ES ee
PHIL. COPYRIGHT 2008
Sy: Andes Mountain Printers
Printed May, 2004
SIMPLE PROGRAM &
LOGIC FORMULATION
ISBN 971-8523-24-3
eS
ij “Sy
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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Edited by: Juvy Basbas De La Rosa
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3=
To my wife Juvy Basbas De La Rosa
and our angels Jecelie Claire and Julian Pauline
oeACKNOWLEDGMENT
My sincerest gratitade to all the people who served as
slaty in the fulfillment of this writing
Sheryl Basbas, Jam Cadainggan, Jon Gaddy, Antonio
Dungea, Rommel Espinosa, Erwin Mendoza, Alan Pacion, Alvin
© Limpin, Harvey H. Sadiaca, Elmer G. Cruz, Reggie Exposa,
Benjamin Santillan, Piel Javier, Dennis: Reyes, Jim Pangan, Glenn
Gutay, Armold Alcodis, Mike Gerard Galon, Rundy Aguas, Alan
Aguas, Eric Ambrocio, Dino ‘Quintans, Anne Mane Tongson,
Cholet Ballesteros, Abel Reyes, Terence CGuanio, Susan Guania,
Ryan Brozo, AB Arias, C) Aguirre, Vher Agbay, Ofed Ousilla,
Cecile Lopez. 10 Nadora, Members of The Fisherman's Antiphon,
Prends from Silliman University, Marexans, and Tony Andes Sr.
for all the inputs, support, and encouragement.
Bolet P. Calleja for his 64-bit worth of wisdom, comtineoas
guidance, and untelfich sharing of knowledge.
My Master in Information Management students, o
realization of Tacit to Explici Knowledge transformation.
My family, Jun, Arceli, Mama Cita, Jacel, Jeffrey, Susan,
Rene, Venus, Vener, Marci, Joy, Agnes and Romnie for all the
inspirutions.
Above all, to our GOD ALMIGHTY for all the blessings
To God be the glory!!!JERALD HERRERA DE LA ROSA
Hic iso certified! 80 90012000 — Quality Management S94 n
Auditor, ISO S200 — Quality M. 0 Systems for
Software Organization Awditor, and the } Lope
Excellence Awanl (HEA) Assessor using the Haropean Foundation &
Quality Management (EPOM) Model
He received his Bachelor of Science in Computer eno
degree and Master in Business Management from Saint Francis of
‘College System, Master of Arts in Extension Administration from th
Silliman University 2s CHED-PAPE scholar, and Masier in leformoedio
Management from Asia Pacific College
He was the former Asiistant Director of the |
Vice-President for N.C.R. of the Philippine Instinte of (Comp
Engineers (PhICEs) for several years, ]
At present, he bolls ihe followi Hie!
Management Director at Global Idealopy “Corson es
ant at the European Chamber of Commerce of th
Cae Che eas, Meupement Prof seagreciee
College Graduate School o Crmaation hf
PC Computer Science and Se eeeCHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
(CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
(CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER?
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction, Basic Symbols and
Variables
Working with Process Symbol
jeoeewen and Process
Decision Application
Loops and ltaration
Switch
Functions
Arrays
Working with Arrays
& & & 48
111
141
199CHAPTER 1
Introduction,
| Basic Symbols
and VariablesIn this. lnowledge em, on: cannot live wiihout technology.
1 fealty Tot technology is now-a way of life, It is a
ificant component of our daily existence. It has revohstionized
vay Of doing things — household chores, bosiness,. leisure,
pmunecation, travel, amd all ith wherin push-button
Me electromc cowipment is present. Have we
about the things that made these techaologies'’ Howe we
er asked what were itv fonm, jook, and fonmat before if was
allied -choology?
This curiosaty weld jead os to the world of “behinal the
scene” ‘This “behind the scene” is daven by 2 COMPUTER
RAM to implement action and procosses that are happening
i technology response takes place. Just like wetching 2
We know that when we switch the igniter on, a Mlame
bumer, but have we ever thought of understanding the
» that takes place in lighting the gas stove? What abot the.
behavior anc format of the source where the flame came
? Let's look at the “behind the scene” proces: of the gas-stove
mple. When the igniter of the gzs-stove is switched on, the gas
gece ool of the unk: the gas flows through the rubber pips and
goes directly to the barnes; it passes through an electronic igniter
and produces the flame.
f
This: “behind the sccm:
Simdents understanding of the
technologies are providing. Ir
procures on bow theses techs
the students in the different cy of Coomputer Programming from
the resources used for processing, how it ic processed, when if is to
be processed, the owlput of ihe propes:, and the figel thor drives the
process
focus of this book, the
and’ processes thea
me the stop-by-siop
reality. Ut will assist
This book will alse poide studenia to appreciaic the
Analysis side of programming. This will also facilriate to the
Muibers the simplest way ol appreciating and learning the “behind
the scene” of technology
To grasp knowledge of "behiew! the seene”, this hook will
eo ton called: “fhewchartiti!) White ‘bisal” Wall help beginmicrs*7 ef coving. hig
jake-cf b . = 7 h a) and cay a
nit t : a aeationn ot the woy and
eins with “STARTS 9
journey, se ag
cing Us Oo the,
Compater Sysem ‘or
Wihen wo are
the first. instinct thal comets ed as to ee aE c
When we have the calculator, there are (hings. thal we think and do
insamtancously. “The fire resgetice 1 automatic. We 1 i j
analyze the objective by identifyung the mathemalical operating
needed (edition, = subtraction, muiliplicaleon, civiseia,
exponentiation, tc.) thes, we imput the data to be computed by
pressing the barton that repeesents the. mumbers i
mathemarcal operations, we then press the equal sign baton
precess the inputted. manibere The result is then shown one
display panel of the cabealator: ibis result whether comec ©
emronedus is What we call onipul
given an obpective 0 compuille large munibers,
te oar
The relationship of the input, process, and @
components producing the result doesn't stop there, The outpull
we on our cabculsior can be two things, first is the inconreet
and second is the correct result We pet incorrect newalt, wire:
y y input wrong data by pressing either the wrong
vedor by pressing wrong mathematical operas
beading to either negauve value or error result. ¥
Lz7 ef coving. hig
jake-cf b . = 7 h a) and cay a
nit t : a aeationn ot the woy and
eins with “STARTS 9
journey, se ag
cing Us Oo the,
Compater Sysem ‘or
Wihen wo are
the first. instinct thal comets ed as to ee aE c
When we have the calculator, there are (hings. thal we think and do
insamtancously. “The fire resgetice 1 automatic. We 1 i j
analyze the objective by identifyung the mathemalical operating
needed (edition, = subtraction, muiliplicaleon, civiseia,
exponentiation, tc.) thes, we imput the data to be computed by
pressing the barton that repeesents the. mumbers i
mathemarcal operations, we then press the equal sign baton
precess the inputted. manibere The result is then shown one
display panel of the cabealator: ibis result whether comec ©
emronedus is What we call onipul
given an obpective 0 compuille large munibers,
te oar
The relationship of the input, process, and @
components producing the result doesn't stop there, The outpull
we on our cabculsior can be two things, first is the inconreet
and second is the correct result We pet incorrect newalt, wire:
y y input wrong data by pressing either the wrong
vedor by pressing wrong mathematical operas
beading to either negauve value or error result. ¥
LzWe get comect reeeli from oar caloubation
TASfinct Somes into our mind: we either use the reall again
InPuE cae SOMmPputabon. or in the
memory for fiature ¢ i These outpat whether ‘OOrrect
incarect, and whether used as input for .
feedback component of the
Fig. 1, Components of a Computer System
The Blue Print
The relationship of the componcats is the bloe print of o
computer system. Blue print is the bogic and ides transformed into
aomap of bow compulcr should do things It is implemented
software (instructions that tells the computer what to do)
and executed through the interaction of different hardware devices
(physical computer itself). Blue print also serves as the bass of
how a computer functions, and how data are processed insde the
COMPLE,
Let os step backward, recall a eee
i mouse to for =
key in using a keyboard or ingut pone
characters. ‘The entered data is then processed by the Central
Processing Unit (C.P.U,). ‘The C.P.U. inside the compater box is
just a tiny square piece of Integrated Circuit attached oa the mother
rEa ai jon
board that normally has ® dimension
in size, its functions 10 the com
e computer-
functions as the brain of th
ents
Central Processing Unit Compom
The & iain (C.P-o) has different components that
OE Ts These components are:
xecute instruc (ors.
work cooperatively to €
The command center of
processor. It has three primary functions: read and interp
instructions. direct flow of operations | and hardw
devices, and control the traffic flow of instructions 2
data
g Register
a Control Unit (C.U.)
A temporary storage microchip that holds d
during processing. {t 18 located inside the CPU and has tt
game function that of a memory, specifically the type
(R.A.M.) because of its vola
Random Access Memory Us. I
character. This type of memory has a capability t
temporarily holds data during processing, but the data
stored are also lost once electric current is turned off; a
a Arithmetic and Logic Unit (A.L.U.) - The most signifi
component inside the C.P.U. for our iearning of the “t
the scene”. It is the chief of operations of the comp
A.L.U. performs two major operations in processing dé i
mathematical computations (addition, —_ subtrac
multiplication, and division) and logical opera
(comparisons of data such as; greater than, less than,
greater than or equal to, and less than or equal to).
processing are the main concentration of how a ce
pee data, and is the foundation of the “aml
ne PTT
ANC] Litas pee
14Behind the seese in acthon
As we have read, the tue print of bebind the scene, i
Should be clear by now why a compedter is defined at an porerinia
devier that can accept, process, and sore vast amouniof data to
prxtuce useful information, (Let further
better grasp of behind the scene, oe eo
Computer programmers writt computer instreations in
COmpuler programming langwage. Just as poopie speak their
native diaect, PrOQramMers write programe in different langeages:
some examples am C#, C++, Visual Basic, Java, PHP ond
COBOL No mater which programming lasguage o eOnipuler
Programmer uses, the language has rules goveming its terminology
and punctuations ‘These rules are called syeroe. Syrtnx is set of
rules that povern a programming language, Take note that every
programming language is unique and have their specific set of
symlas,
When ideas are converted imo a computer program, it is
sent to the CPU for proocssiag. However, the CPU cannot
untersiand the code (computer program) and will not do amything
because of language incompatibility. For the CPU to understand
the code, @ Language translator is neoded, The language translator
ovftware is called compiler or interpreter, The role of compiler is
jo transform the code info a muichine language (series of 1's and
O's to represent ON and OFF states of the computer devices. It is
also the representation of the digital electronic changes inside the
computer), Qnce the code is compiled, 11 changes its form. from
computer program with strict symiax to a readable machine
language that can be interpreted by the CPU. (CPU then executes
the instructions and performs the tasks.
Lifeblood of a Computer System
cuted b the CPU vary from simple scoeptance of
data gree raorathe cof different files, Whatever task the
43cri «ine
ihe nee
weripuect
empowers
perio
cafe
We hal
What carpus &
5 Wh nese!’
& Wh , needed to produce the Supa?
Where shoulel the output go?
We can mow agree thal the compuler ode is the: fi
powers the computer. IL is now the role of behind the
tranuiaie these ideas into a form that is easier to illastn
understand. Behind the scene can be illustrated, by the te
flowcharts. Flowehart ix a modeling toal used to iihust
instnictions, process, and scquence using a set of sm
symbols. In the world of computers we cam simply Sa
flowchart is a step-by-step graphical representation of a oka
The basic symbols used in programming are presemed in TableTable 1. Baste Flowchart Symeheals
it
Sa MBC NAME T
Defines the |
TERMINAL, | Sting asd ending
| point of a
5 fhoewchart.
| The preparation ox |
‘ S| INITIALIZATION. |, [Biialization of
memory apace for |
| data procesting
|
The inputting of |
ee | | data for
/ / INFUTAOUTPUT | processing, und the
| printing cat of |
processed dala.
