ENTREPRENEUR AND SME

The Coin Laundry

Submitted to:

Sara Hassan Khan

Submitted by:

Beenish Rida Habib

 PREFACE

Bringing a novel idea in country like Pakistan, where people do not accept changes easily
is a big risk. I with a belief “greater is the risk, greater is the return” took an initiative
step and the rest of the journey with lots of hardships became exciting and at the same
time a source of practical knowledge.

The project entailed establishing a business and covering all its aspects i.e. Operations
Research and Development, Human Resource Management, Marketing and Finance. The
project also demanded a detailed analysis of industrial analysis.

When we started the project we knew nothing about coin laundry except for its name. But
peering through data, giving a whole business plan, from idea generation to day of
operations, now we are in a position to establish a coin laundry in reality
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this time to acknowledge all those who have been instrumental in
making our contribution to this project possible. First of all, we would like to thank
ALLAH ALMIGHTY, for giving us the skills, talents, and opportunity to work on such a
challenging and exciting project.

This project is truly better because of the effort that our teacher, Sara Hassan Sheikh has
put into it. I am thankful for her guidance and support.

Last but not the least we also like to thank to web site creators, researchers and authors of
journals that helped us in providing all the valuable information which was essential for
our project.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

At the time of partition, Pakistan did not inherit any industrial base. Simultaneously it
faced a political turmoil because of which no attention could be paid to the economic
growth of the country. Unfortunately the politicians at the helm of affairs started fighting
for their own interest and the country suffered a political instability which consequently
resulted in imposition of martial law. Hence no efforts could be paid to the well being of
the people and no economic infrastructure could be laid during the first twelve years .An
effort was made there after during the next twelve years to improve the fate of the people
and to increase the GNP/per capita income. But again the division of Pakistan in two
parts enforced her to start from the scratch. Even after division, the county had to face
two martial laws because of which Pakistan has not been able to gain economic growth as
such as it should have. The economic condition of the people still remains very poor. We
still stand amongst the countries with lowest per capita income. Under the circumstances
there is a requirement that we resort to ways and means to meet our essential
requirements through projects which are efficient and economically within the reach of
the common man .With such an objective in mind I have established a self service Coin
Laundry to fulfill one of the basic necessity i.e. cloth washing . I have started the project
from the scratch and will expand its area of influence with the market trends. Before the
establishment of my project the conventional laundry industry had no concept of coin
laundry and the old technology was prevailing all over .Therefore “THE COIN
LAUNDRY” will not only be a new idea but also it will give a new jargon for laundry.
 INTRODUCTION

This project furnishes a detailed plan of setting up a coin-operated laundry”. Coin

laundries are one part of the self-service laundry business. Coin laundry industry in
countries like USA, UK, comprises of two distinct segments. The first is coin-op
laundries, and the second is represented by coin-operated machines located in apartment
housing. This apartment segment of the business is referred to as the multi-housing
laundry business or the coin route business. These two segments frequently overlap; in e
mature markets, the self-service laundry business is estimated to be evenly split between
the two.  As far as the domestic market of Pakistan is concerned there are only some
conventional laundry set-ups making up the laundry industry.

My firm will introduce coin laundry in Pakistan for the first time. It will provide services
of washing as well as drying clothes. With a vision to be a new jargon for laundry it will
influence the market with least bargaining power of supplier and customers.

There are no direct competitors but indirect competitors do exist i.e. laundries, washer
man and house maids. At present, competition is not tough but there is probability of
increasing competition with in next two to three years. Due to our efficiency, low cost
and time saving way of washing our rivals will be forced to mend their ways to retain
their market share. Advertising our service in the laundry industry through an extensive
marking plan will provide us with an edge over others.

BRAND NAME
The coin laundry

TAG LINE

Coin will do it

LOGO
 ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRY

The origins of the coin laundry business date back over fifty years in USA.  The public
laundry concept was first seen in the late '20s and early '30s.  Initially, all of the "take-in"
laundry was done by an attendant and returned to the customer. The coin laundry or
"Laundromat" concept took off in the '50s with coin meters being added to the machines,
establishing an efficient, true self-service coin-operated business. 

