Diseño Mecánico II

BANDAS Y CADENAS
 Friction coefficient
The coefficient of friction between belt and pulley
varies with the usual list of environmental factors and
with the extent of slippage.

For leather (cuero) belting and cast-iron or steel

pulleys, f = 0.3 to 0,4 is often used for design
purposes. Rubber-coated belting usually gives a lower
value (perhaps f = 0.25), whereas running on plastic
pulleys usually gives a higher value. It is always best
to obtain friction values from tests or from the belt
manufacturer.
Properties of Some Flat- and Round-Belt Materials
(Diameter = d, thickness = t, width = w)
 The allowable value of tight-side tension P1
depends on the belt cross section and the
strength of the material. As the belt makes
one revolution, it goes through a rather
complex cycle of fatigue loading.

In addition to the tensile fluctuation between

P1 and P2, the belt is subjected to bending
stresses when in contact with the pulleys. For
leather belting a tight-side tensile stress
(P1/A) of 250 to 400 psi is usually specified.
 Centrifugal force
The discussion pertains to belts that run slowly
enough that centrifugal loading can be neglected.
For greater power-transmitting capacity, most belt
drives operate at relatively high speeds. The
centrifugal force acting on the belt creates a force
Pc of:

Where m´ is the mass per unit length of belt, V is the belt

velocity. Force Pc (when large enough to be considered)
should be included in previous Eqs.
The result is that eq. becomes:

Were it not for centrifugal force, the friction-

limited torque transmission would be
constant, and the power transmitted would
increase linearly with speed.
On the other hand, if an unloaded belt drive is driven at
sufficient speed, centrifugal force alone can load the belt to
its tensile capacity. It follows, then, that there is some speed
at which the power transmitting capacity is a maximum.

With leather belting this is commonly in the vicinity of 30

m/s (6000 ft/min), with about 20 m/s being regarded as an
“ideal” operating speed, all factors, including noise and life,
being considered.

As was the case in determining appropriate sizes of bearings

and gears, a variety of “experience factors” should be taken
into account when selecting belt sizes. These include torque
fluctuations in the driving and driven shaft, starting
overloads, pulley diameters, and environmental
contamination such as moisture, dirt, and oil.
 V-BELTS
V-belts are used with electric motors to drive compressors,
appliances (electrodomésticos), machine tools, farm and
industrial machinery, and so on. One or more V-belts are
used to drive the accessories on automotive and most other
internal combustion engines.

Banda
trapezoidal
They are made to standard lengths and with the standard
cross-sectional sizes. The grooved pulleys that V-belts run in
are called sheaves. They are usually made of cast iron,
pressed steel, or die-cast metal. V-belts work well with short
center distances. Because of the resistance to stretch of their
interior tension cords (nylon or polyester), V-belts do not
require frequent adjustment of initial tension.

El nylon es un
material más
resistente que
el Poliéster,
pero
evidentemente
más caro.
Standard cross
sections of V-
belts. All belts
have a
rubber-
impregnated
fabric jacket
with interior
tension
cords above a
rubber
cushion.
When a single V-belt has insufficient capacity, multiple belts
may be used, as shown in Figure.

Multiple-V-belt
drive. (Courtesy
Reliance Electric
Company.)

As many as 12 or more belts are commonly used in heavy-duty

applications. It is important that these be obtained as matched
sets, so that the load is divided equally. When one belt needs
replacement, a complete new set should be installed.
Fig. (a) shows how a V-belt rides in the sheave groove with contact
on the sides and clearance at the bottom. This “wedging action”
(acuñamiento) increases the normal force on a belt element from
dN as in Figure (b) to dN/sin β, which is approximately equal to
3.25 dN.

V-belt in sheave groove and on flat

pulley rim

Since the friction force available for torque transmission is

assumed proportional to normal force, the torque capacity is
thus increased more than threefold (más de 3 veces).
The flat-belt equations can be modified to take this into
account by merely replacing the coefficient of friction f with
the quantity f/sin β. Equation then becomes:

Since the capacity of a belt drive is normally

limited by the slippage of the smaller pulley, V-
belt drives can sometimes be used with a flat
larger pulley with no sacrifice in capacity. For
example, the V-belts driving the drum of a
domestic clothes dryer or the flywheel (volante)
of a large punch press normally rides directly on
the flat drum (tambor plano) or flywheel surface.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67MdPMwOWjc
There is a sufficient variation in the strength and friction
properties of commercial V-belts that the selection for a
specific application is best made after consulting test data
and details of service experience in the manufacturer’s
literature. In general, it is recommended that belt speeds in
the range of 20 m/s (4000 ft/min) be used where feasible.

