaign organized by the Mekong Youth Assembly, participate and acknowledges them as equals.”
International Accountability Project, The Center for
ASEAN Studies, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Khong • A Thai youth representative shared his experience
Mekong School on Local Knowledge and iMekong working with different organizations that tended
to limit the participation of young people because
68 69
CONCLUSION
A Youth Development Index is an instrument to monitor and improve policy,

making policy evidence-based and more relevant to the needs and problems
faced in youth development. Given the important role of YDI, ASEAN has
taken the initiative to prepare this YDI, with the implementation gaining
regional momentum in 2016. This first iteration of the ASEAN YDI does not
seek to be perfect but to inform future improvements both in data and in
understanding youth and the issues they face in the region.
This YDI shows that there have been many impressive improvements
across the region, particularly in the area of Education. It also highlights that
Employment and Opportunity is an area requiring future policy development.
While the improvements made in domains are impressive, it is imperative that
youth development be viewed holistically across all domains, including those
of importance that we cannot yet measure adequately.
The data for this Report was derived from accessible international sources.
However, it may not fully reflect the situation of the ASEAN Member States
(AMS). For future iterations of the ASEAN YDI, it will be necessary to develop
quality ASEAN information support systems from the AMS and ASEAN
Secretariat to inform the next YDI. As the first version, the ASEAN YDI
provides a picture of the recent situation regarding youth development and
overall trends in the region.
Youth populations are key to the future of AMS and the YDI adds to the
evidence base to create targeted and improved policy in ASEAN. This
may complement policy design and evaluation as integral components of
progressing youth development.
70 71
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72 73
Annex 1: ASEAN Community Blueprints and the

Core Elements Related to Youth Development
No. ASEAN Blueprints and Elements Related to Youth Development No. ASEAN Blueprints and Elements Related to Youth Development
1. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint. 3. Sustainable.
1. Engage and benefits the people. • (C.1.ii: Strengthen regional cooperation on sustainable forest management in the context
of forest fire prevention and control, including through the implementation of the ASEAN
• (A.2.vi: Promote ASEAN awareness among government officials, students, children, Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, to effectively address transboundary haze
youths and all stakeholders as part of building ASEAN Identity pollution. This point related to the health and welfare impacts to children and youth in
affected area).
2. Inclusive.
• (C.1.vii: Promote cooperation on environmental management towards sustainable use
• (B. Point 10: ... promotion of equitable access to opportunities for ASEAN peoples, and of ecosystems and natural resources through environmental education, community
the promotion and protection of human rights of women, children, youths, the elderly/ engagement and public outreach, which systematically involve and targeted the youth).
older persons, persons with disabilities, ...).
• (C.4.ii: Promote environmental education (including eco-school practice), awareness,
• (B.1.ii: Provide guidelines for quality care and support for women, children, youths, the and capacity to adopt sustainable consumption and green lifestyle at all levels).
elderly/older persons, persons with disabilities ...).
• (B.2.i: Enhance regional platforms to promote equitable opportunities, participation and 4. Resilient.
effective engagement of women, children, youths, the elderly/older persons, persons with
disabilities ...). • (D.Point 17: ... to forge a more resilience future by reducing existing disaster and climate-
related risks, preventing the generation of new risks and adapting to a changing climate,
• (B.2.ix: Ensure inclusive, participatory and representative decision making at al levels ..., and thus strengthening resilience), including for youth).
with special attention to the needs of those in disadvantaged situations, including ethnic
minority groups, children, youths, women, persons with disabilities, and the elderly/older • (D.4: Strengthened social protection for women, children, youths, the elderly/older
person). persons, persons with disabilities ...).
• B.3.vii: Enhance regional initiatives and stakeholder participation to promote the elimination • (D.6.ii: Enhance community awareness and social responsibility on the ill-effects of
of all forms of discrimination--institutionalized or otherwise--exploitation, trafficking, dangerous drugs through community engagement, advocacy and other relevant activities),
harmful practices, violence and abuse against children, women, person with disabilities, which involve youth sector.
youth ...)
74 75
2. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) Blueprint.