1 |
| Manipulation af
— Bk | data (asignments
PROCESS and mathcroaical |
computabions}
| |
{ +
| Defines the logical |
7 | of the
JW LINES program. It pours
= tothe neat syonib
to be performed.NAME. a
evamor | one
f Aowchart 16 aj
. iE |
On - PAG i
qc TOR oonmecthana
» | cONNE sain pee
Comnects
flowchart
i OFF - PAGE different
CONNECTE 1 avoid 8
conection,
Process:
Pe : using nels
=i SEs DECISION operators. Use
J 1 for trapping am
Variables
The next most important thing io know is how
represented in the program Recall that data are entered i
program ising o keyboard or mouse, and the data en
procesting age saved on a certain location, This location &
variable Variable is a Primary storage location that can
different numeric or alphanumeric values. [i is alsa a Tien
Spice allocated by a computer user for processing and storin
Vanables like humans need i
/ i Tames &
Microsoft suggests a variable baming pronbieslt ae
Notation. Hungarian Matation Specifies a vari5 the
Data type is the type of the data berm proccsecd in |
am However, data type +s language specific and may hawe
ifferent representations. Table 2 shows the basic date typos with
their desorption:
fale 2 Basic Dain Types
DATE TYPE | DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE _
"Integer | Whole number 10 3551590
_| 54765 134000
=? Final of t Integer with decimal Aldté (1.12 10
Poable murabers. 1212 9.99 O04
“(harscter Alphabets and special | J Ww A
| characters | Sie ee
String | Combination of am age imt_l
______| tharecters |__| a total grand ital
Boobean ] Reply of the compiicr in | Values are cither |
the program thai es for YES or Ofor No
performed behiredl the
sere
wed moaly by all programming languapes
Choe+,Java, Visual Basic and other programming lunguages specific
| Note that the data types above are not the only data types used in
gramming. Oiber programming liiguage may have their own set af
‘types with specific descriptions that are nod presented above.
able 3. Sample variahe names using Hungarian Notation
VARIABLE NAME | DATATYPEant in programming. However, data aa
ning language In the study |
will not be integrated in 4
and logic development an S
por’
progt amu
data types
alysis
Data type 1s bn
is unique to every
programmung, logic,
discussion to allow pure ane
students
Variables name characteristics
on for variables used with
« convent
; ge are presented below:
The standard namin
langua
any biases to any prograimoune
o Must be descnphve and significant io the data, problem @
tg solution, It should be descriptive enough to identify 4
process or data 1 is referring (0.
4 Combinations of alphanumen¢ characters (alphabet, numbe
and special characters) can be used as a variable na
provided that it starts with an alphabet
a Although the length of variable name can have 256 charact
the lesser the number of characters the more efficient
program is
Examples
class_size tuition int] Income
sum char3 f name answer
net_income |_name total grand_total
Computer Operators: Processing Data
The languages of computers 4
language that the CPU can eee For i oe
instruct computers to process mathematical computatio
logical operations, they would have to use symbols that Co
can understand. The symbols presented are the generic §
used by computers for processing. Note: As wy rogres
different programming languages the mathemati tea -
symbols may vary. ae 7regret Havwever, dla hy
Ia the
i - MAB REP Sl
eae noe be iMegrated iny
and loge: development an 1
Vorianhes namer chat
< characters (alphabet, emmy
¢ be sed os a Variable
) alphabet q
vecan hawe 23% characigd
the more cificion®
Examples:
chass_ sine
stair
nel_ihcomne
‘Computer Operators: Processing Data
The languages of computers peed to be converted
language thai the CPU can sland For the prog
TEI CoMpubers: to process: mathematical computal
fogical operations, they would have to use symipols. thal oo
can understand. The symbols presemed are the generic
used by computers for processing. Note: As you prog
differcat programming languages the malhematical and &
syinbols may vary.ARTUIMETIC OFERA TORS
PEA THON SYMACH EXAMIMLE | RALANA TION
H
Multeply ihe waltic off
ire A tes the
Value of veriahie i
Xi¥ Thvide the valee uf
vanablc XX by. the
value of varalibe ¥.
+ ist Ue hin Ackil the walos of
wanble iat) te the
value of workable
in
A Subtract thee vadie olf
variable fron the
value of variable. A.
den Minitiply the value of
wanable * twice.
MATHEMATICAL EXAPRESSIOS OOMPUTER EXPRESSIONARTUIMETIC OFERA TORS
PEA THON SYMACH EXAMIMLE | RALANA TION
H
Multeply ihe waltic off
ire A tes the
Value of veriahie i
Xi¥ Thvide the valee uf
vanablc XX by. the
value of varalibe ¥.
+ ist Ue hin Ackil the walos of
wanble iat) te the
value of workable
in
A Subtract thee vadie olf
variable fron the
value of variable. A.
den Minitiply the value of
wanable * twice.
MATHEMATICAL EXAPRESSIOS OOMPUTER EXPRESSIONarn /y" ¥, *y¥) oF
? Ca] a*s oi?)
y
eee * hp) (tc * a) oF
‘ ( yeayice*a)
\ important 10 pote that ti aa
« jn commpulers a
oe ineluded in the hierarchy
PEMDAS (Parentheais,
Addition and
cy ara
Division,
LOGICAL OPERA TORS
RATION | SYMBOL | EXAMPLE
variable A is
greater than the
val aniable Be
variable X is bess
than the value of
The value of
variable tat is
int] == int? | equal to the valueThe vabae of ther
age? | variable aged is leas
than oF equal to the
| valee of variabbe
aged
Leet than of
age! <
Types of Variable
The sole of variables in programming is very crucial. In the
sage of a program, the variables are the repository of
Tation. Depending om the obpoctive of the problem,
be stored io the memory, ased for mher computation,
The challes tin this stage is identifying
can be clarified by describing
ypes of variables.
Destractive vanable — variables that destroy or change its valoe
rOCeaR mE This type of variable is normally the
IFy storage of data during processing.
c variable — varlables that mainteins its value after
8 lustrate
ee thal we have variables A and B, and the values of A and
1 10 respectively. What will happen if we have an
oA =? What is now the value of A after processing the
? What is the value of B? And who gets what data
the confusing part. To further illustrate:
5 | = io | these
“ = Original valuex of
4Praring, proceso iis is
Alter jr
of ibe yanerrire
At iL fas
Variable B, 10, and
destroyed. Th vie
variables. Varneble J
‘equivalent computer ex
aria io aniher bs aie from right to- left,
a self from your algebra. Let it sink in to-you:
ythe var
of variable A, oS
Mm anthmetic ex
pressions: pressions to 4
bbe:
ne value ad
ee. |
processimg.
the same value tie} 1. Vol Cylinder « h: where pi is @ variable to
ee eran oe
F = Gms
d
ep) Grade = 10S Assignment + 20% Seat_Work + 30%=
Quivces + 405 Bxom
bh) X= fat ye — [hve]
(VW ey)
i ASS aes oF
fh -% Ka psu [gh]
Solve the problem statements by simulating the given values.
of the variables below:
X=S: Yell; Zols; A=2: Bed; C=6
As 2% 2 = B. What is the-valoe of BY.
I X=; X= What isthe value of X?
WH=C;A=X; ¥=% Whatis the valocal A?
WA=B: B=C,C o X. What is the value of A?
Fee ¥.¥=shi¥=2. Wats eee
ux
oe
oF
ate
Br
e
Be
a
5
&
R =]
non wb Ae io
ee
z
5
=
~~]
a
9
#
¥. Vie nie oe ot erate
:B=Z. Whatis the value of Jif] =A—B?
ocak What is the valueof Jif J =A+B4C7
SP ee sn en
aS
“>
i bi ft
No
Shes
Ope
WA
a6CHAPTER 2
Working with
Process SymbolA flowehwt abways starts ith
the insiaction = START oF
BEGIN... the only guadeline to
remenvber imahe ternal symbol
ia the comivtency of
temmifologies. The ongamazedt
way of writing the instraction is
to use the pais START - STOP
or BEGIN — END.
Initighzation symbol is where
you prepare the wariables to be
available for use. ‘When you
initialize, you are also allocating,
memory spect for your data
storage, As o cub, we always
drew this syrebol to static the Gee
of our memory.
Since we use START in the
opening of our flowchart, for
comisiency we should use STOP
to benminaic.cxcrcines bebow wg
5, ihe fenmins
parca in beghe
an ax ae POET
To be famill
puithe uss in wmnserstun
pi Lah Ber eeamdly uc dace: cel
Laren Bacreisant coal wwe eee
+ my that wil af Coto both A. aon Bb
feat flerarcihet he tee €
L Create hact Goat wal
Ac 15, B ae
| Gree a Mhowebart that 12
‘valores of the variables are: 4
Create wi fleweckuat that will art
onder where Via
ighes vale. Whe value
Create a fhcews bert thew
Laveriad onder wherr
the lowes valuc. The v
Dat
aunon Mo. |
coe
renie a flowchart thet will sire the valuof A toi, whens A. = 5.
nel ysis.
re If we are to. solve the problem, it is clearly stated that
pjective is to store the value of variable A to variable B, We
xu really interested if variable B has a value because all we o
ido is store the value of variable A io variable BL We know
uiabbe 6 is the destructive variable and it will destroy its. ori
due and get the value of variable A.
perc heart:% The use of initialization in this flowchart
Aa 5 x. are three things:
Beso / 1) Allocate two memory locations for
é variables A and B;
i | 3 2) Assign number 5 to variable A; and
3) Assure that variable B has no value.
3 ~ The expression B=A is an assignment
| B= A | operation. The value of variable A, 5 is
i assigned to variable B, destroying the
original value, 0 of variable B. After the
| assignment process, the mew value of
| Variable B is 5.
STOP)
ath
Gar ©
czh
Solution No. 2
Problem:
Create a flowchart that will assign stored value of C to both A and
B where A= 15, B= 10 and C = 20.
Analysis:
The objective in this problem is to store the value of
variable C to variables
both variables A and B, we
This would mean that
will be destroyed.
A and B. Regardless of the data stored on
have to assign the value of variable Cc.
the original data of variables A, 15 and B, 10The processing of data in the)
START process symbol is suggested to beg
detailed and precest js possible.
the solution shown, we can see thagl
the assignment of the data fro 4
variable C to variables A and B
7 aoe
Red done separately. This is to engine
sy B= 10 thal the processes are clear and dome!
‘op. 80 in a step-by-step manner If the
‘ programmer placed all th é.
SRS TES 1 Oe Pireccss 3 Evol
the process would Look like this:
poe we can see the confusia
we conn identify who Re
ne and who en the aie
po i .ohare Big.
Problern
create 2 (owehart that will move the valee of A to B and-B to C
The valuce of the variables anc: A = 25, B = 30,C = 35
real Wes
he greatest challenge im this
os
learning exercise ix not moving the
1A to-B and Bte-C, but on how to the ‘iB
i will be stored toc soit ee aS
uneduabely, we destroy ibe data of B, and the data on & can no
er be stored tC because it was already Iau, The best way is
othe swap technique. Let's illaetrate:
nm vanuabbes and their values:
Gl Gi &
apy
Moving the data of A to B destroys the value of
58 &rong o
naw ee a
“mecmn
Moving the devtroye" wool? =
i
: i : ; é Sigg a
f — 1 a 1 -
= = _
i
4 a
ew vawriable, 7
r e will need au He
i Sep Tect so nae cmp. Variable
during the p
riabie
Implementir
us infrodece 2 et
wlll temporarily fhobel thee dais @ i]
i: ow that We have to sve
e aba served. Since we know f
ee date is preee t re eae ee
the data of B before li accep
data of B to Temp
‘Temp
Wecan nin des
first objective of movi fe ch as met
Ving the dala of A ow
a now save the data fram Temp io c I
aot ‘= Ho
Temp A
lowchart:
START )
Since we need a new variable to
* save the data of B, we have
as = introduced a new variable Temp.
asp ) Temp is assigned a value zero (0)
: to specify that there is no value in
T E /
_ : the variable, and a memory was
allocated.