¿ Cómo se puede aumentar la

vida útil de las bandas operando
por encima de 93°C ?
V-belt life is markedly affected by temperature. Where
elevated belt temperatures (say, above 200°F or 93°C for
conventional belts) are encountered, belt life can often be
substantially improved by putting fins (aletas) on the
sheaves to increase air circulation.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM: Select Belts for V-Belt Drive
A 25-hp, 1750-rpm electric motor drives a machine through a
multiple V-belt. The size 5 V-belts used have an angle, β, of 18°
and a unit weight of 0.012 lb/in. The pulley on the motor shaft
has a 3.7-in pitch diameter (a standard size), and the geometry
is such that the angle of wrap (contacto) is 165°. It is
conservatively assumed that the maximum belt tension should
be limited to 150 lb, and that the coefficient of friction will be
at least 0.20. How many belts are required?
 SOLUTION
Known: A motor of given horsepower and speed drives an
input pulley of known diameter and angle of wrap. The size 5
V-belts have a known unit weight and angle β. The maximum
belt tension is 150 lb and the coefficient of friction is 0.20.
Find: Determine the number of belts required.
Schematic and Given Data:
 Assumptions:
1. The maximum tension in the belt is limited to 150 lb.
2. The coefficient of friction will be at least 0.20.
3. Power is shared equally by each belt.

Analysis:
1. The terms in Eq. are calculated first.

2. With Eq. (Centrifugal force) Pc = mV2 where, V = π D n:

 g = 386 pul/seg2

3. Also,

4. Substituting in Eq. and solving for P2:

 5. From Eq.

¿ Cómo se calcula la
potencia en hp ?
In English and British units, the horsepower (hp) is defined as
a work rate of 33,000 ft.lb/min. In addition, 1 rev = 2π rad.
The power in horsepower is thus:

6. From Eq.

Where (hp), T = torque (lb.ft), n = shaft speed (rpm), F =

force (lb), and V = velocity (fpm).
W per belt

7. For 25 hp,

Comment: If a 30-hp motor was used, then 5 belts

would be required.

¿Qué problema trae el uso de

más correas?

As more and more belts are needed, however, the

effects of misalignment of the shafts (and consequent
unequal sharing of the load) become important.
 Ventajas: correas en V vs. planas

Correas planas:
mayores
distancias

Correas en V:
mayores potencias
y velocidades
 TOOTHED OR TIMING BELTS
Since the drive (accionamiento) is by means of teeth
rather than friction, there is no slippage and the
driving and driven shafts remain synchronized. And
consequently transmits power at a constant angular-
velocity ratio.
This permits toothed belts to be used for many
applications like driving an engine camshaft, from the
crankshaft, for which the use of other types of belts
would be impossible.
The toothed drive,
having tension-
carrying cords with
minimum stretch,
permits installation
with minimal initial
tension. This
reduces bearing
loading and shaft-
bending loads.
Toothed belts permit the use of small pulleys and
small arcs of contact. Contact on only six teeth is
sufficient to develop full-rated capacity.

Toothed belts are relatively lightweight, and can give

efficient operation at speeds up to at least 80 m/s
(16,000 ft/min).
Their principal disadvantage is the higher cost of
both the belt and the toothed pulleys. As with
other belts, long service life can be obtained, but
not as long as the service life of metallic power
transmission members (gears and chains).
¿Cada cuanto se deben reemplazar las bandas
dentadas de un automóvil que conecta el eje de
levas y cuanto engranajes y cadenas?

For example, automotive engines using timing belts

for the camshaft drive usually require belt
replacement at around 60,000 miles (100,000 km),
whereas gear and chain camshaft drives usually last
for the life of the engine.
 A timing belt is made of a
rubberized fabric coated
with a nylon fabric, and has
steel wire within to take the
tension load.
The steel wire, the tension
member of a timing belt, is
located at the belt pitch line.
Standard Pitches of Timing Belts

The five standard

inch-series pitches
available are listed in
Table with their
letter designations.
 ROLLER CHAINS
(cadena de rodillos)
There are several types of power transmission chains,
but the most widely used is the roller chain. Of its
many applications, the most familiar is the chain drive
on a bicycle.
Partes de
una
cadena de
rodillos
 Clasificación
Potencia (o
transmisión)
(velocidades altas, ej.
motocicletas)

Fuerza (de carga o de

tracción) (velocidades
bajas, ej., máquinas de
elevación y transporte)
 ¿Cómo se transmite la carga a la cadena?