The laundry industry in Pakistan following the primitive methods is far behind with no up
to date technology. The conventional laundry industry has grown over the years in small
set-ups, with low quality services and lack of promptness, establishing a need for better
service oriented laundry units. There is a lot of unfilled demand as can be judged from
excessive rush at the existing laundry setups. The business is service-oriented and carries
large potential for profits due to its unique nature and uncontrolled spending of people.
The life style of the people in Pakistan has changed over the years. People are now more
conscious about their clothes therefore the need for laundry has increased.

From 1981 to 2008 the estimated population of Pakistan has grown from 85 million to
165 million. This growth rate has increased the demand for various products and services,
and one of the services is that of washing. People in big cities are now inclined to use
more sophisticated measures to clean their clothes. These people range from middle class
to upper class from students to working class. Now the main emphasis of customer, no
matter to which group he belongs, is on innovation, low cost, quality and efficiency.

VISION

To establish a new jargon for laundry.

 MISSION STATEMENT

The Coin Laundry believes in providing a 24/7 immaculately clean self-service laundry
solution within your access. Whether you are a bookworm creeping in a flat or an
ultimately over burden working lady in an apartment, we will make sure that you enjoy
an efficient safe n’ secure & pleasant washing experience.

GOALS AND POTENTIAL OF THE BUSINESS

The most important goal of the business is to become the market leader and a status
symbol in the coin laundry. Secondly we want to spread business not only in Karachi but
also in other parts of the country along with discovering new opportunities while meeting
domestic trends. Since the living style of people is changing a lot and more people are
opting for single living strategy in single apartments so there is a high potential for profits
and growth of the business.

UNIQUENESS OF THE PRODUCT

The laundry industry in Pakistan, following the primitive methods, is far behind with no
up to date technology. This will provide people with the new experience and better
service at lower rates. Since people in big cities are more inclined to use more
sophisticated measures to wash their clothes, this will provide people with the satisfaction
and a status

MARKETING PLAN

Slogan: “Coin will do it

Market Analysis

The numbers of Laundry in Pakistan has increased at a slow pace over the last few years.
The size of this sector is still growing. There are few large laundries and dry cleaners
operating in commercial areas of Lahore like Mall Road, Defense and Main Market
Gulberg. They have a created a monopolized situation with less competition. They are
currently few large-scale laundries and dry cleaners in Lahore such as Pearl at Barkat
Market and Mall Road, British Kwick at Mall Road, National at Wahdat Road and Faisal
Town, PC dry cleaners and The Laundry. These laundries are using the conventional
laundry machines of 60kg capacity in general. Few large laundries have also been
operating in prime business locations in Rawalpindi, Multan, and Karachi.

Comparative analysis

Comparing the rates of “The Coin Laundry” with alternatives or competitors will clearly
show the cost effectiveness apart from time saving on part of “The Coin Laundry”.
Setting 20 clothes to be washed thrice a week as a standard, the calculations showed that
per cloth cost paid to housemaid is Rs 4.16, to washer man is Rs. 3.50 and to laundry is
Rs 20-30. On the other hand it costs only Rs 2.55 per cloth to wash a cloth in coin
laundry. In term of time consumption a washer man and laundry returns the cloth in a
week. Although in case of housemaid time can be saved but our target market can not
afford to keep a maid at their place. Calculations have been illustrated in annexure 1- F

Target Market

The major target market for the “The Coin Laundry” are the students living in hostels,
with a limited wardrobe and limited budget, working men (mainly bachelors) and women
who do not have time to spare for washing clothes at home or to wait for weeks to get
their clothes washed from laundry. “The Coin Laundry” also targets people living in flats
with no space for washing and drying clothes.

Marketing Strategy

"The Coin Laundry” is in the introduction stage of its life cycle therefore it will be
launched to the market through a focused and intense marketing effort designed to
establish a clear identity and promote maximum awareness. The marketing strategy will
seek to first create customer awareness, develop a customer base, and work toward
building customer loyalty. Our marketing strategy will emphasize the idea of “The Coin
Laundry” in Pakistan being innovative, time saving with convince and low cost.

The Coin laundry will position itself as an aggressive, pioneer laundry that supplies the
market with quick and quality washing service. A range of advertising tools will be used
to reinforce this marketing strategy. The Coin Laundry will operate under the principle
that our best marketing is an exceedingly satisfied customer.
Marketing Mix

Product

We are offering a self-service coin laundry, which is efficient, cost effective, and time
saving, and serve as a basic need. At this introductory stage branding and quality services
have been established, the name “The Coin Laundry” is registered.