5. Dynamic.
1. Highly integrated and cohesive economy.
• (E.1.i: Encourage freedom of universal access to information and communication
technology in accordance with national legislation, including for youths).
• (A1.10.ii: Simplify and strengthen the implementation of the Rules of Origin (ROO)... in
particular the participation of MSMEs to encourage them to expand, upgrade, and deepen
• (E.1.ii: Promote culture of tolerance, understanding and mutual respect for religious and
their linkages within the region. The MSMEs development will also benefit youth’s active
interfaith dialogue, including among youths).
in this aspect).
• (E.1.v: Promote greater people-to-people interaction and mobility within and outside
• (A.4.17.ii: Promote financial inclusion to deliver financial products and services to a wider
ASEAN, including among youth).
community that is under served, including MSMEs. The financial inclusion will benefit
youth’s active in this aspect).
• (E.1.ix: Encourage volunteerism among ASEAN Member States to strengthen the ASEAN
Community, including in youth sector).
• (A.5.19: Facilitating movement of skilled labor (youth component) by ... allow practitioners
in eight professions to practice in other ASEAN Member States through mutual recognition
• (E.2.i: Enhance the competitiveness of ASEAN human resources through the promotion
of their qualification).
of life-long learning pathways, equivalencies and skills development as well as the use
of information and communication technologies across the age groups).
2. A competitive, innovative and dynamic ASEAN.
• (B.4.33.ii: Strengthen the competitiveness of MSMEs sector in ASEAN through the

application of science and technology (S&T) tools and methodologies, involving youth
MSMEs actors).
• (E.2.ii: Promote an innovative ASEAN approach to higher education, incorporating
academics, community service, regional placement, and entrepreneurship incubation • (B.4.34.ii: Place a greater focus on entrepreneurship, and development of business
and support). incubator programmes for commercialization, with youth as target group).
• (E.2.iii: Encourage regional cooperation in the areas of education, training and research ...). • B.8.40: ASEAN would actively promote green development by developing a sustainable
growth agenda that promotes the use of clean energy and related technologies, including
• (E.2.iv: Promote the free flow of ideas, knowledge, expertise, and skills to inject renewable energy through green technology, with youth as the active players.
dynamism within the region).
• (E.2.v: Strengthening curricula and system of education in science, technology and 3. Information and communication technology.
creative disciplines).
• (C.2.51.ii: People integration and empowerment through ICT: Strengthen digital inclusion
• (E.2.vi: Encourage and support creative industry and pursuits, such as film, music, and efforts to empower individuals (including youth) and to enable community development,
animation). and explore new ways to enhance internet broadband penetration and affordability in
ASEAN).
• (E.2.ix: Encourage the government, private sector and community to develop a system
of continuous training and re-training to support life-long learning and workforce • (C.2.51.v: Human capital development: Strengthen the professional development of the
development). ICT workforce (including youth) in the region).
• (E.3.ii: Promote and nurture creative and inclusive social entrepreneurship for youths, • (C.5.59.i.d: Raise capacity and capability of tourism human capital, including youth).
persons with disabilities, women and vulnerable and marginalised groups).
• (C.5.59.ii.a: Mainstream local community (including youth) and public-private sector
participation in the tourism value chains at the destination level).
76 77
• (A.3.2.vi: Provide the space, support and mechanisms to cultivate emerging leadership from
4. Resilient, inclusive, people oriented and people-centered ASEAN. various stakeholders, including women and youth to help enhance ASEAN innovativeness
and vitality to effectively meet global challenges, including the rise of violent extremism).
• (D.1.68: Strengthening the role of micro, small, and medium enterprises by enhancing
networking, information flows and capacity building (of and for youth) in the following • (B.3.3.vi: Pursue our aspiration of a drugs-free ASEAN by sharing best practices and
dimensions: access to finance, technology and innovation, markets, human resources promote education and advocacy programmes targeting all sectors of society, particularly
development and enabling policy and regulatory environment). youth).
• (D.1.69.i: ... to drive MSMEs productivity and innovation as well as inclusive and equitable
development, and gender opportunities for MSMEs, by targeting youth actors)).
• (D.1.69.ii: ... promote financial inclusion and literacy and the ability of MSMEs to be better
engaged in the financial systems, by targeting youth actors in this Domain). Annex 2: The Vision and Sub Goals/Priorities
• (D.1.69.v: Promote entrepreneurship and human capital development by creating a more
of the ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2016-2020
conducive environment for entrepreneurship through the ASEAN On-line Academy; and
enhancing human capital development for MSMEs, in particular youth and women). The Vision of ASEAN Education Sector
The ASEAN Youth Sector will continue to promote a Community that recognizes the importance of youth
3. ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) Blueprint. as the future of ASEAN, and one with an enhanced awareness of ASEAN as a region. The focus on youth
development in the region remains, with emphasis on youth leadership, volunteerism and addressing youth
unemployment through, mutually beneficial exchange programme as well as robust life-long learning and
1. Rule-based, people-oriented, people-centered community. capacity building programmes.
• (A.1.5.i: Encourage the ASEAN Secretariat and the ASEAN Foundation in coordination Sub Goals/Priorities of the ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2016-2020
with relevant ASEAN Bodies to promote awareness and understanding of ASEAN, which
one of the target group is the youth). The ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2016-2020 was endorsed by the Eighth ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on
Youth (SOMY VIII) in Siem Reap, Cambodia on 25 August 2016 and was subsequently adopted by the Tenth
• (A.1.5.ii: Promote, in coordination with relevant ASEAN Bodies, the inclusion of ASEAN ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Youth (AMMY X) in Jakarta, Indonesia on 20 July 2017.
studies in the curricula of educational institutions of AMS).
The sub-goals and priorities of the ASEAN Work Plan on Youth 2016-2020 are anchored on the ASCC
• (A.1.6.i: Promote the inclusion of the study of political and legal systems, culture and Blueprint 2025 as follows:
history of AMS in school curricula to enhance understanding of and respect for the
common identity and diversity of ASEAN).
Sustain the focus on youth entrepreneurship through structured capacity building and mentoring
• (A.1.6.iii: Encourage the exchange of students at high school and university levels to 1.
programmes
increase their knowledge of AMS and ASEAN cooperation).
2. Enhance youth employability through skills training and life-long education

