Roots of a Nonlinear

Equation

Topic: Newton-Raphson Method

Major: General Engineering

07/20/09 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 1
 Newton-Raphson Method

f(x)

f(xi )
f(xi)
[x f( x )] xi +1 = xi -
i, i
f ′(xi )

f(xi-1)

θ
xi+2 xi+1 xi X

2
 Derivation
f(x)
AB
tan(α ) =
AC
f(xi) B
f ( xi )
f ' ( xi ) =
xi − xi +1

f ( xi )
xi +1 = xi −
C α A X f ' ( xi )
xi+1 xi

3
 Algorithm for Newton-
Raphson Method

4
 Step 1

Evaluate f′(x) symbolically

5
 Step 2

Calculate the next estimate of the root

f(xi )
xi +1 = xi -
f'(xi )
Find the absolute relative approximate error

xi +1- xi
∈a = x 100
xi +1
6
 Step 3
 Find if the absolute relative approximate error is
greater than the pre-specified relative error
tolerance.

 If so, go back to step 2, else stop the algorithm.

 Also check if the number of iterations has exceeded

7
 Example
 You are working for ‘DOWN THE TOILET COMPANY’ that
makes floats for ABC commodes. The ball has a specific
gravity of 0.6 and has a radius of 5.5 cm. You are asked
to find the distance to which the ball will get submerged
when floating in water.

8
 Solution
The equation that gives the depth ‘x’ to which the ball is
submerged under water is given by
f ( x ) = x 3-0.165 x 2+3.993x10- 4
f ( x ) = 3x 2-0.33x
Use the Newton’s method of finding
roots of equations to find the depth
‘x’ to which the ball is submerged
under water. Conduct three
iterations to estimate the root of the
above equation.

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 Graph of function f(x)
f ( x ) = x -0.165 x +3.993x10
3 2 -4

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 Iteration #1
x0 = 0.02
f ( x0 )
x1 = x0 −
f ' ( x0 )
3.413x10−4
x1 = 0.02 −
− 5.4 x10−3
= 0.08320
∈a = 75.96%

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 Iteration #2
x1 = 0.08320
f ( x1 )
x2 = x1 −
f ' ( x1 )
−1.670x10 −4
x2 = 0.08320 −
− 6.689 x10 −3
= 0.05824
∈a = 42.86%

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 Iteration #3
x2 = 0.05824
f ( x2 )
x3 = x2 −
f ' ( x2 )
3.717 x10−5
= 0.05284 −
− 9.043x10−3
= 0.06235
∈a = 6.592%

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 Advantages

 Converges fast, if it converges

14
 Drawbacks
10
f(x)

0 x
-2 -1 2 0 3 1 2

1
-5

f ( x ) = ( x − 1) = 0
-10
3

-15

-20

Inflection Point
15
 Drawbacks (continued)
1.00E-05
f(x)
7.50E-06

5.00E-06

2.50E-06

0.00E+00 x
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
-2.50E-06
0.02
-5.00E-06

f ( x ) = x 3 − 0.03 x 2 + 2.4 x10 −6 = 0

-1.00E-05

Division by zero

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 Drawbacks (continued)
1.5
f(x)
1

0.5

x
0
-2
-0.063069
0
0.54990 2 4
4.462 6
7.53982
8 10

-0.5

-1 f ( x ) = Sin x = 0
-1.5

Root Jumping
17
 Drawbacks (continued)
6
f(x)

3
3

2
2 f ( x) = x2 + 2 = 0
11
4
x
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1.75 -0.3040 0.5 3.142
-1

Oscillations near Local Maxima or Minima