Pricing

Our pricing objective is to maximize quantity while offering quality i.e. to maximize the
number of customer serve in order to decrease the long term cost. We are introducing low
penetration pricing strategy to build market share rapidly. The price has been set taking
into consideration the customers, competitors, and the cost, on the other it brings
measurable outcomes. We are using value based pricing method i.e. base the price on
the effective value to the costumer relative to alternative services. In future the price of
The Coin Laundry might fluctuate due to change in market prices.

Placement

Our placement intensity at present is exclusive with only one outlet in Karachi however
in future we plan to be selectively distributed at various places in Lahore and other cities.
Due to the nature of our service we supply our services directly to the customers. The
Coin Laundry outlet provides a spick and span environment.

Promotion

For promotional purpose various advertisement tools have been used considering the
target market that is as follow:
1. Posters will be displayed in various shops, flats and departmental stores a sample
has been attached in annexure----
2. Broachers will be distributed in flats as well as on roads.
3. Bill Board will be displayed in main market round about.
4. TV ads will be displayed on local cable channels of Karachi since our target
market is selective and this will also save the cost.
5. Flyers will be displayed in the outlet and sample is attached in annexure 2-D

MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Coin Laundry is a small business which will be carried out in a logical and organized
structure. A formal management plan has been established which includes:
 1. Defining chain of command and communication channels.
2. Assessing, clarifying, and commutating needs and expectations.
3. Creating an environment characterized by hard work, respect, and co-operation.
4. Democratically developing a set of daily routine rules and consequences.

Organizational Structure

The organizational structure of coin laundry is system, which is goal and objective
oriented, where people are influence by environment, information flow from top to down,
employees have process understanding and a feed back theory applies. The Coin Laundry
is organized around three functional areas i.e. Sales and marketing, Route development
and service and Finance and administration.

Management Team

Mr. Muhammad Wali Naushashi is a partner and co- founder of the company, who
directly deals with the operations at the laundry. He has a diverse background which
includes sales, finance, and promotion in the laundry industry. He has also attended a
number of seminars and workshops on “How to start a Coin Laundry business.” He did
his MBA in finance and marketing from LSE.

Ms. Mahwish Saleem is a partner and a co-founder of The Coin Laundry has a MBA
degree from University of Central Punjab, she has a vast experience in research and
development and operational management. Mahwish is at present working as senior
executive of Research and Development department Surf Excel, UniLever.

Ms. Beenish Rida Habib is a partner and co-founder of the company. Utilizing her vast
experience in administration in Packages, she keeps on giving valuable tips. Additionally,
she has experienced in marketing and advertisement. She did her MBA in marketing and
human resource management from LSE

Management Team Gaps

Although the coin laundry has knowledgeable experts but still it lags behind on certain
grounds such as Limited coin laundry industry experience, and developed technical staff
for machine repair and maintenance. As we grow and generate additional business, we
will look to bring on highly technical staff to provide us the support and service
capabilities required to meet customer’s expectations.

HRM Strategy

“The Coin Laundry” believes in having proficient employees who consider “customer
service” to be their utmost priority. We care for our employees and compensate them in
proportion to, and even greater than their efforts. We will strive to meet their expectation
by giving a healthy warm working atmosphere and equitable compensation.

“The Coin Laundry” is a self-service machinery intensive laundry with a small proportion
of human resource. It has a human capital of fifteen people out of which twelve are
employees and three are partners. Mr. Wali Naushai supervises all the operations taking
place. The remaining two partners i.e. Ms. Mahwish Saleem and Ms. Beenish Rida Habib
deals in matters that include R&D, marketing and promotion and finance. Designation of
the employees, their job description and specification are given below. (Annexure 1- and
2- C encloses designation, job description and specification of employees.)

Supervisor

There are two supervisors for morning and evening shift respectively. Each supervisor is
required to have a graduate degree along with basic computer knowledge and adequate
communication skills. Due to fewer customers dealing the supervisor in the night shift
acts as an office assistant as well. They are responsible to keep a check on subordinates to
take corrective measure if anything goes wrong; both the supervisors are accountable for
reporting to Mr. Muhammad Wali Naushi on daily basis.