The procedure begins with the portion of the load applied

to a chain roller by a driving sprocket tooth. From the roller,
the load is transmitted, in turn, to a bushing
(buje/casquillo), pin, and pair of link plates. Moving along
the chain, this load is added to loads from other sprocket
teeth. Finally, successive pins, bushings, and link plates
transmit the full load along the tight side of the chain.
Along the force path are several potentially critical locations.
At the sprocket tooth–chain roller interface there is a Hertz
contact stress, as with gear teeth. Also like gears, there is an
impact when each new tooth comes into contact, and the
intensity of this impact increases markedly with speed.

Since the roller turns freely on its bushing, there is negligible

sliding between the sprocket tooth and roller.
 ¿Correa o cadena?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4HnAAsPZ0A

Una correa es barata, silenciosa y mucho más

homogénea que una cadena y no tiene un eslabón
más débil que otro ni un pasador o un rodillo que
puedan ceder. Pero la vida útil de la correa es más
limitada que la cadenas (80 a 120 mil Km o cada 5
años)
Lubrication and wear must be considered at both bushing
interfaces—with the roller on the outside and the pin on the
inside. Wear at the pin interface is the more critical because
the load-supporting area is much smaller, and centrifugal
loading is superimposed.

The link plates are

subjected to
essentially a zero-
to-maximum
tensile fatigue
loading, with stress
concentration at
the pin holes.
Roller chains are designed so that they seldom break
(no fallen), but eventually they require replacement
because of wear between the pins and bushings. This
causes the pitch, the distance between centers of
adjacent rollers, to increase.
When wear elongates the chain by about 3 percent,
(also the sprockets, if they are worn too) should be
replaced. A conservatively designed chain, properly
lubricated, normally has an operating life of about
15,000 hours.
Basic features of chain drives include a constant ratio,
since no slippage or creep (distension) is involved; long
life; and the ability to drive a number of shafts from a
single source of Power.
 Roller chains have
been standardized as
to sizes by the ANSI.
The pitch is the linear
distance between the
centers of the rollers.
The width is the space
between the inner link
plates.

These chains are

manufactured in single,
Portion of a double-strand
double, triple, and
(hileras, cordones o torones)
quadruple strands
roller chain
Multiple-strand (torones) roller chain (here a
quadruple-strand chain) and sprockets
The number of teeth on
the smaller sprocket is
usually between 17 and
25. Fewer may be
acceptable if the speed
is very low; more may
be desirable if the speed
is very high.

The larger sprocket is

usually limited to about
120 teeth
 Lubrication of roller chains
Lubrication of roller chains is essential in order to
obtain a long and trouble-free life. Either a drip
(goteo) feed or a shallow bath (baño) in the
lubricant is satisfactory.

¿ Se pueden usar grasas ?

A medium or light mineral oil, without additives,

should be used. Except for unusual conditions,
heavy oils and greases are not recommended,
because they are too viscous to enter the small
clearances in the chain parts.
Dimensions of
American
Standard Roller
Chains—Single
Strand

Source:
Compiled from
ANSI
B29.1-1975.
 Horsepower
Capacity (hp) of
Single-Strand
Single-Pitch
Roller
Chain for a
17-Tooth
Sprocket (rueda
catarina)

Source: Compiled
from ANSI
B29.1-1975
information
only section, and
from
B29.9-1958
Horsepower
Capacity of
Single-Strand
Single-Pitch
Roller
Chain for a
17-Tooth
Sprocket
(Continued)
Para el cálculo de la distancia entre centros de los ejes
donde se instalan las catarinas y de la longitud de la
cadena, se deben resolver simultáneamente las
siguientes ecuaciones:
Inverted-tooth (“silent”)
chains Consist of a series of
toothed (dentadas)
link plates that are
pin-connected to
permit articulation.

Because of their
smoother and quieter
operation, inverted-tooth
chains can operate at
somewhat higher speeds
than roller chains.

Lubrication is very
important, and the
chains should usually
operate in an enclosure
 References
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Eighth
Edition. 17. Flexible Mechanical Elements

Robert C. Juvinall, Fundamentals of Machine

Component Design, Fifth Edition, JOHN WILEY &
SONS, INC. 19. Miscellaneous Machine
Components