The swapping technique is shown
from getting the value to be
= preserved, Temp = B, to placing
| B= A the saved value to the desired
SS variable, C = Temp. The middle
process symbol is a requirement of
the problem that B gets value from
35(Create a fheweh
ascemhing omer
Avruadl pri ; 5 7
The problem in this ue iy rast —
Arta the data in ascer ing ores i
direction on where to ave the arranged values. We also
to understand that th te rane i
jogically variable C will no dude fe
process. To sienplify Ube solution, ¥ will ose the
fechaique as lastrated:
ext
ad then We
Giver, varuable
: x : c
Ourput Requirement” :
= pe
ji BB
c
The presence of variable 1:
Temp is for th i
on will be used to save the omallest ‘aus ca the <4
; :
is =ce the Mevest da
in of Varkalbe rd nat kaved, we cam iow destroy the
edd
sities: and move the middle value to its required
is
—_ aS
ie a
Sal) we
Temp A 5B c
« know that the lowest value was saved in variable Temp and
middle value was also moved to its location,
ariuble &. To complete the swapping of data, let us move the
west data to varkable A to solve the problem. It is clear that
the illustration, we were able to arrange the date in lowest to
ighest order in its required location os specified in the
blem statement.
10
=.
| Temp a B c
“The (inal data of variables after conipleting the swapping process:
ASPsFlowchart
START
ing technique is ¥%
The swapPlle r
= ni mh clear in this flowchart. You canj
the pattern of the swapping of d
a a ) from variable to variable.
a 0
data was saved, we can ff
destroy the data in B.
In the second process, B gets |
value of A, destroying the data
| B. We don’t have to worry if
In the first process, the data on
— — a was first saved to Temp. Sines
=|
this process the data of B wi
was already saved to Temp.
In the last step, the preserved d
in Temp is now saved to
destroying the |
ee
38Solution No. §
Problem
Cr aan flowchart that will arrange the values of A, B, C and D in
Best to Lowest order where variable A gets the highest value
and vartable D gets the lowest value. The values of the variables
are: A= 3, B=9.C = 19 and hes
Analysis
The problem in this learning exercise is to arrange the data in
Highest to Lowest order. It has a clear instruction on where to
save the arranged values; variable A should get the highest
value, |2 and variable D should get the lowest value, 3. We
know from the given values that the highest value stored in
variable C should be placed in variable A, and logically we
cannot immediately move the data from C to A because we
might destroy the data in A. Swapping the contents would
need additional variable to temporary hold the data that we
want to swap. Wariable temp will be initialized to function as
temporary holder of the data to allow swapping of data from
one variable to another. The solution using the swapping
technique is illustrated as follows:
Given variables and their values:
39ihe PO ee
te Temp We ina variable A,
: ; cave (ve
"The presen’
that will be
i
eee '
variable“ Z
now saved, WE con OW des
4 1h
Since the data of variable A
the data of and move
the Highs! number.
The highest value, 12, is now stored in variable A.
both C an A hes the same values. We can mow de
value of variable C. Since variable B has the second
value, variable B will not be part of the swapping pro
eno move the data from variable D to variable C
6
7|esoe
—__—
A E : :To complete the solution, the data kept in the temporary variable should be
transferred to variable 1)
3
ae :
A B (e D temp
The final data of the variables after the final swapping process
“HP e
B Cc D a
41STAR
T
A =
Gm 12 f
Temp
¥
Temp = A
Ps hd
Az«C
- x.
Ce BD
*
in the first process, Ube alata
A was fire saved to emg
Since the dato was saved,
flowchart can mow desinoy
iia of A
In the second and third proce
A gets the value of
deawoying the data Oo
followed by the instrecthon
moving the data of 1 te
In the last process,
Preserved data on Tenap th
waived to 1) destroying ihe
on D. Bringing back the ¢
D from ‘Temp completes
‘Upping process andTo complete the solution, the data kept in the temporary variable should be
transferred to variable 1)
3
ae :
A B (e D temp
The final data of the variables after the final swapping process
“HP e
B Cc D a
41STAR
T
A =
Gm 12 f
Temp
¥
Temp = A
Ps hd
Az«C
- x.
Ce BD
*
in the first process, Ube alata
A was fire saved to emg
Since the dato was saved,
flowchart can mow desinoy
iia of A
In the second and third proce
A gets the value of
deawoying the data Oo
followed by the instrecthon
moving the data of 1 te
In the last process,
Preserved data on Tenap th
waived to 1) destroying ihe
on D. Bringing back the ¢
D from ‘Temp completes
‘Upping process andExercises;
fate a flowchart that will Solve the given problems
Store
the data of Variable B to wariabhe A-whete A= Sand Be It
Move the duty of variable A. to vagi
M ul atiables 8. Deand E, wisere
20, B = 25,0230, Dm 35 and Rad "4 a
Mowe the data of variable A to B, and (to D, where a © 33, B= 22,
Call, and Deda:
Store the dita of variable C ap E, B to F, aed Oto A, where A = 20,
Bat Cait b=, 6 240 and F = 45.
Store: the data of variable D to variables A, Bad ©, and the daca af
variable H to variables E, FE and G where A = 20, B= 25, C=,
Dos, Bed, Fads and) Ge 3),
Given the variables and dita A = 20, B = 24.0 = 30 and D = 38.
Make all the values of the variables equal to the value of variable B.
Swap the contents of variables A and D, and B amd C, where A= 15,
B=5,Cet). b=25 md b= 30
Swap the data of variables A and B, C and DB, and E and F; where A
= 20, Bo 35, Ce 30, De 35, Fedde F= 45,
Arrange the values of the given variables i Lowest to Highest onder
le mbintainiog their order. .
Teton Fee bhe a ACR BURCED DE Ip EL a
Output Requirement: As2,B=4:Cot: De §:8= 10,
. Arange the values of the given variables in Highest to Lowest order
intaining their order, i
Se rahee chee jiikdel ik Vs 2, W=8 X= 1 Y sh: 2e4,
Quiput Requirement: Veli Was Xe 6 Yeh tet
aiCHAPTER 3
Input-Output
| And Process
ApplicationINPUT OUTPET
Inpiit / Chuepeun is dhe Part of the program that the user sees,
Input is the only way for the user to send data to the computer for
precesting. Input data can be numeric value, character, or string.
Whee the computer executes input instruction, it expects
dala to be entered through a keyboard. If none is typed in, the
Pompaicrs Simply waits for an input data. If'no data was entered the
compaiter becomes idle gives no response. ‘To prevent this
Scmino. programmers must develop the program in a way that it
BAN COMMHMNICALE to the user, For the program to communicate, it
must have a descriptive statement to ask the user what to do and
what type of data to input.
In the same manner, the ‘output should also include a
descriptive statement to communicate to the user to add meaning to
it making it “useful information”, Qutput instruction defines when
and Where to rehease the data in the program.
To clarify input and output instructions in flowcharting,
let's illustrate its application.
instruction: Input an integer value 5 to variable A and print the
yaloc.
INPUT Instruction using flowchart symbal: «
[mn7 Eh
It is assumed that Integer A was Shieh
space. Executing the instruction, Integer 5 is stored to
he A destroying the initialized value 0. Take note that the
a7. aes user
vane was defined in thie problem ond in meet C8? the
defines mput values
OUTPUT Instruction asing fowehart symbol
——_ ae
/ Print (A) of | 2 |
f i f Ml
In the given instruction. Integer § is sett out frocn variable:
A. Since we are sending oul a number, we simply say Print
(Variable Name). If incase we are to send multiple data we says
SO
In this iMustratien, we cam clearly see that the programmer
defines the organization of the variables j :
jetty Whe cer of vibibtee Ia Ibs cial ding out data by
asnine Exercise
cate a flowchart (hat ‘wall eee i 1
cpl two integers a zm
cepted valums P ae See
Varubles A and 8 wore
axsigpeedd to O fo uncte that: the
i i before ia is
if the solution meets the req ? called)
aes programmer use a technique
rien a
ee— Simao the poet of Se chan
step sue the variables wed,
a sop-hy
‘execution of all instructions; and the gi at each ae |
see how sumulation is implemented in the given encin
Flowehart Simulation
Supposc thet the impos wallas for Bis #
The vatec cf vasiabiles A.
duloel a heceeeaeeevapping process discussed in Chapter 2. Let us S۩ how
lowehart will execute mathematical operations
Instruction: Perform C = A +B; where A= 4, and B=6
rhe mathematical formula given tells us to add the value of the
cables A and B and store the sum to variable C
PROCESS Instruction using flowchart symbol:
se ~~
\ ss sees Nees 5
The illustration shows that the value of the variables were added
and stored to variable C. If we wish to print the sum after
processing, we simply use the Output symbol as shown below:
Oe
|. Create a flowchart that will accept two integers and print the
Learning Exercises:
sum.
2 Create a flowchart that will accept a value for radius and
compute and print for the area of the circle, where the formula
for area 1s:
4111416
Ama=! sinnuilation,
Salation & F 4 2 =
START
‘ ee
rcaaet jritidieallor
gum = 0
seep 5
¥ Inpat value dor A ie “
liput (A) fo
16 f ere abo for at 0
Input (B} pal ‘m0
*
Add valeea of A to Bi and stone
gums A+B to warkabbe sam,
sim yg
sing 5
r , So Print the value of sama,
// Prietisuen) a $0 os
—s— Note that the ougput
‘lected:
{n the given solution the
a ofthe problem a fen °K S sepa to compl
Step 1 The variables were iniias
Space amd ined 5
Ma pecing ere ae
* 00 prior cm
b>]
iStep 2
Siep 3
hiep 4
Step §
User input an imeger value § to variable A.
Ueor input an (ntoger value 10. to variable B.
The arithmetic operation addition was executed in the
process eymbol. ‘The value inputted by the user was
added. and the computed value, 18 was stored in variable
seen
The value of variable sum which is 15 was displayed in
the Guiput screen.ing No 2. P
a flowchart that will accept a value for earn com
d print for the area of the circle, where the formula for area is:
aa =Tir . The value of TI (P!) is 3.1416
In this problem, a constant valu > Ww
initialized to variable Pi. After the
initialization, Pi has now a vail
3.1416 and is ready for computer
As a guide, all constants that
used for computation shou
initialized in the initialization sy mbo
Area=0,
A=3.1416
User inputs a value for radius.
‘Assume that the user input value is 5-
3 The value of Pi, which is 3.1416,
ee i anaietee hy ee ae value of vari
_f* "2 hich is 3 '
Area=Fi*r'2 | Cher tetera Ba
[ The value of variable Area, 78.54 is
(rag 75
E Pi
Ars _ Output Screen
0 31416 0 la caagiaee
—_ : ; Input value § for
_- radius.
4 31416 0 (ae
computes for Area
Area = Tr’ Before the Nowehant can
compute for Area let ms
transform the mathematical
formula to its equivalent
COmputer cxpressian.