• (A.2.1.i: Convene seminars, training programmes and other capacity building activities
for government officials, think tanks, youth as well as civil society organization (CSOs), in
collaboration with external parties to share experiences on democracy and principles of Enhance awareness and appreciation of an ASEAN community through mutually beneficial people-
3.
democracy). to-people exchange programmes
Strengthen youth involvement and participation in building an ASEAN community through

• (A.3.1.ii: Intensify the involvement of all members of the community, including youth in 4.
volunteerism opportunities and leadership programmes
activities relevant to the promotion of the culture of peace and moderation, through the
conduct of workshop and seminars and other activities).
5. Increase youth competencies and resilience with advanced technological and managerial skills
78 79
Annex 3: Review of Youth Policies

of the ASEAN Member States Lao PDR
99 Youth Policy/Law
• On process of making roadmap 2017-2019 for National Policy Youth and

Indonesia
Law
99 National Youth Strategy (2016-2020)
• 5 Year Plan of Youth Development

99 Youth Policy/Law
• 7 programs and 42 projects
• Law No. 40 of 2009 on Youth
99 Adolescent and Youth situation analysis report
• Law No. 23 of 2002 on Child Protection • Focus sectors: education, health, employment, participation, protection
• Law No. 20 of 2003 on The National Education System 99 Government machinery to implement youth policy
• Lao Youth Union Network: Central, Provincial, District level

• Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health
• National Youth Leader is a member of Lao National Youth Parliament
• Law No. 52 of 2009 on Population Growth and Family Development
• Government Regulation No. 41 of 2011 on Development of Youth

Entrepreneurship and Initiative as well as Provision of Youth Infrastructure
and Facilities
Malaysia
• Regulation of the Ministry of Female Empowerment and Child Protection

No. 3 of 2011 on Child Participation in Development 99 Youth Policy
• Malaysian Youth Policy (updated in 2015)