Office Assistants
The coin laundry has one-office assistants possessing an intermediate degree with
sufficient communication skills. The duties and responsibilities which he performs are
assisting customers in washing i.e. giving instructions on how to use coin laundry
machine, making sure that no customer damages the machines, furniture and fixtures.
The office assistant reports to the supervisor on daily basis.

Sweeper
To provide a clean environment “The Coin laundry” has appointed three sweepers two at
morning shift and one is for evening. No education prerequisite is required for this
designation but they must be proficient in sweeping and cleaning. Their duties include
maintaining cleanliness in the laundry through out the working shift, disposing off the
wastes if any. They are answerable to office assistants.

Guard
To ensure safe and secure environment two guards for each of the shift have been hired
from the security company known as “Al-Muhafiz”. They are made payment through the
security company. They are responsible for assuring that “The Coin Laundry” is safe
from all sorts of security threats. They report to the supervisor.

Technician
To keep the machines in order and proper working condition “The Coin Laundry” has an
onsite technician on contractual basis. His duties include checking each coin laundry
machine daily; eliminating the faults if any takes place. He reports to the supervisor.
Cashier
To collect cash and to give coins to be used in machines The Coin Laundry has kept a
cashier. He is only responsible for receiving money and giving coins in return .The
prerequisite for this designation is intermediate and adequate communication skills are
also required .He is accountable to supervisor as well as to Mr.M. Wali.

All employees were hired through hiring firm known as “MAHAM”. The hiring firm
gave a 2-3 days training to all employees. One of the partner i.e. Mr. M Wali Naushi
attended a one day workshop on “Coin Laundry: Basics for Beginners” conducted by
Coin Laundry Association (CLA) in USA. This one-day program provided the tools
needed to solve key issues faced by laundry owner. It also taught new ideas to impact
business and gain the foundation required for long-term growth and success.
The Coin Laundry will pay all its employees above the minimum wage rate set by the
Government of Pakistan i.e. Rs. 3000 and the partners will share 75% of net profit where
as 25% would be invested in expansion plans. Although no bonus is offered on
performance basis but occasional bonuses (on Eid) will be given to all employees.

Any of the employees can be terminated if found guilty of misbehaving with customers
or coworkers, theft, damage to machinery or negligent of his duties and responsibilities.

SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength
 Absence of receivables eliminates the chances of bad debts.
 Pioneer of Coin laundry in Pakistan.
 Easy to operate with few semi technical staff.
 No legal restrictions or implications.
 Efficient and quick service being offered 24hrs a day.
 Distinctive from regular laundry
 No direct competitors in the Coin laundry industry.
 Steady, disciplined pattern of growth.


Weaknesses

 Lack Of technical staff for repair and maintenance of machines.

 Narrow line of services being offered to customers.
 Selective target market.

Opportunities
 Expanding service line by introducing dry cleaning, iron pressing, steam pressing,
home delivery and starch facilities.
 Establishing more outlets not only in Karachi but also in Islamabad and Lahore
Threats
 Slow market growth in laundry industry.
 Entering of the rivals will increase competition.
 Fluctuation of Electricity and water prices.
 Unsuitable country conditions
 Finding honest and hard working employees
 High tax rates.
 Non acceptance in the market.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT

The Coin Laundry is a registered partnership between Mr. Muhammad Wali Naushai,
Ms. Mahwish Saleem and Ms Beenish Rida Habib. The Coin Laundry has a total capital
of 1.5 million. With this amount of capital, the partnership had purchased 1 laundry
machine costing Rs. 300,000 and 1 generator total the amount of Rs.100,000. We will
purchase 2 split units one for front office and 1 for the washing area costing Rs. 60000.
We also purchased a water cooler for Rs.8, 500. furniture and fixture of Rs.100000 All
assets were purchased at the beginning of the year. After doing all the expense which
mainly includes salaries and wages of Rs 29500 and advertisement expense would be of
Rs, 12000

FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS

INITIAL INVESTMENT

Machine 300000
Splits 60000
Generator 100000
Water cooler 8500
Office equipment 60000
Furniture and fixture 100,000
Other initial expenses 50,000