‘The problem states thar Fi
will be used to represent I,
therefore: the formula that the
computer can understand is:
Area = Pi * r*2
Performing the computation we have:
Area = 3.1416 * 5°2
w 3.1416 * 25
Area = 73.54
3.1416 74.54 c ‘anes
[Fass ia moved to Area,
3.1416 78.54 THS4 oie “Applications
Dy. ‘Creme:a flowchart that will accept the tengthof the base
, tdangk amd print te ared.
oe ee ae neat the tina’ is, Area 2 4b * he where b
+e the base and his the height :
3. Create a flowchart that will accept a temperature tn Fahrenheit
and print its equivalent temperature im Celsius. The formula for
converting Fahrenheit 10 Celsius is C = 4 (FP -F2h where F
js the temperature in Fahrenheit. ; J |
9. Create a flowchart that will accept a temperature In Celsius and
; print its equivalent temperature in Fahrenheit. The Formula for
converting Celsius be Fahrenheit ig F = 9/5 (C ) + 32; whene
is the temperature in Celuius. 4
4. Create a flowchart that will accept the length of the side of a
square and print the Perimeter and the Area. The formula for
compuling the perimeter of a square js Perimeter = 4 aes
Area is Area = $2; where S is.the length of the side of the
“art
|. (Create a flowchan that will accept a length value in meters and”
uA
print its oquivalent length in yards. The conversion
| 1 meter = 100.em, 1 in, = 254m, a
Pit=12 in lyd= 3 ft
Solution No. |
Problem:
Create a flowchart that wi
fitgoaipiiee ee heigeComputing the area of a Triangle Flowchart
| START )
=a a The variables sed in. the
flowchart ss initialized ate
Base for the base, Hit for the
a height and Area for ibe area.
,
Base=0 In the Input Symbol, tbe
Ht=0 ) ti es eld
! and L were werithen USINE
. Area = 0 yf a single WM) symbol 1
a simplify the solution. If in
cases where the peoblem
ay would require « soparate 1M
$$ ——_—F symbol, separate the enpulteng
Input (Base, Hl) / of dita.
ae ans Using the conversion of
| mathematical cxpressiogs 00
\ compulet expression, the
Area = ( Base“ Ht) /2
— stone the product to variable
Area
si, =
Print (Area)
i
(as se! Area.
| 2 would mean mulipty the
}Solution No, Z
iré in Fahrer Hele.
emperalt 1
Problerti jowehart that will accep! x Paislls The formula
it, Pi wie’ ; ; a |
Savertiig Fahrenheit to oe Celsins and F is the tenpasallll
i perature ;
the equivalent tempe
Fahrenhel
Analysis ‘out a temperatite
Cc or will just
ry direct, the use :
m should compute USINg the input ¥;
yputed value 18 then displayed,
The problem is ve
Fahrenheit and the progra
and the given formula. The com
Fahrenheit to Celsius Conversion Flowchart
In the flowchart, the ve
START
used are Far for Fahrent
and Cel for Celsius.
#
Fate f \ The formula ip
Cal = 0 expression in the
symbols says that the val
+ inputted for Far is subtracts
a SCté«Y «32. The differc
one en _i multiplied by 5. “ne ! ‘
i then is divided by 9. Th
it result ig the
Eom : a & - 7 temperature In
ll ar - 92) 5)/9} Stored to vadshe ao
aod
= US have 100.4 as
Ue, as an example
Ce] =
Cel 5 §{100.4 s 32) * 5) 9 ofSolution No. 3
Problem:
‘Create a flowchart that will accept a temperature in Celsius and
/print its equivalent temperature in Fahrenheit. The formula for
converting Celsius to Fahrenheit is F = 9/5 (C ) + 32; where C is
the temperature in Celsius,
Analysis:
The problem is the same as no. 2 the difference in this problem are
input temperature in Celsius and the formula to be used in
converting the temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit.
Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Flowchart:
oy
START. To add clarity to the solution, a
7 = descriptive statement is added in the
Input and Output instructions.
+
Far=0 S Instead of just Input (Cel), add a
Cel =0 descriptive statement:
Input (“Input a temperature reading
¥ 7 in Celsius: “ , Cell)
Input (Cel);
| , The statement describing the input is
ae inside a double quote (" **) to denote
a ; that the text will be printed as Is, it is
| Far = ((Cel *9)/5)+3 then followed by the variable Cel to
accept the input value of the user.
‘a Suppose that the user input is 38.
/ Print Far), = It will display the following:
Input a temperature reading in
Celsius: 38
(stop)
59pul ean
faire wl
iu 1 Pal
Oe lenlayed Tas ny
Pcie O the
ATA te
jue 38. ‘The fornia
{ : lies: Po (3k
ited ilue Tt Far
Le |
a |
solution Ne
Problem
Create a flowchart that will accept the length of the sid
quare and print the Perimeter and the Area. The formula
omputing the perimeter of a square is Perimeter = 4 * § and
(rea = S*: where S is the length of the side of the square
Anal ysis:
The problem is also very direct, It requires the user to inpu
the length of the side of » square. ‘The inputted value will b:
ovyseti to compute the
the formula given, Perimeter and the area of the square using
wr solution to five use
rs a better understanding.
nputing the Perimeter and Area of a Square Flowchart:
START
a The descriptive statement
re in the input and output
rea =| provides a clearer
understanding of what the
' flowchart is asking from
rut Cau the lerctha the the user, and what the
abd thesuae ~ Side! flowchart will provide
This practice is standard
. n programming, but for
Per =4" Side the behind the scene
inalysis, the descriptive
statements in the Input
nd Qutput in the
ding examples will
a how
at there
7
cnpuove
n both
Paint (° The Peirete of th rth
¢
epee * Per acreae y und yt pul
d the squares ” AreaSotation No.5 ; ;
yale in
Jength wales
fos. that will et "The E aversion writs ay
ene fees jengeh 1 yards
print ite equ
following 22m
gaat
Anil! conversion from Meter to ¥
In our Math and Physics, the
poguire ihe following sept
x Aft x
12 in It
using the formola above we
. . 4
To convert 5 meters 10 yaris
have
Smetes X 5.45 yards or simply
ra
Sees X 100 vdimeee 445 yards
Let ue apply the formula in Computer expressions.
Meier x Mea lee, tie ae
| her 23 om Din
Vards = (1 "TOD 12548 peg
) OF ean also be written 289
Yards (1) eh) |
added 25 print statement Mi the “ONVErsion but the
Let us see how these
se formulas ary j
Pemented in floyyseti to compute the
the formula given, Perimeter and the area of the square using
wr solution to five use
rs a better understanding.
nputing the Perimeter and Area of a Square Flowchart:
START
a The descriptive statement
re in the input and output
rea =| provides a clearer
understanding of what the
' flowchart is asking from
rut Cau the lerctha the the user, and what the
abd thesuae ~ Side! flowchart will provide
This practice is standard
. n programming, but for
Per =4" Side the behind the scene
inalysis, the descriptive
statements in the Input
nd Qutput in the
ding examples will
a how
at there
7
cnpuove
n both
Paint (° The Peirete of th rth
¢
epee * Per acreae y und yt pul
d the squares ” AreaSotation No.5 ; ;
yale in
Jength wales
fos. that will et "The E aversion writs ay
ene fees jengeh 1 yards
print ite equ
following 22m
gaat
Anil! conversion from Meter to ¥
In our Math and Physics, the
poguire ihe following sept
x Aft x
12 in It
using the formola above we
. . 4
To convert 5 meters 10 yaris
have
Smetes X 5.45 yards or simply
ra
Sees X 100 vdimeee 445 yards
Let ue apply the formula in Computer expressions.
Meier x Mea lee, tie ae
| her 23 om Din
Vards = (1 "TOD 12548 peg
) OF ean also be written 289
Yards (1) eh) |
added 25 print statement Mi the “ONVErsion but the
Let us see how these
se formulas ary j
Pemented in floyyards,
(START
+
yards 0
yard = (mater ™ 100) /
(2.54 " 12° 3)
*
Prant (yard)
sToP
Teises:
numbers,
Moter=g
showing both implementations of the converting meter
| START |
+ i
é Ena bee = fh
° yan =O
r
Input moter)
yard = ( moter" 1.09 }
=
Print tare
i
(| Stop]
te & flowchart that will solve the following problems:
- Accept three qumbers and print the sum: and the inputted
Accept three numbers and print the product of the aumbers.
Create a flowchart that will accept three numbers and print the
Ssurn, product and average of the numbers.geet tea
i constant 15-6673 *
is Fo
Seas
ee P.
15. Comite (or the grade of student gi a Oe Exam.
10% Ast + 20% Seat_Work + 30%" 75% as the pai
graies vrrmed are in percentage Navin
and 100%: as the perfect score. :
engih, of. the adjacent
Accept integer values for the |
me epastio aos of a right triangle and compute and print
value of the hypotenuse. The formula for computing |
hypotenuse isc? =a +b
17. Accept dollar value and print the equivalent peso value. fu
Nowehart will convert dollar to peso having an exchange ral
of 1 isto 45.15
1B-In the mike of a yearly subscription, the rate of
subscription was reduced by 5% per momih, If a sub
paid an annua! Internet subscription. How much is the
amount to be refunded to the subscriber. Note: use a
intemet subscription at Inpart.
19. Referring to problem no. 8, how much is the monthly refund-o
the subseriber, 7
20. Referting to problem no & suppose that the
, subscriber did ma
take his nefund and add the refundable amount for =
another annua! subscription, what amount will the si
heed to add for anew subscription? ;CHAPTER 4 |
| Decision |
| Application——————E—E——E———
DECISION APPLICATION
People are given the privilege to decide. Cur daily routine
entails decision-making This is a reality that we cannot escape
We have to make a choice to move on, Tho moment we wake up
in the morning, we are faced wiih different situations and for us:
mace a derision, We always ask ourselves questions that require
Secision -- Am I going to school or not? Will L eat breakfast before
folng to school or eat laser during break time? Am I going to drink
Jeice or soft drinks during beeak time? Will I ride a jeep or take a
in-mobibe to pet home?
‘This is what decision application is all shout; it ix a way for
Pegrammers to integrate decision making capability ine a
‘Program £0 filter situations that will bead to a solution, Decision
epplication im fkewcharting js implemeneed using a decision
Symbol. [tis the sole symbol im flowcharsting that has the abihity to
Perform relational operaiions chat can filter conditions te arrive ata
decision, It bas a single input and iwo-oulput choines
Characteristic, The teo-oulput characteristic of the symbol it the
filtering aage of a program that deiermines if the set condition in
the decision symbol is either TRUE or FALSE. Remember that in
Making a decision, there is no MAYBE choice, it is only a choice
between YES and MO,
Let us book at the simple Decision Symbol application below:
pare the value of vanubles A and &
the valwe of variable A is greater than the value of Variable B,
P, Otherwise, add the value of variable A to the valee of
isble Band store ibe sur io Variable C,
tion: Comparing the value of A and f SSIS gieater thanECTS DON APPLICATION
People ang gj
lois decision magaas: he Privilege to decide. Our daily routine
rave tO make 9 This is a reality that we canned escape,
Hitt ECO, wre Choice to move On. The moment we. wake op
ace a decision Gee Faced ‘with different situations and for ws
sion — Am I pot f always ask ourselves questions that require
ng be schook Boing to school or aut? Will I eat breakfast before
é OF cat lager during break time? Am 1 poing to drink
oc Saft drinks durin aera ts F
mobile te get heme? break time? Will [ride a jeep or take: a
Uhis ts what decision application is all about; itis a way for
Ogres Ao integrate decision making capability into a
woprum to filter situations that will bead to a solution. Decision
application in floweharting is implememed wiing a decision
mitel. [tis the sole symbol in flowcharting that has the abélity to
orm relational operations that can filer conditions to anive al &
Cision. ft has a single impor and two-output chooes
characteristic, The two-oulput characteristic of the ric fs the
filtering stage of a program that determines if the set an im
the aeulen symbol is either TRUE of FALSE. Remember Usat in
making a decision, there is mo MAYBE choice, it is only a choice
between VES and NO,
Let us look at the simple Decision Symbol application below:
Given:
STOF. Variable C
variable B and store HEN of A and B using greater than
symbol. “7ECISION APPLICATION
People are 9;
© zi sl
tals decision-making 7 Privilege lo decide. Qur daily routine
have to ma : 18 18 8 reality th
“ad . We Rte we wake ui
ace a decision. ei with different situations and for ie
ision -- Am I going to Wes Ourselves questions that require
oing to school or eat ieee ol a Will I eat breakfast before
ring time? Am I goin ‘
: 2 to drink
ice or soft drinks duri i Win
i-mobile to get home? RE OES aE
ogremnners, gee Le cai tahoe sy tr
ae : integrate decision making capability into a
program to filter situations that will lead to a solution. Decision
application _in flowcharting is implemented using a decision
symbol. It is the sole symbol in flowcharting that has the ability to
peri orm relational operations that can filter conditions to arrive at a
decision. It has a single input and two-output choices
characteristic, The two-output characteristic of the symbol is the
filtering stage of a program that determines if the set condition in
the decision symbol is either TRUE or FALSE. Remember that in
making a decision, there is no MAYBE choice, it is only a choice
between YES and NO.