99 National Youth Action Plan (2016-2019)
99 Youth Law
• National Action Plan for Youth
• Youth Societies and Youth Development Act 2007
• Includes strategic issues, strategy, policy, and Monitoring and Evaluation 99 Government machinery to implement youth policy
mechanism
• Led and coordinated by the Ministry of Youth and Sports
99 Government machinery to implement youth policy
• Supported by Federal Agencies and State Government
• Ministry for Youth and Sports 99 Youth Council
• National Youth Consultative Council

• Youth policies are mainstreamed into other ministries as well
• Malaysia Youth Council
• Malaysia Youth Parliament
• National Students Consultative Council (NSDC)
80 81
Myanmar Philippines
99 Youth Policy
99 Youth Policy/Law
• In the process of making a draft for National Youth Policy
• Republic Act 8044: Youth in Nation-Building Act of 1995
• Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Reform Act of 2015
• Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief, and Resettlement
99 National Youth Strategy/Action Plan
• Ministry of Education
• Philippine Youth Development Plan
• Other related Ministries are mainstreamed into Youth Policy
• Philippine Youth Development Index
99 Youth Council
99 Key Sectoral Youth Policies/Strategies
• National Youth Congress
• Philippine Labor and Employment Plan: Inclusive Growth Through
• State and Regional level youth organisations Productive and Decent Work
• Community level youth organisations • Abot Alam: Program for out-of-school youth
• Unified Financial Assistance for Students (UNIFAST)
• National Action Plan for Youth, Employment and Migration (NAP-YEM)
• Laws on Children: Republic Act 7610 Special Protection of Children;

Singapore Republic Act 9344 Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006; Republic Act
10364 The Expanded Anti-Trafficking Act; Republic Act 10533 Enhanced
Basic Education Act of 2013; Republic Act 10687 Unified Student Financial
Assistance System for Tertiary Education Act; Republic Act 10679 Youth
99 Youth Policy/Law Entrepreneurs Act
• No specific youth work policy but there are exisiting policies and 99 Government machinery to implement youth policy and youth representation
protections under other ministries or agencies that govern young people’s mechanisms
lives in various domains such as education, employment, human rights,
• National Youth Commission
marriage, health, housing, etc.
• Local Youth Development Councils (LYDC)
• Examples of regulations and policies that cover youth include: Ministry
of Manpower – The Employment Act; Ministry of Social and Family • Local Youth Development Office
development – The Children and Young Persons Act, The Women’s
• Local Councils for the Protection of Children and Youth
Charter; Ministry of Health – National health insurance through the
MediShield Life Scheme; Housing and Development Board – Access to • Sangguniang Kabataan
public housing through Housing Grant Schemes, Parenthood Provisional
Housing Scheme • National Youth Parliament
99 Youth Representation Mechanism • Local Councils for the Protection of Children
• Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY) • Children and Youth Desks
• National Youth Council – including Outward Bound Singapore and Youth

Corps Singapore
82 83
Thailand Vietnam
99 Youth Policy/Law and Strategy 99 Youth Policy/Law
• National Child and Youth Development Promotion Act B.E. 2550 (2007) • Youth Law (2005- present)
99 National Youth Action Plan 99 National Youth Strategy
• National Child and Youth Development Plan B.E. 2555-2559 (2012-2016) • Vietnam Youth Development Strategy (2011-2020)
99 Government machinery to implement youth policy 99 National Youth Action Plan
• Department of Children and Youth • National Youth Development: strategy implementation and consultation
(2012-present)
• Ministry of Social Development and Human Security
99 Key sectoral youth policies/strategies
• National Commission on the Promotion of Child and Youth Development
• Financial assistance for poor youth
99 Youth Council
• Policy for volunteer youth
• National Children and Youth Council
• Bangkok Children and Youth Council
• National committee on youth of Vietnam, under Ministry of Home Affairs
• Provincial Children and Youth Council
99 Youth Council
• District Children and Youth Council
• Ho Chi Minh Youth Communism Organization
• Sub-district Children and Youth Council
99 Youth Parliament
99 Other youth representation mechanisms
• National Assembly: pilot since 2015
• Public-Private People Partnership (PPP)
• Network of councils for development in southern border of Thailand
• Network of provincial youth council
• Association of volunteers in southern border of Thailand
• CRC Coalition Thailand
• National Council for Child and Youth Development under the Royal
Patronage of HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindthorn
84 85
Annex 4: List of ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting Ms. Sisomphone Tipanya