Total Cost Rs. 678500

FIXED COSTS/month

Fixed portion of Utility bills 25,000

Salaries 29500
Marketing cost
 pumfeletes 2,000
Cable Ads 10,000

Total fixed cost per month Rs.66500

VARIABLE COSTS

Utility expenses Rs. 10000

Electricity Rs.40/hour
Misc. operation expense Rs.3/hour Rs. 540

Total variable cost per month Rs. 10540

CAPACITY/PRICE AT WHICH WE CAN BREAK EVEN

Break Even = Fixed Cost

Selling Price-Variable Cost
=66500
50-13
=1797 units
On average the price charged to one customer would be Rs50.

Sales Forecast:

1st 3 Months

Months Sales Revenue (Rs)

1 800 40000

2 800 40000

3 800 40000
 Total 2400 120,000

Expense Forecast:

Utility Miscellaneo
Month Salaries Bills us Total
June 29500 25000 10000 64500
July 29500 25000 10000 64500
August 29500 25000 10000 64500

Grand Total       193500

Balance Sheet

Print Online
Balance Sheet
For 1st Three Months

Assets Rupees Liabilities & Owner's Equity Rupees

   

Machinery 300,000 Liabilities:  

Office Furniture & Supplies 160,000 Nil 0

Marketing expenses 36,000 Total Liabilities 0

Initial Salaries expenses 88,500 Owner's Equity: 1,500,000

Splits
60000 Capital 0

Water cooler 8500

 Generator
100000
Other initial expenses
50,000
Contingent Expenses
697,000  

Total 1,500,000 Total 1,500,000

Gross Profit, Loss Analysis

Print Online
Income Statement
1st Three Months
 
Sales Revenues Debit Rs. Credit Rs.
Sales   120,000
     
Less: Expenses    
Salaries Expense 88500  
Utility Expense 75000  
Miscellaneous Expense 30000  
Sub Total   193500
Gross Profit/(Loss)   (73500)

Contingency Plan
In case “The Coin Laundry” is unable to generate the expected cash flows or faces the
problem of non-acceptance in next 6-7 years, it would be difficult for the partners to
continue the business. The contingency plan is to transform “The Coin Laundry” into a
conventional laundry which has low chances of un-acceptability.

Exit Strategy
If the coin laundry is unable to run profitably and successfully in a year and partners
decide to sell it instantly, it would be easier for us to windup the business because there
are as such no receivables in this business and the machines can be sold in local market
or from whom they were purchased. Coin laundry with proven track records can be sold
with relative ease and at top dollars in countries like Dubai, USA etc.

CONCLUSION

With the fast pace of life time has become most precious commodity in all areas of life.
Efficient and quick service is now the need of hour. We have established a small laundry
to fulfill one of the basic needs i.e. washing. We are optimistic that we will not only be
able to expand our business but will INSHAALLAH build a household name.
 ANNEXURE

Annexure 1-A
 Drop coin in Put the clothes Add detergent
the coin tray

Washed &
Dried clothes

Annexure 1-B

The Coin Laundry

Name _____________________
Occupation_________________

Age_______________________

Income/month_______________

Residential area______________

Please encircle the option you think suits you.

Q1. How frequently you get your clothes washed?

a. Daily
b. Weakly
c. Twice or thrice a weak

Q2. How many clothes you get washed at one time?

a. 10-20
b. 21-30
c. 31- more

Q3. Getting clothes washed from laundry is more convenient then washing at home.

a. Yes
b. No

Q4. If you are provided with a more efficient, convenient, cost saving new way of
washing will you go for it?

a. Yes
b. No

Q5. Are you familiar with coin laundry?

a. Yes
b. No

Q6. At which time do you watch TV?

a. 3pm-6pm
b. 6pm-9pm
c. 9pm -12 at night
Q7. How far is your laundry from your home?

a. 1-2 km
b. 3-4 km
c. 5-more than 5 km

Q8. Does your laundry man pick clothes himself?

a. Yes
b. No

Q9. Are you satisfied with the service provided by your laundry and the price charged?

a. Yes
b. No

Q10.How much you can pay maximum for washing per cloth?