Let us look at the simple Decision Symbol application below;
Given:
A=2:B=4,C=0.
Conditions:
j id B.
Compare the yalue of variables Aan the value of Variable B,
i is speater than
8 as ft eee ris Gane of variable A to the value of
STOP. Othervrore the sum co Variable C a
ee -ao the value of A and B using greater
symbol. AlECTS DON APPLICATION
People ang gj
lois decision magaas: he Privilege to decide. Our daily routine
rave tO make 9 This is a reality that we canned escape,
Hitt ECO, wre Choice to move On. The moment we. wake op
ace a decision Gee Faced ‘with different situations and for ws
sion — Am I pot f always ask ourselves questions that require
ng be schook Boing to school or aut? Will I eat breakfast before
é OF cat lager during break time? Am 1 poing to drink
oc Saft drinks durin aera ts F
mobile te get heme? break time? Will [ride a jeep or take: a
Uhis ts what decision application is all about; itis a way for
Ogres Ao integrate decision making capability into a
woprum to filter situations that will bead to a solution. Decision
application in floweharting is implememed wiing a decision
mitel. [tis the sole symbol in flowcharting that has the abélity to
orm relational operations that can filer conditions to anive al &
Cision. ft has a single impor and two-output chooes
characteristic, The two-oulput characteristic of the ric fs the
filtering stage of a program that determines if the set an im
the aeulen symbol is either TRUE of FALSE. Remember Usat in
making a decision, there is mo MAYBE choice, it is only a choice
between VES and NO,
Let us look at the simple Decision Symbol application below:
Given:
STOF. Variable C
variable B and store HEN of A and B using greater than
symbol. “7ai
i Are l
i ve
r if ‘ +
ceAek lion,
Aw shown in the figure abs a a whoa i
f TRUE condition, it is the ¢ th
Te rise ten ihe value of B. Fence, if the valoe of ii
greater than A, the given condition is FALSE forcing te awehat
fo pass to the left path of the symbol. It is therefore a fact Cha the
decisioa symbol has only a single output at any given point jad
flowchart.
Leaming Exercises: - y
6, Create a flowchart that will accept two unique integers ii
print the higher integer. |
3, Create a flowchart that will accep! two unique integers fi
variables int] ard int? respectively and print the imegert i
lowest to highest onder. 7
P Create a flowchart that will accept two integers. If the intege
are equal, print the sum of the integers, otherwise print th
a
9. Create a flowchart that will input unique |
Cisdprkt tehishon nein” poems inet ae
10, Create a flowchart that will accept a real estate value i
compute for the realestate tax that will meet the follow
a If the value of the real estate j :
» fama tra ea
j value of teal estate is betwee
500 7 n 250,001.00
500,000.0, tx is compuisd at 10% af the real coe.
& If the value of the real estate ‘
commuted at 1S % of the real esate ya oOo
a *Solution No. |
Problem
Create & fowehan that ;
ihe higher inkeper! Will accept two unique integers and print
Analysis.
To solve the given .
problem wcing the Pilbeal secodb sesey be ned = the
Crp:
[. ts chear in the problem thai the user should input two
unique integers, By the given input condition, the user is
not allowed to input any real numbers mor input the same
integer valae. Since ihe input variables are nea given in the
problem, the programmer should initialize the variables to
be used. In this problem, variable A will bo used to accept
lhe first unique integer and variable B for the second
unique integer.
Process:
To solve the problem, the first thing to do is to identify
which among the input value is higher? After knowing
which among the value is higher, the higher value is printed
and the program is terminated. Keowing the requirements
and the way to selve the problem, the programmer now tras
the option te use any of the relational operators to compare
the integers. ‘The suggested relational operator to be used is
(Greater Than (>) Take note that the dectdion symbol wall
force the program to pass the path where the condition is
TRUE.
Output: Fr
Once: the values of the integers are compared. the higherhad
Bat
varie A it welteg
Having equal values leads to a
TRUE condition and forces the
flowchart to pass to the right side of
the decision symbol. The next
instruction is to add the values of A
and B and store is to variable sum.
Take note that the initial value of
sum is 0;
eS
performing the instruction:
i
OUTPUT
eae ee Koa eee an
=~ ese a
“Incase the Fatyes putted for both A and B are not equal, then” .
if lect the left side of the decision symbol and |
Ca a he values of A.and B and soe ito variable rod. i
' "The product then is printed before the flowchart terminates -
eee ree and single Output symibol for
Flowchart using a common variabl
odin Simulation.
TT If the user input values for A
+ and B are 3 and 4 respectively
the variable will be:
co) Ce
= : :
the integer values
ae comparing
oa “i Cae
= = -B
inout (A) Having unequal values leads to
‘ / . FALSE condition and forces
— the flowchart to pass to the left
ie side of the decision symbol.
ie The next instruction is to
me ie multiply the values of A and B
and store is to variable
QUTPUT. Illustrating the
process will show:
- A=B ——_
~ outppt = A * B
‘ake note that when the values
inputted are equal, the
condition in the decision
symbol is TRUE forcing the
flowchart to pass to the right
side of the decision symbol.
The values are then added and
the sum is stored to variable
OUTPUT. To illustrate:
Input values for A and B is 10.
output = A
Rateatiog the last inkgoietion Moa. 4
Towet
Loweban hat will der
at pul Unique: ineepers for A, He andd €
et highest imeger
abe zi
. ied aoe left colume of the thle below. The right
A specifies the wartable where the highest value 15
Input combinations
c OUTPUT Vanahle
A
A
c
B
H
c
mn mm ba eee
be ke ek ee
he
Mae that the validation of identifying if the input mnbegers
are the same is mot yet considered in this solution
Process:
In the table shown: above, it is clear thal whatever inpat
combination the user will provide, the program shenald. be
able to identify the highest integer: This will be filtered
through series of logical comparison using greater han or
less than symbols. In this problem the symbol that will be
used is greater than (>). Before transforming the solution
into flowchart form, the analysis of the problem is
presented jn a tree Siructure. ‘The right path specifies TRUE
condition and the left path is for FALSE condition.
The illustration of the analysis of the solution is shown below:
TTaa | Integer A is grep
ater than A than the value j
H is greater than A pecause och
| is not greater than B.
Since B is greater
| thet Avead Cis fe
| greater than B; il pee
follows that C is
greater than A; ay
Therefore, Cc is the Cc
highest
2
Since B is greater than A; and
B is greater than C:
ee Ais greater than B; and@
is greater than A; it follows thar
Cis greater than B; Therefops,
C is the highest
Therefore, B is the highest
Flowchart:Solwion 6
Probens
ue anel COMpaip
eer LOT
Create varchar that ¥
for ti
250,001.00, tax,
A
250, C01 MD aud
of the neal estabe
Analysis:
it amd Chatput
in tis problem, the requirement of the problem 15 for the
user to input a real estate value. Once the real eaiate value
is inputted, the program should identify which neal estate
percentage tax should be appheable, apply the percentage
tax and print the real estate tax payable.
Process:
In the process, the program should multiply the inputted
real estate value by a certain percentage to produce the real
estate tax payable, The challenge in this problem is to
identify which percentage that should be applied in
computing the real estate tax. Whatever real estate value
inputted, the program should be able to identify the
appropriate perceatage multiplier that should be applied to
compate the real estate tax due to ihe user. The tricky part
in the filtering is the identification of the boundaries of the
sc a used for filtering (>, <, >=)
or <=The conditions todefine the applicable percentage are
If the value of the real extate ix lens than
290,001.00. multiply che real catate value by 05 to
get the 3% of the real estate ansoant duc.
Tf the value of the real estate is greater than
250,000.00 and is fess than 500,001.00, multiply the
real estate value by 10 to get the real estace amanank
due, aml
I the value of the real estate is greater than
$00,000, nsultiply the estate value by .15 bo get the
teal estatc ameuint dec.
‘The filtering condition in table form is presented below:
Real Estate Vabue Multiplier Percentage
(in decimal) (in percent)
Php 250,000 and below = 0G 5%
Php 250,001 - 500,000 10 10%
Php $00,001 and above 15 15%
‘The Mowehart for this problem is presented on the next
page
#1Computing Real Estate Value flowchart
START
¥
REV = 0
RET =9
; ¥
Input (REV)
AS
shown, the |
of Jess than or equal to (<= to simplify the fil
instead tering proces s,
Note
i I (RET)
z
82faercies:
Create # flowchart that will solve the problem of the following:
‘cet EWO IniGRers and determine if the valucs are equal, if
values are equal do now print anything, olherwise print the
higher aumber:
inpet three anigque nuambers and print ihe lowest number.
Input Unaguec Valliees for Noi, Nie 2, and No 3 and arrange the
umbers in Lowest to Highest onder
inp three unique numbers and print the difference of the
highest ond lowes! nombers.
Accept three numbers and determine the highest number, if the
highest mumber has an equal do not print anything, otherwise
promt the highest number.
Accept three integers and identify it there arc equal numbers, if
there ant expial gumbers print the eqoal numbers otherwise do
not print anything.
|. Input three integers and determine if there-are equal numbers.
If there are equal numbers, print the product of the equal
numbers, otherwise print the average of the numbers.
Create a flowchart that will compute for the grade of spudenis
and print its equivalent grade point. The formula for
computing the grade is; GRADE = 10% Assign + 20%
Seat_Work + 30% Quiz + 40% Exam, Note that there are 2
assignments, 2 seal works and 2 quirzes given.
Exqulvaleot Grade Poet
1.0 94 — 100 225 = f4 — 86
12 - 96 — 98 250: a — 83
1.30 - 93-95 215 ~ 80
1.75 - 90-92 300 - s T
20° = 87 - 89 50 - behiw 78oye, nub
y rate plus bh
yer over 40 haat
"
woold be computed by Uting
14, Create a program that will accept vehicle type ps lect
traveled and determine the toll charge given Me owing
formula
Toill Charge = Vehicle type * Km. (based on ticket type)
Toll Charge Matrix: k
Car P SO | = Yellow 15 ken,
Light Track =P 75 2 = Blue 25 hem
Hus PI a= Red 50 im.