Deputy Director of International Relations Division
Ms. Khin Thuzar
Deputy Director
on Youth (SOMY) Leaders and Focal Points Lao Youth Union Child and Youth Section
Department of Social Welfare
(As of August 2017) Mr. Thitphasavanh Sayavong Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement
Official of International Relations Division
Lao Youth Union 7. PHILIPPINES
1. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Ms. Tep Sinath
SOMY Leader
Head of Policy Implementation Section Mr. Viengkeo Khaopaseuth
SOMY Leader Cariza Y. Seguerra
General Secretariat of Cambodian National Youth Deputy Director
Dato Paduka Dr Awang Haji Affendy bin Pehin Undersecretary
Council for Youth Development ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Division
Orang Kaya Saiful Mulok Dato Seri Paduka Haji Office of the President of the Philippines
Chief of Secretariat, Department of Youth ASEAN Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Abidin National Youth Commission
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
Permanent Secretary
Ms. Anitta Phanthavone
Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports Focal Points
3. INDONESIA (SOMY CHAIR) Official, ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Division
Mr. Paul Anthony Panglininan
SOMY Leader ASEAN Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Focal Points Assistant Secretary
Mr. Haji Rosmadee Haji Mohd Daud Mr. Jonni Mardizal Office of the President of the Philippines
Deputy Minister for Youth Development 5. MALAYSIA
Acting Director National Youth Commission
Youth and Sports Development Division Ministry of Youth and Sports SOMY Leader
Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports Dato’ Lokman Hakim bin Ali SOMY Alternate
Focal Points Secretary General Ministry Dr. Nielex C. Tupas
Mr. Zafri Mohamed Drs. Wisler Manalu, M.M of Youth and Sports Malaysia Executive Director and Chief Operations Officer
Acting Director Assistant Deputy for Youth Partnership Office of the President of the Philippines
Department of Youth and Sports Focal Points National Youth Commission
Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports Drs. Imam Gunawan, MAP Mr. Ajitpal Singh
Secretary Deputy for Youth Empowerment Under Secretary Ms. Marielou A. Chua
Ms. Normie Ramlie International Relations Division Chief, Social Marketing Division
Project Youth Officer Mr. Abri Eko Noerjanto Ministry of Youth and Sports Malaysia Office of the President of the Philippines
Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports Head of Division National Youth Commission
Ms. Alina Cheong
2. CAMBODIA Ms. Ratih Usmawati Senior Assistant Secretary Ms. Mignonette dela Paz-Reposar
Sub-sector Chief, Multilateral Affairs International Relations Division Presidential Staff Officer IV
SOMY Leader
Ministry of Youth and Sports, Malaysia Communication Unit
Mr. Tauch Choeun Ms. Rahma Novita Social Marketing Division
Director-General of Youth Sub-sector Chief, Multilateral Partnership 6. MYANMAR Office of the President of the Philippines
General Department of Youth
National Youth Commission
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports SOMY Leader
Ms. Fitra Tri Aprilianingtyas
U Soe Kyi
Analys for Multilateral Policy 8. SINGAPORE
Focal Points Director General
Mr. Suong Savath Department of Social Welfare SOMY Leader
4. LAO PDR (SOMY VICE-CHAIR)
Deputy Director Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement Mr. Christopher Pragasam
Information and ASEAN Affairs Department SOMY Leader Director (Youth Engagement)
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports Mr. Somkiao Kingsada Focal points National Youth Council
Deputy Permanent Secretary Mr. Aung Kyaw Moe
Mr. Som Savoeun Lao Youth Union Director Focal Points
Director of Youth Child and Youth Section Mr Jedidiah Tan
Department of Youth Focal Points Department of Social Welfare Deputy Director (Young Adult Engagement)
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports Mr. Thongsanith Phanphengdy Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement National Youth Council
Director of International Relations Division
Lao Youth Union
86 87
Mr. Wai Chung Tai