_____________________________________________

Annexure 2B

The Coin Laundry

Customer Feedback Card
Name________________________________________________________________

How frequently you come to coin laundry? _________________________________

Are you satisfied with the coin laundry self-service system? ____________________

Do you think the price charged is reasonable? _______________________________

Should there be more coin laundries? ______________________________________

Any complaint you have?

_____________________________________________________________________

Any suggestions for improvement?

_____________________________________________________________________

We hope you enjoy our service as much s we enjoy providing it to you.

ANNEXURE 1-C Owners

Supervisor

Cashier
Guard Office
Assistant

Sweeper
 Annexure 2-C

Position Required Salary per month Salary per 3

(Rs.) months
(Rs.)
Supervisor 2 10000 30000
Office Assistant 1 5000 15000
Sweeper 2 2500 7500

Guard 2 3000 9000

Cashier 2 5000 10000
Technician 1 4000 12000

Annexure 3-C

Job Specification

Job Title Supervisor Office Assistant Guard Sweeper Cashier Technician

Qualification Bachelors in Arts Intermediate Metric Not Intermediate

Requirement mandatory Technical
diploma
 Skills Basic Computer Adequate Proficient Proficient Proficient in Proficient in
Required Knowledge and communication and active in customer service technical
adequate skills cleaning. with adequate work.
Communication communication
skills. skills.

Duties and Responsibilities for each Job

Supervisor
 Responsible to keep a check on all subordinates and to take corrective measure if
anything goes wrong.
 To collect cash from customers and give coins in return to be used in laundry
machines.
 Report on weakly basis to Mr. Muhammad Wali Naushi.

Office Assistance
 Responsible for assisting customers in washing i.e. giving instructions on how to
use coin laundry.
 Making sure that no customer damages the machines, furniture and fixtures.
 Report to the supervisor on daily basis.

Sweeper
 To maintain cleanliness through out the working shift.
 Will report to assistant officer.

Guard
 To ensure safety and security

Annexure 1-D

For the first month

Flyer Rs.2,000

Ad on local cable channels Rs. 10,000

For the 2nd month

Flyer Rs.2,000

Ad on local cable channels Rs. 10,000

For the 3rd month

Flyer Rs.2,000

Ad on local cable channels Rs.10,000

Annexure 1-D
 NO Obviously
Way NOT!

Just Turn ureLaundry day into laundry hour!

We bring to u an innovative, quick and least
expensive laundry solution!

THE COIN LAUNDRY

Contact: 5849384 or 257 A Main Market Gulberg
 Coin laundry

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FOR 3 MONTHS

JUNE JULY AUGUST

Annexure 1-F

House maid
Amount charged monthly = Rs. 600

Electricity Cost = 200

Detergent cost = 200

No of clothes washed= 20* 3*4= 240

Cost per cloth = 1000/240 = Rs.4.16

Washer man
Amount charged per cloth for washing = Rs .5

(This rate has been verified from Gulberg, Main market, Jail Road and Defense .

Laundry

Good laundries in Lahore charges Rs 20-30 per cloth for washing

Coin Laundry

Clothes washed in a cycle = 20

Amount charged per cycle = Rs 30

Cost of detergent = Rs 11

Total cost =11+30= 41

Cost per cloth= 41/20 = Rs 2.05

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Principle Of Marketing by Phlip Kotler

Human Resource Management by Garry Dessler

The Strategic Management Process by Samuel C. Certo

Managerial Finance by Garrision Noreen

Search engines

Google

Askjeeves

Yahoo

Webcrawler

Altavista

Mama
Sites

www.semeda.org.pk

http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/News_Event/Invest_Budget.htm (import duty link)

http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/Policies/policies_incentives.html (policy & incentive)

http://www.sbp.org.pk/about/SBP_EFO.pdf

http://www.sbp.org.pk/about/speech/financial_sector/2005/sustainable_growth_fis

http://www.sbp.org.pk/about/speech/2003/ADBI-Nov-03.pdf

http://www.sbp.org.pk/about/speech/poverty_reduction/2004/ Entrepreneurship

http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ministries/index.jsp?MinID=15&cPath=162

www.cia.gov

http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/planninganddevelopment-

division/Data/AnnualPlan/AnnualPlanIndex.htm

https://www.coinlaundry.org/resource_edu/videos.html

www.wascomat.com