Heavy Tock =P 125 4 = Orange 75 km
415, Create o flowchart that will accept a person's age and print fly
equivalent education level. The age of a child is considered |
year old if it reaches 6 moaths. Given the condition of
converting 6 months to | year, the flowchart should be able ta
identify the child's education level. If a child was able to
finish college, it is considered thar he is no longer a child and is
alreacly a young adult and a professional, If the educational
's professional. the flowchart should not print anything:
The education level in relation to age is as follows:
Age O- 2 ~ Parental
ren 1-1 -
Ag 3-4 - Ni Age
Age 3-6 ~ Preschool Age 13-16 - High School
Age |7~ 2] Colts
Ra
reCHAPTER 5
Loops and
Iterations— es
| LOOPS and ITERATIONS
H
ine (ATR etd the: capability of Automated Teller
anal tae when making transaction requests like deposit,
- nil ace ta el Payment, transfer of funds, etc.7.
You = — that ATMs have the same procedures 10 process
ND fi tarts by waking fer Personal Identification Number
(PIN) for security access, end then followed by offering services
that Ih Sar Process (0g. depoalt, withdrawal, transfer of funds,
payments, etc.), After sclecting a service, the user is asked for the
—r be prose, At the end of the transaction, a receipt is
ee Hext user will aga the samme . The
only difference in the Near abhi
transaction is that the added,
whtracted, or transferred, is a Pee
‘This ts function called loops, Loops is a aet of inetruction!s
that executes repeatedly until a condition is satisfied. In the above
example, the processes that cnn be performed by ATMs are the set
of instructions that are running repeatedly upon the request of the
user, No matter what it takes or how many times it has to be
performed, the machine should satisfy the request of the user.
To understand the concept of loops, a simple example is
ahown below,Take nore also of the instruction
inside the inpaviowlput symbol. The
numbers to be printed ane inside
double quotations
CO". This would mean that the dat
¥ _ eg, numbers, characters, wards of
% 1 | phrase} inside the double quotations
/ Print('S) —/ Sesprnted as thoy ace. tho dol
— T quotations were written inside the
¥ lepulfoutpeat synibol, if will mean
[San ee tit iva variable, and tho dati
Print ("4") / be printed isthe content of the
variable and NOT: ihe variable.
_¥ a Bs, Print (“A"Yand ‘jet (Bs
Print ("5") / ‘Wheto A = 5 and B= 10.
The i OF insiruction
= will peodoce: Pea« Tteration — The repetition ofthe loop.
When A hie Problem requires printing the aumbers # to
means 4 Pepetition of instruction to PRINT 10 times is
The number of Tepetitions: the loop has taken to
the problem is the number of iterations
10, it
needed.
jporfann fo sateefy
« Accumulator — A femporary horage location im a central
processing unit that holds mathematical data during processing.
Using the problem given in the Beration cuanple. instead
of printing the numbers | to 10) the problems looks at printing the
sum of the numbers, Ubustrating the problem we have
445, 6.7, 8 910
2a 3+ deS e647 +494 10
Numbers given ame l,
Sum of the numbers: |
The sum is: 55.
This means that we will ADD the numbers 10 ; 4
the same time, there will bel iterations that will bappes send
' i sqaure fre to 10, get
an umbers as it incremete wo
= ease a andl store Uber tm a temporary eee
ete a ‘ani the 10 iterations ar evenpleted a
the curr mi
. yalue forthe earn 18 the
5 be iecteaniag YET
that temporarily holds #
accumulator. 7
ly. for
scummulatoe Es ased not onl)
ro a ee Sie and other mruachenatical
addition but for
applications a well
multiplications
of cxmmis he
I th
ae
ma fe eg
4 i @
wnt
hus. executed. ALO ee
qiant bo adres mg ibe
mala is Ue coma
jorationé 4 program
alue 1 also used in
ries oF
camerLULU
af aecumulaloe The illustration of this
‘Une: ion
concept is shown below.
Create a flowchart hat will print the first 1O00 counting numbers.
thing to mate in this
ae ge ihe use of pan
arjable. Since, we are to prin
nubers 1 to 1000, ‘The variable
ued in this solution is ctf and is set
wo O, (just to eet 8 variable that is
significant to the function of
counter, but remember you are free
The formula set in the
symbal, ctr = cir 4 1 is the counter
uaction. During the first eration,
the value of ctr becomes 1, because
‘ctr value is © plus 1 is equal to 1 i
is then stoned ko ctr, giving the new
value of ctr, 1.
The decision symbol asks if the
valee of ctr is less than 1001?
Definisely it ix true, so the at
through flowsSarmnalatd iy ,
a
aT —
ie es oe
ere to the ale ¥ \ i
path of the doctdon atoe \ ;
fytbsl, prints ihe i ' *
value of ctr, and \
gest back mm cir \
and performs 1
tir = ctr 4+ |; |
ae” By this time, efr value becomes 1001. se i
“through the decision symbol, the condition set is now FALSE, ~
the value of ctr, 1001 and is mot less than 1001, they are
“in fact equal. See ee
A
1000 to include number Tees ieee cee
value used is 1000, then the flowchart will print numbers | to 9%
Biving erroncous solution.level programs. To further the undert
to bear.
Programing, if is important
"The types of loops arc what a program? © ae
Ponrirber thet defines how boops should °° ©,
constrect is a set of rule tha
constracted. These set of ri
languages
Tt ti due 4
‘Types of Loops
thar runs without an ered.
« Infinite loop - A loop
wroag logical operation oF expression used, or wrong Yariab
sed to control the termination of the loop. Others call thay
jogical eros, Often this type af error is the hardest type of
error lo debug.
Learning Example:
Problem: Print the first [counting numbers
Analysis:
The problem is very simple. It only requires printing the numbers
1 to 10. Sine eee kan ek wrong veces and of Wr00g logic
expression then we might end up in having infinite loop. The
illustration iz shown on the next page.Fiewst
*
4
‘
7
:
xe rt
* +
Wein (io STOP
« Index loop - A loop that executes when the number of ieration
is explicit in the problem. ‘The printing of numbers 1 to IM) bs
an example of this type of loop,
Learning Example:
Problem: Print the first five ewen numbers
Analysis
We know that
and 10. The problem req
the first five ever numbers are the numbers 2, 4,6, 8
mites printing these even numbers. If we
bers, we will notice that there
look closer to the first five even nam
> from each number. To implement ihe
S
the counter function should use 2 as
en cumibers. The illustration is
isan increment of
increment in the program.
incrementing step to produce the ev
shown on the nex! page.
a3Flerachart
START
£
ar = 0.
H
r |
mache? i
| checks. if the cure. oo |
m li sae. The. flowchart
1 cht = 10> hig | terminates if the carrent value
| of cir is prewter than 10
7 . }
or Pret (ot | fete thal the incrementing siep
| is aoa
| for gounber fuschos
1 ) bimitedl io 0, ‘The counter ep
may differ based oom tbe
requirement of the pacblem
= Conditional Joop - A. loop that cxecules only in a given
catisfied condition. The number of iterations in this type of
oop as net explicit in the problem and the iteration ts
dependent on the cosdditions given.
| Learning Example:
i
' Problem: Input a number and print the integers of the inputted
: number
i Asal ysis.
| ‘The user is given Ihe opportunity to input any integer. Uf the wser
inputs 6, the integers of this number are |, 2,3, 4, 5, und 6, Our
: problem is to ereabe a flowchart thar will accep! any whole number
and print the integers of the number,
———
coMote: (ee problem can }
a an he solved
eondlthen OF poal-cemadi .
cy :
spplication tr programming, —
precondition Approach
AL Pre-comdis
lion fist itch ese isa conditional boop t “iecks the
cand ani bai ete inexecuted, A classic looping
ae , Of approach is the While Loop. This
joop first checks Rat rien Se ee
if the given condition in the decision symbol
proc. [f it is true, the ; Ls,
chamb. for this apaesuek tapes sens ingiection. ‘The rule of
“While the condition Is truc, Do “statements”
AStatemie is Meky be a singe instruction (¢.g...¢ = ¢ + 1) or series of
instructions (e.g. J =] + 1, followed by x = x* j, and printix)).
Pre-Condition Approach Flowchart:
The
problem explicitly states
pl tha ihe insinaction is to prim
(str) the integers of the number,
As thown, the Gutpul syrmbel
eats Os is placed after the decision
symbol. ‘This chearty shows
that the Alowehart will [first
check the condition given in
the decision symbol. Lf the_—
Programnnity uuridker Cui &
wal ohhot =
hile the coreiieion es tr we"
gigas, the Hlowehinen
“Always execu les jis lonp at le
“Tho statement ane iterate 4
Post-Condition Approach Flowchart:
i Ins thse il
START will acoope a value
| meer, [then inet
£ ‘current value of cirthen prnis
ae ean value of ctr
xa0 a
: Morice that the flowcban
a executes the instruction fiat {
inet (of Printtetr) } before i goes 10 the
: ——- decasioc syrmibed to chisk the
¢ - = 1 condition.
recat
i " f (At this point of the Plorwehart,
: Pit ie y the condition in the decision
symbol is checked; if the
r t condition is trac ( the value of
: ene X is greater than the vabue of
WO gy SES | ctr) at oes back to the loop
a and performs the imstructbans.
| If tbe condition is false ( the
i + value of X is teas chan or equal
a to the value of ctr), it
terminates the program.be
proeraTUNE CONVERtICN Bf goes 1
ASt. PEORT Imig lary
Integrating Exampbe — Pre-Condition
Approach t
flewehart that will .
(Create 2 " at will sec; 4 ae
cam of the imagers, OFM 4 whale pimber and
\
Analyels
4 key things bo know to solve the problem '
|. "The user will input a whole number. (so decimal number
allowed)
2.Generabe the imegers of the momber (can be solved using the |
counber )
3, Use Accumulator to add the integers of the nambet |
4. Print the accumvulatog after satisfying the condition. (all
fenerated integers were added)
The fhowchart ihustration bt shown in the next page.
a7(aia in the initiadizadion symibe7,
\, bai ff variable mam la Introduced
to be used ad eccummullatoy
The formiild eu = sR 4
chr, takes care of adding the
inaegers
Remember that variable
cor, i 6 counter function
that can bp uted to penerasy
the integers of the rarreienr,
‘The major difference in (his
solnos is the
Simulation is provided ou the maxi page to
pre-condition appeosch wed inthis imngrating exaerle, bsaiex: te
i aia( START ‘ |
_{ Simulation: |
\ * Jnitiatization
Hu tr x sum no. ofi
é cir = 0: X=0; X 0 0 0 no a
‘. sum =) ?
SS Input value of user is 5.
sa cir x sum no. of iterations
ae Pia "
ee
ie Se » Counter function
np | ee | tt=ctr+1 ctr= 041
sum no. of iterations
0
ir x
x é 0
1 4
4. Filtering
Is the value of X greater
than or equal to ctr?
gee Sens Is5 >= 1? YES, perform
|) Print (sum) / | sim 7 Be 1 TAS cosh es
7 " sum= 0 + 1
—— oa
STOP o ov 9 a
Tn ts
The simulation from this part of the 4 Counter functi
flowchart continues to process ctr=ctr+1; ctr= 1+1
instructions as long as the decision
symbo] doesn’t terminate the solution. ctr x
Variables ctr, x and sum continues to or A
change its value every iteration. 4
Iteration is also included im the es:
cobaee show the mumbo OF ine is increased to 1
loops the program has taken. te
number of iterations show 1S not
Value of counter in a program.
Numbers in bold are the changes tis
Occur in every 3 perfor
in the flowchart.
sum no. of iterations
3Simubation continuation 1:
Sinvulation:
5, Filtering,
Is the value of X greater
than or equal (0 ctr?