Head (International Affairs)
Mrs. Sirathip Phasrisombat
Director
Annex 5: The ASEAN Youth Development
National Youth Council Strategy and Planning Division
Department of Children and Youth
Index (YDI) Taskforce
Mr. Izzat Rusydi Jufri Ministry of Social Development and Human Security
Manager (International Affairs)
ASEAN YDI TASK FORCE MEMBERS
National Youth Council Ms. Sangdao Aree
Director, International Cooperation Group 1. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 7. PHILIPPINES
Mr. Ephraim Loy Suan Je Strategy and Plan Division Ms. Cynthia Alvarez Enriquez
Ms. Fauziah Salleh
Assistant Director, Corporate Communications Department of Children and Youth Presidential Staff Officer IV
Acting Deputy Director
Division Ministry of Social Development and Human Security Head of Policy Development Unit/Policy Monitoring
Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports
Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY) and Evaluation Division (PRMED)
Mr.Krissada Promvek National Youth Commission of the Philippines
Ms. Hajah Normie Haryanti Haji Ramli
Ms. Samantha Leong Li Xian Plan and Policy Analysis Professional Level
Project Officer
Manager, Corporate Communications Division International Cooperation Group Mr. Teodolfo Fuentes Bonitez
Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports
Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY) Strategy and Plan Division Presidential Staff Officer/Statistician
Department of Children and Youth National Youth Commission of the Philippines
2. CAMBODIA
Mr. Jason Boey Foo Keong Ministry of Social Development and Human Security
Senior Executive, Corporate Communications Mr. Chiv Ratha 8. SINGAPORE
Division 10. VIET NAM Deputy Director of Youth
Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY) General Department of Youth Ms. Jeanette Chen
SOMY Leader Head (Research)
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
Ms. Pham Thi Phuong Chi National Youth Council Singapore
Mr. Asif Iqbal
Director General
Assistant Director, Youth Division 3. INDONESIA
Youth International Cooperation Development Ms. Charlenne Yeo
Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY)
Center (CYDECO) Drs. Mirhan Tabrani, M.Ed. Manager (Research)
National Committee on Youth of Vietnam Head Division for International Partnership National Youth Council
Ms. Tan Li Ling
Ministry of Youth and Sports
Assistant Manager, Youth Division
Focal Points 9. THAILAND
Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY)
Ms. Bui Diem Huong 4. LAO PDR
Deputy Director General Ms. Chayatada Prapasathid
Ms. Joycelyn Yeo Lin Mr. Somkiao Kingsada Social Development Worker, Experienced Level
Youth International Cooperation Development
Senior Executive, Youth Division Deputy Chief of Cabinet/Head of Youth Research Research and Evaluation Group, Strategy and Plan
Center (CYDECO)
Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth (MCCY) and Analysis Team Division
National Committee on Youth of Vietnam
Cabinet Office Ministry of Social Development and Human Security
9. THAILAND Lao Youth Union
Mr. Tran Trung Hieu
SOMY Leader Program Officer Ms. Sangdao Aree
5. MALAYSIA Director of International Cooperation Group
Mr. Vitat Tachaboon Youth International Cooperation Development
Director- General Center (CYDECO) Dr Zainah Shariff Strategy and Plan Division
Department of Children and Youth National Committee on Youth of Vietnam Chief Executive Officer Department of Children and Youth
Ministry of Social Development and Human Security Institute for Youth Research Malaysia Ministry of Social Development and Human Security
Focal Points 6. MYANMAR 10. VIET NAM

Mrs. Manit Maneethum Mr. Aung Kyaw Moe Mr. Tran Trung Hieu
Deputy Director-General Director ASEAN Cooperation Project Manager
Department of Children and Youth Department of Social Welfare Youth International Cooperation Development
Ministry of Social Development and Human Security Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement Center (CYDECO)
National Committee on Youth of Viet Nam
88 89
FIRST ASEAN YOUTH DEVELOPMENT INDEX (YDI)
ASEAN YDI CONSULTANTS EDUCATION, YOUTH AND SPORTS