Is § >= 27 YES, perform
sum = sum + clr then boop
sam = 1+ 2
STaar
Ee ctr * sum occa sa
oo os o 6
fine Rak
_— > ra i 1
“| S 2
eat 6 Counter function
[van / creer+]; coe 2+!
sum «fo, of iterations
ff
¥
ve
od gygjnmulation “OOKLA oe, 2
5 chan
8 onter fhemetion
cred; Gira 34]
f x sum 10. of bterations
= go ¢ 8 f
START Ye oe .
x z
t = Z 6 3
Kady \ :
%. Filtering
2 Is the value of X greater
than or equal to ctr?
ik $>=47 YES, perform
+ SUM @ SU + chrs then loop
cre t ame 6 + 4
Ei tr x sum no of iterations
aver oe @ f
: it 5s oF F
eee - z
pete a o 3
t a 4 10
ret =
3 = “Counter fxaction
! chsci+ 1; cra 44]
ae X 800 oo. of iterations
6 o¢ g
SE F
a Zz
& 7
10 4‘Sipmabat bow | setiveatians *
pq aber
1, Peering
: % greater
; al te cle?
57 VES they are
equal, ricer
earn = ae + Cy het J
; an= If + 3, hoop:
:
Be
:
i
bE
uae
Qsr-~2SE AM a rol mabe, ‘the
jen in dictated. by
the hwo appreac:
(the problem
salutier to perform:
whether before checking or fillte
fs the better aye’ ite :
the condition first before executing ¢
ny ceNgueies che
ft
ier tr ebeck
then Pre-Conelitioe opppeciicdl is mare i
) , real life example is how ATM fonctions. Ef you
- ATM example in the’ previous chapter, it explains how
cs user to input a. comect PIN before they are given
if we relate this analogy to looping. cc ti
access to transact is the
ee ues correct is the
cathy program erates, displays again ct
eee Siac pes astrepee etl
fi the eprating process of asking the user for
fepeatiog instruction in the ATM pe user tor aSE AM a rol mabe, ‘the
jen in dictated. by
the hwo appreac:
(the problem
salutier to perform:
whether before checking or fillte
fs the better aye’ ite :
the condition first before executing ¢
ny ceNgueies che
ft
ier tr ebeck
then Pre-Conelitioe opppeciicdl is mare i
) , real life example is how ATM fonctions. Ef you
- ATM example in the’ previous chapter, it explains how
cs user to input a. comect PIN before they are given
if we relate this analogy to looping. cc ti
access to transact is the
ee ues correct is the
cathy program erates, displays again ct
eee Siac pes astrepee etl
fi the eprating process of asking the user for
fepeatiog instruction in the ATM pe user tor apot TiO Approach Flowchart Stsaliation:
Sinvulation:
1. Initiatization
ctr x sum mo. of iterations
oo oO 0
START | Input value of user is 5.
clr = sum ng of erations
og o 0
&
2. Counter fanetion
crecr+l; are 041
Filtering
Is the value of ote bess than X?
Is L< $1? YES, loop
= §, Counter function
cect |; cre 1+1Past: Conditins wehart Stomalalsom Contention
I:
pulatoe
ie Litt fry aM
7 ' dr v sum no. of Hterntions
1 eos fi
gs 2 !
1
* -_
shart 7. Filtering |
E L Is the value of otr less than 3p
t Ix 2< 5? YES, loop
are
0%. Counter fonction
i crooaré i; ara 24]ton Approach Flawet:
20 Simulation Continnation
Simulation:
14, Filtering
cof ctr text than &?
3 <5? VES, loop
11. Counter function
im Ors ctr+ ic cu 1+]
| cle x sum eo, of Herations
| ow gg o
' cede I
eu) i F £
a 6 a
r 1 4
e 12% Accumulator
x ST no, of iterations
#6 2 .
ar
nO 5 F £
= I 6 a
4 10
' :
ee f ns cir bess than X7
Is4 <5? VES, loop— —_—
=f Ple no. 9
jot:
¥ sa ! acne Will accept a whole number and print the
pro oe
rhe 5 Elven below illustrate the different approaches ©!
) Taper ld iniegers ar at the highest uMeger
a ‘ihe factorial of the mumvber,
7
8. Tnpet a cumber anc
a> 120 ‘Ourput me> 6
Sample inpat ==> 5 Sample input=2> 3
Output
2 A fibonacci series, is a series that adidls the present series
value to iis predecessor value and writes the sum to
succeeding series. The sum valucs fesctions as Sie poem
value in the series and add to its predecessor.
sbianl tuowtoor sie eee
See me eame i ret oe Easel seen
Sample input ==> 21
Cee: a ih 123581321
ee SMhassarsa aCHAPTER 6
Switchgate
Hels CERT are have
if TO review already learned
heat we have achieve MEME et os ames of
forming mathematical *
essing, SADTessions into computer
if flowchart as a pro.
vCTiNg With tigers get ing pene ool
sac Merongh Ontput ay Symbol and providing
Lath, InPortanc A
ipalation. f variables in data
clulness of Variables j terms of counter
imulator, * % oat
oocss mathematical and logical operations
lier conditions and validate responses of users,
s | came logical solutions using decision symbols,
) Provide solutions to repetitive process ta meet user
quirements.
oderstanding of how problems are analyzed and solwed in
¢ workd of programming.
fo complete the essentials bal bce ==
wether important concept that needs to lead. Recall
fevigUs chapters, varieties Bae three functions --
nique problem requirements.
h variables. Wartable is
‘The baited
used to set a condition in the
"The functions of variables are
Functions of variables
|. Initialization
Counters
Accumulators E
4. Switch ach ig discussed in the. flowchart
The concept of S¥"
FPlication below: 113Leaming Rx
Probie m1 ; , pa number and prist the Nghe
flowchart thar will acee
To solve the problesr, t
following of ie
|, Use a counter to count the number of inputs. :
3 [nitialiee variables for the imput numbers, highes
number and switch. :
i. Use a switeh to move the input number to the varishle
holding the highest number. ‘
4. Use a condition to terminate when the user has inputted
5 numbers.
The major challenge in this learning example is how te
identify the highest cumber. If we have initialized all the variables
to zero (0), we are sure that the first input number is the highest
We can therefore use this number as the highest number to
compare the other numbers coming in to the program to identify
the highest number. The switch function in this example is
switching of decision symbol to a path (YES and NO path)
will instruct the program to store the highest number, Tf the next
number inputted is not higher than the first number then the
Gecision symbol switches the program to continue accepting
inputs. ‘The switch in this analysis is the variable in the decision
symbol that is used to determine the highest number. The
flowchart solution is shown on the next page. “
fig
F
4ott he HIGH Nae Fiometaes
value
from
to-5 and ctr, from 0 to 1.Identifying the Highest Numbe
Simulation:
START 4. So cr
ar
5 | 5
_#
mre # Input value of usep
| s, High = 2
| | 7, So ctr High
| J ge @ oF
rae SF 5
Inga (Me) 3 4
: -_yartsbie No changes
em =o + from 5
WT ya Ls the value of Mo gre
Pde: i. Pees
ihe
switehes te NO pash.
16oS and etx, fron 2 to 3.
uwIshonsil
firicthon 3s
High
fe
(malo of eer 10
High
a
4
E
Ce ee
F * Variable No changes vileg
a from 3 eo 2 and ctr, from Si
x | 16. ts the value af Nol pea
WO is He = | than High (10> 3)? YES thea
the flow of the Por
[arenes oes ee
ht | £3. Variable High pete ie
value of Ma, Hightnor is 1
A
Ys
1Bgt 3
a 35 B - o&
jace tawe fy BBE ae u
Jews 2 Ect heen eo dase Pek heen 53
2
2
3
Zebra E Zebrnge 4s ath Zhe Bo
3 < 75'S aaSE di
Gage ot High 10 sd
>
cy,
7]
START *
j
j
9The flowchart illustration in the previous exaniple Clearly
lation
illustrated the function of switch. It wa: dekailed Ee ne simu
thal switch can force the flow of a program (0 Ce ay
instruction, In the example, switch forces the flow o Program to
YES path if the user input is the highest number |
We might say that the example given is easy to solve,
what if we twist the problem by identifying the lowest number
instead of the highest number? | am sure that you oer ane
approaching the problem the same way we have solv © first
example. Then you are wrong, let me illustrate why.
Let us simulate to see what
i.
‘ happens to the flowchay
mane using the same approach.
ee Simulation:
s ee neo No ctr Low
a 0 oO 0
=e Input value of user; ]_
/ Input (No) or any number
agen! No ctr Low
|_or= cnr + f 0
aa 1 1
Se When we reach the switch
condition, is No < Low? (05
1 ), the condition is always
FALSE, and it can never
move the value of No to
Low. Because the value of
No is compared to zero (0),
The instructions here are the
filtering condition of counter, and there is no number lov 4
printing the lowest number and than zero (0), of co ane
loop to input another number &xcept for decimal numbers.4m cunmpar
imc; paer i ip
START naa
, Te te
La Rowehast, wc
2=0.cre Ubea thee ty a al
tale inne, rk allowed
er ore than five tienes
i M Migilates the problem
put No) TOWWUEMeR. “The flowchart
. H Wee weer io ing aia
' Times weve othe = fret
Per; hugober inputted was mat
included in the counter
Take ote that the
function of counter is to
Mont the number of bnpur
the uner has made, and it
lemmittates the program. when
the value of counter is 5
Another eve sore im the
sobstion ix the use of to
Inpul symbols for the same
wariable
Te other words, thas
approach will siall mot moet
the problem requirement 50
what is the solution? Is there
a solution te thas problenn?
The best way to solve the
erm is WO ust eo
switches.
Printing the Lowest Number Analy
: cal to say that the first
4 ayurnber, it is FORT ber that all the
ite a ee or highest, Reims
3 el
ial4m cunmpar
imc; paer i ip
START naa
, Te te
La Rowehast, wc
2=0.cre Ubea thee ty a al
tale inne, rk allowed
er ore than five tienes
i M Migilates the problem
put No) TOWWUEMeR. “The flowchart
. H Wee weer io ing aia
' Times weve othe = fret
Per; hugober inputted was mat
included in the counter
Take ote that the
function of counter is to
Mont the number of bnpur
the uner has made, and it
lemmittates the program. when
the value of counter is 5
Another eve sore im the
sobstion ix the use of to
Inpul symbols for the same
wariable
Te other words, thas
approach will siall mot moet
the problem requirement 50
what is the solution? Is there
a solution te thas problenn?
The best way to solve the
erm is WO ust eo
switches.
Printing the Lowest Number Analy
: cal to say that the first
4 ayurnber, it is FORT ber that all the
ite a ee or highest, Reims
3 el
ialr
nitialized to vere CO) amd the first input |
ase lowest rambor Docaeee there 00 mame |
tow, of we can aah a switch to force the fn,
variable Low, then We are assured thay
+ amber twin vara OMe ee the Essig of a |
first inpat wo variable. low 1 8 path = by sitet, then it can te,
switch back to the other path. to deny passing through He as,
n for the snccending loop The switels application in gs,
cy rangle iniwoton and IHicy
) proce:
arwcrionns dev thee Rowe.
wit
edd be
pocrice fe
fo process the rest of the os
ar
back
Mow what we have understood how to solve. the
we are now faced with o new challenge How do we set the
thal will switch once and switch hack for the rest of the loop? 5;
there a way to implement this?
The solution is to wie the value-of counter to function a5 4
switch, If we have the counter, ctr = ctr + 1, the value of
becomes one (1). If the next instruction i& a@ @ecision symba
asking if the value of C = 17, then the condition is TRUE,
ber to variable Low. This is t
mow move the first input num
after moving the data to variable Low, the program retire
symbol to accept the next sumber, After accepting the
input, counter increrments io 2 (cir = ctr + 1), then the o
the decision symbol C = 1 becomes FALSE, and it willl
true because the value of counter will continue to increase
the program to process the rest of the instructions ¥
the YES path of the switch, (C = 1) in the succeeding
The rest of the program performs the filtering
number inputted and storing it to variable Low, after
five inputs, the program satisfies the condition C
the lowest number and terminates the program.pritiOk ihe Lawes st Nemee
3. Switch fenetion:
1s the value of ctr = 17,
YES, move value of
‘Now Lowthe Lowest Number Flowchart Continuation 1;
Printing
. | Simulation:
START | 4, No ctr
_= Fi] g
4 5 ]
Ma = 0
G toce ——» Input number : §
t—_ , 6
: x Ff
& 2
ctr =ctr + 1;
2=1+1
i
WY
No ctr Low
6 6
5
6. Switch function:
Is the value of ctr = 17,
NO, pass to NO path.
Notice here that the
Condition forces the flow —
to pass to the NO path.
7. Filtering:
Is the value of NO
Less than Low? ,
Is (8< 5)? NO
8. Monitoring number
of users:
Is the value of ctr = 5?
NO, ctr = 2.; Loop and
returns to Input and
accepts a number.Is the value of ctr = 17,
NO, pass to NO path.
12. Filtering:
Is the value of NO
Less than Low?
Is(3<5)? YES move
value of No to LowPrinting the Lowrst Somber Mowchart Continaation 3: |
‘i Sirvulacion |
13. Monitoring, ray
af users: imity
Ls the vahae of ctr 5
NO), cir eh:
retums 1 Input and
Ey aceepis a number,
= id. No ctr Low
s 8 8
z xc r+ §#
cobb £ # 3
rs
aja «= (pot number: &
Is. No ctr Low
6 68 ‘
& F
eo a
£ 7
6 4
cir =etr +1;
d= dw]
16. Sowhtch fumetion:
Is the value of ctr = If,
ici: NO), pass to NO path,
[rete /
le. 17. Filterimg:
| 15 the value of NO
(sor) Less than Low?
— Is (6 <3)? NO,Flewehart Cuntinuation A:
Priating thr Lowe! pore be
Sprmubacion:
i. Monitoring
ef Users;
Mle
fs lhe values of
MO, cir = 3; let
nena: bo Input te.
accepts 3 Mater
4. Ne
Fi)
©
a
5
,
rr
*
e
ona
16, Switch function:
Is the value of ety =f
NC}, pass oo NO path
| 17. Filtering:
Is the value of NO
Less than Low?
Is (6-< 3)? NO,pein the Lowest Number
= char Continuation 4:
\ Bier)
— Simulation:
th Monitoring mumber
fier ‘of users:
Clmae
‘ x) ithe value of ctr = 5?
] : | NO, ctr ed; Loop and
}
"reg eedt Is the value of ctr = IT,
NO), pass to NO pathPrtating the Lowest Number Flowchart Conta 7
/ Simulathon:
(amr) No ctr Low
7 6 68 «@
| et
(aa £24
Nv twat? e a
t e # 1 5
| ot
teput (Fat 22. Filtering:
i . Es the value of NO
| 4 Less than Low?
eeoret Is( 1<3)? YES,
move value of Notoie ene ’ he
she set By Une to fp lowest nutes,
"or ne na fol
ite the numbers dae WO highest otter ant tc
a that are in the arcs: and we want 4
y to solve ‘our Odd sequence, can you thin
“ ysesnent aM lUStration is shown ben mtettame. further
Nun bers given ane ; a4 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Requirement:
Separate the numbers in the odd sequence to manipulate,
z
a
ire
oof, ae Z
EVEN SS, Na, Ss 3, 10
lt we look closely, we cam see that there is a pattern in
separating Uhe mumbers im odd sequence {rom the numbers in the
even sequence. If we replace a mamerit. code for odd and even by
wero (il) and one (1) respectively, we will have:
opp wh ah 0
EVEN he en 1.
‘ ic codes, we cas. sec that
In the representation of aumney: Lat
there is reallly a pate that spas eps vee
EVEN sequence mumbers e analyze the paliem
conclude that the nasmeric code _ aoa = ea
rte this to peOgramain, °° changes form 0 10
lO, These charges 67 0 imple he pth in very lop
‘alysis the application F switch
ele,
=
1
Se eescaming Example
feats a Flowchart that will print he odd sequence Integers
sue oftvariable No, where. variable Noigequal to 10,”
The variables
| are:too SF = 10 NO, = 1
nd tetarn to counter.
4 No ow
bot
2
Secret; 2— 1 +1
3. Switch
function:
hSW=O)NO.SWel
and astign Oto SW.
& = ‘Mesiioring = counter
value: ctr = 107 NO, ctr =
‘2, boop and remen to courter.
athe ODD sequence integers af 10
Continnation 2:
7. No SW ctr
TAH io ke
tog
€ a z
No = 18,€ 3
Siw
a gr=er+ 1:3 = 2a
1 | 8 Switch functhon:
fteac+! (——" | is SW = 0f Veo
| the value of ctr (3), ga]
_—— jf isign 1 to SW. =
a
x swe No SW oe
eal 10 g
¥ 7 a
SWind Prind (ct) :
9. Monitoring
value:
Isctr = 107 NO, cirs
and return tothe ODD.
Psouation a:
Cheers 1.42341
ae LL, Switeh functing:
f Woe zi Is SW =07 NO.
| * assign O to SW.
No
io
oe hag
ahuanng
12. Monitoring counter
value:
[set = 107 NO, ctr = 4,
loop and retum fo countercs of 10
Printing the ODD sequence intege
conthmantion 4:
13, No
sw
STANT | in of
r
o
£
0
wae ken Se
¥ | exaees 1; 52494
an ep Se +
| 14 Switch function:
“ Is SW = 0? YES, pr
we eae | the value of ctr (5), a
WO. ew we Hissign 1 to SW. ?
Mo
10cs of 10
Printing the ODD sequence intege
conthmantion 4:
13, No
sw
STANT | in of
r
o
£
0
wae ken Se
¥ | exaees 1; 52494
an ep Se +
| 14 Switch function:
“ Is SW = 0? YES, pr
we eae | the value of ctr (5), a
WO. ew we Hissign 1 to SW. ?
Mo
10SW ctr
io 0 6
is og
o og
x +
A
1 sF
6
Potrect+1;6=541
teeter = 107 NOL ctr =6,
loop and netumn to oounber.“rs of vi
nieye
Printing the OO sequen’ tal
continuation 6:
19, No SW ctr
10
START
4
ie ky ee
sw
» |
aig eh WAS
a4
oe 20 Switeh function:
toc yes fh Is SW = 0? YES Ie
ee owe? } the value of ctr (7), and)
: assign 1 bo SW,
Sw 20 Print (ott Ae sw
clr
0
a
Zz
x
a
£
#
7
| 21. Monitoring
alne;
Is ctr = 107 NO,
| loop and return to
a
Ct ce + 1, 7 ag
+1“rs of vi
nieye
Printing the OO sequen’ tal
continuation 6:
19, No SW ctr
10
START
4
ie ky ee
sw
» |
aig eh WAS
a4
oe 20 Switeh function:
toc yes fh Is SW = 0? YES Ie
ee owe? } the value of ctr (7), and)
: assign 1 bo SW,
Sw 20 Print (ott Ae sw
clr
0
a
Zz
x
a
£
#
7
| 21. Monitoring
alne;
Is ctr = 107 NO,
| loop and return to
a
Ct ce + 1, 7 ag
+1: of 10
Printing the ODD sequence integer®
‘continualion 6:
1 No SW ctr
in Oo @
STAR! | a
ao
+ of
= a 4
"BIN tf
0 oe
. 7
ms i ctr er + 1; oe
I
v | 20 Switch el
ves is SW = 0? YES. print
Sowao | the value of ct (7), an
ee | assign to SW. i
tr .
Swed Print (ett = ” on
i of
a 2
+ ¥
A #
i. Ff
e
if t F
ai OUTPUT Display
1,3, 5,7
) +
= 21. Monitoring counter
valloe:
———» icir = 107 NO, eral
| loop and retam tony the ODD |
resto 7 MMRENCE Teteees of 10 Hiowchar
o
r
z
i
=
F
x
z
&
crectr+ |; B= 7+ 1
‘a 23, Switch function:
\ Is SW =07 NO.
4. Monitoring counter
Tecir= 107 NO, ctr = 9,
Joop and rerum to coWMES:Printing the OD? sequence integers of 10
comtineaition: 5:
as. No sw ctr
10 wa fF
Sian _ oo
TAN ay
aes
he os t e
a= | Z #
. ron
coe
3 9ey Seah Shag
tape ny RY he RB
creer |
-We d+ 1
ikmercies: Create a floweli
chiw
9,
10. Enter 10 numbers and print the 8” number 25 times.
ict that will solve the given :
Ener (CO members and pecs (he highest are the lorwest mumiber,
Eniey 10 immbers and print the 7 surnber and thet sun of the
and 149° pumnbete
Reser 10 puenbers and print!
wom of the EWEN sequen mune
Enter if) cumbers and pent the highest eames in the CODD
numbers
Fister 10 mambers and peint the jowest in the EWEN sequence:
Peder 10 nambers asd print the lowest number in the EVEN si
and highest in the Odd sequence oumibers, 5
Enter UO) nuenbers and peiat the average of the ODD sequence x
and the product of the EVEN sequence eumbers.
Enter 10 student grades andl parvo ihe total mumber of passing and
failing grades entered (passing grade is 75 and above).
Enter 10 nurabers and print the elifference of the highest num
odd! sequence and the Jowest number in the EWEN sequem.
he numbers of the CTD sequemce|
CHAPTER 7 |
|
|
:
=
Functionswi rroONs Wy ¥ |
yl
baskethal| ig ¥
vhere Spectar Ske
ye team 10 Win, uns Ate up aa their ge NO Watch. 1 ‘Sa Teal crowd
gor tne! t with their ions heaping
4 basketball fame ig 5
L Bas ‘ oo Ij
wers each pie Player 1D the tenetition between tw teams with §
pie ies mong the Players Is iy ally tha a 4 Unique Tole to play. The *
sm af orchestrating and Ball Ht or Point Guard: it
yes Forward. This POSition has Se - Eame. ‘nother position in i
Mjributing the ball and givin tO the uae *SSiSting the bill hare \
p cond tallest position in the tea the eed Mle 10 score \
The welping the Cen This position has a
pole Bilis he Center. ™ Cc = ender the basket and on tat ‘
tio ee sing tk CDler ig tallest Player in the team; its
pon sk 1S BENING the ball tinder the goals ending the |
gor scoring. To make the tam compe, tae combines his eam |
Mee wo Forward Players With one Guard, or two i
a y » Or two Guard players with
il forward player with a Center ang 4 Ball Handler to complete the
in er
five PHD
‘very Bame, the players perform their duties routinely, the
jandier plans, the Center te the Forwards assists the ball
ee cute the plan, and the Guards help the See te te
Me ie These are the routinary duty of the players: pame er game.
bouras ‘ Bir we Can understand that each player has a specific role to
we LOOK CHORS Ts
form, but no matter what unique function a player performs in a team
Ca of ihe team is to play in harmony as one.
the goal of
i jor parts, the
A, program is like a beeketel oe: oe two mor pas the
: ogram and the be a eg
ei jr orchestrates the implemen Ms | pote 2
esi se oF a ee is interesting i as one to
like the other positions 10 nai :
ability of all these sub-progr function harmonious!
solve the problem.
‘ in this explanation ific task insh
The underlying Ost pert co 4. function a
junction iS @ apes a ae program.
| e ion ca ; eee
Popram. For fur unction ons i :
iariction is executed. Fi the ine peo
iler to after Pe ariable
iistructs the compl program of all
ioutine and returns to the Mase composed
Hain program is the program 143Ayncuons imple
entation,
hs Ths , bil)
inctian calls °C programming. becatige
instruction execution Feit nod 1
Other authors refer to aS modules