DIVISION, THE ASEAN SECRETARIAT
1. Prof. Dr. Helmi
Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia 1. Ms. Abigail C. Lanceta
Assistant Director/Head of the Education,
2. Ms. Gemma Wood Youth and Sports Division
Numbers and People Synergy, Australia
2. Ms. Sara Abdullah
Senior Officer, Education, Youth and Sports Division
UNFPA APRO
3. Mr. Andy Remy Rohadian
1. Dr. Josephine Sauvarin Senior Officer, Education, Youth and Sports Division
Adviser on Adolescent & Youth Programme
United Nations Population Fund- Asia Pacific 4. Ms. Revina Indra Putri
Regional Office Technical Assistant, Education, Youth and Sports
Division
2. Ms. Erika Isabel B. Yague
Consultant - Adolescent & Youth Programme 5. Ms. Tanya Edwina
United Nations Population Fund- Asia Pacific Project Assistant, Education, Youth and Sports
Regional Office Division
3. Ms. Chutatip Taweesuk 6. Ms. Margina

Programme Assistant Secretary, Education, Youth and Sports Division
United Nations Population Fund- Asia Pacific
Regional Office
90
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ASEAN UNFPA - Report - Web Final 05sep PDF

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First ASEAN Youth Development Index

Foreword Consequently, the development of the First ASEAN

Domain 3: Employment and Opportunity 20

Domain 4: Participation and Engagement 22 Annex 1: ASEAN Community Blueprints

RESULTS 27 and the Core Elements Related

General Trends 31 to Youth Development 74

Brunei Darussalam 34 Annex 2: The Vision and Sub

Cambodia 36 Goals/Priorities of the ASEAN Work Plan

Indonesia 38 on Youth 2016-2020 79

Lao PDR 40 Annex 3: Review of Youth Policies

Malaysia 42 of the ASEAN Member States 80

Myanmar 44 Annex 4: List of ASEAN Senior Officials

The Philippines 46 Meeting on Youth (SOMY) Leaders

Singapore 48 and Focal Points 86

Thailand 50 Annex 5: The ASEAN Youth

Viet Nam 52 Development Index (YDI) Taskforce 89

Figure 1. ASEAN Youth Population 15-34 (thousands)

1950 1970 2000 2015 2030 2050

30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19

INTRODUCTION Source: UN DESA 2017

Table 1. Selected key development indicators of ASEAN 2016.

№ Data and Indicator. Value

Source: ASEC (2016), UN DESA (2017).

“No Youth Should

The Four Domains of the First ASEAN

Figure 2. The four domains of the ASEAN YDI

ASEAN YDI 2016: THE

• Literacy rates, measuring basic literacy of the population,

• Graduation rates from all levels of education

• Government spending on education

• Vocational training enrolment and graduations

Table 2. Education domain indicators, description and source

Domain Indicator Description Source

Percentage of people 15-24 year olds with five or more

Gross Tertiary Gross graduation ratio from first degree programmes

• Road traffic accidents

Table 3. Health and Wellbeing domain indicators, description and source

Domain Indicator Description Source

Youth Mortality Rate per 100,000 of 15-29 year olds GBD

Years Life Lost (YLL) per 100,000 of 15-29 year

Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Per cent of population using improved sanitation

• Lack of experience and/or professional networks

• Lack of bank accounts

• Little job security with lack of up skilling opportunities

• Lack of access to credit for entrepreneurial endeavours

• High vulnerability to exploitation

Table 4. Employment and Opportunity domain indicators, description and source

Domain Indicator Description Source

Youth Unemployment Ratio of youth unemployment rate to adult

Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 years who

Table 5. Participation and Engagement domain indicators, description and source

Domain Indicator Description Source

Percentage answering “Yes” to question: “In the

‘Ibil’s’ Plea: Make ASEAN Youth Healthy

ASEAN YDI RESULTS

Figure 3. The overall YDI trends 2011-2015

0.7 Lao PDR

Figure 4. 2015 ASEAN Average Domain Score