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BIT101-01-Evolution of Computers PDF

The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from early mechanical devices to modern machines utilizing artificial intelligence. It describes key innovations including the earliest counting machines, vacuum tube computers like ENIAC, the transition to transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors, and recent AI technologies. Major developments that enabled each new generation of faster, smaller and more powerful computers are highlighted.

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79 views30 pages

BIT101-01-Evolution of Computers PDF

The document summarizes the evolution of computers over five generations from early mechanical devices to modern machines utilizing artificial intelligence. It describes key innovations including the earliest counting machines, vacuum tube computers like ENIAC, the transition to transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors, and recent AI technologies. Major developments that enabled each new generation of faster, smaller and more powerful computers are highlighted.

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Evolution of

Computers
BIT101 - IT Application Tools in Business
Discussions

Origins of Computing Machines


01 • Early computing machines and data storage
• First programmer

Generation of Computers
02 • Vacuum Tubes
• Transistors
• Integrated Circuits
• Microprocessors
• Artificial Intelligence
Computer

• All about “computing”


• First computers were people
• Originally a job title
• Digital computers use binary codes

DECIMAL BINARY (0 or 1)
0 000
1 001
2 010
… …
Origins of Computing Machines

Early computing devices

Abacus
• Addition & Subtraction
• Positions of beads represent numbers
Origins of Computing Machines

Early computing devices:


Gear-based Machines

PASCALINE (Blaise Pascal)


• one-function calculator (addition)

STEPPED RECKONER (Wilhelm Leibniz)


• four-function calculator
(addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division)
Origins of Computing Machines

Difference and Analytical Engine

DIFFERENCE ENGINE ANALYTICAL ENGINE


To automatically calculate and A general-purpose programmable
tabulate mathematical functions. computing machine.

Invented by Charles P. Babbage – “father of computer”


Early Data Storage

Punched Cards and Jacquard Loom

PUNCHED CARDS JACQUARD LOOM


Storage of programs The first machine
in Babbage’s (manufacturing textiles)
Analytical Engine to use punch cards
to control a sequence
of operations.
First Programmer

• Augusta Ada King / Ada Lovelace


- Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852)
• Known as the "first programmer"
• The computer language Ada,
created by the U.S. Defense Department,
was named after Ada Lovelace.
• Written a description of the Analytical Engine
Generation of
Computers

01 Vacuum Tubes

02 Transistors

03 Integrated Circuits

04 Microprocessors

05 Artificial Intelligence
1st Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1930)

• Consists of glass bulb and wire (carry data in


the form of electronic signals)
• Used as electronic circuits or electronic
switches.
• Storage: Punched cards
1st Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1930)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator


and Calculator) 1946

• First large-scale electronic digital computer


• 30 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet high
• 3 additions every second
• ENIAC was made up of vacuum tubes,
over 18,000 of them
1st Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1930)

UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) 1951

• The first commercially available computer


• 3,000 additions every second.
• Grace Hopper
- first programmers on the UNIVAC
- developer of the programming language COBOL
2nd Generation – Transistors (1947)

• John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and


William Shockley invented the transistor
at Bell Laboratories
• Replaced the vacuum tube
as an electronic switch
• Storage: Magnetic Tapes
2nd Generation – Transistors (1947)

TRADIC (TRAnsistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) 1954

• 800 transistors.
• First computer system to completely use
transistors
• First computer to be successfully operated in an
aircraft.
2nd Generation – Transistors (1947)

Transistors were:
• Smaller
• Faster
• More reliable
• Less expensive
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits (1959)

• Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce developed


the first integrated circuit (silicon chip or
microchip).
• An integrated circuit (IC) is a system of
interrelated circuits packaged together on a
single silver of silicon.
• Storage: Large capacity disk and
Magnetic Tapes
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits (1959)

IBM 360 (1960)

1 addition every billionth of a second


(nanosecond), or a billion additions
every second
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits (1959)

ICs, chips, were:


• Smaller
• Faster
• More reliable
• Less expensive
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)

• A microprocessor is a Central Processing


Unit (CPU) on a single chip.
• Intel Corp. introduced the first
microprocessor chip.
o Intel 4004
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)

Busicom

• IBM used it for calculators not computers


• Busicom desk-top printing calculator, the world’s
first commercial product to use a microprocessor.
• Used the Intel 4004 CPU.
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)

Altair 8800 (1975)

Ed Roberts invented the first


microcomputer or personal
computer (for the consumer)
the Altair 8800
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)

Apple I (1976)

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak developed


the Apple I microcomputer in their basement.

Though it was a flop, its successor became


the first popular home computer
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)

Apple II (1977)
4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)

Others from 1977 - 1981


4th Generation – Microprocessor (1971)

Apple Macintosh (1984)


5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence

The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that
normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence

Pepper

Claimed to be the first ever robot


that can recognize and respond
to human emotion. In its head,
there are two HD cameras, four
microphones and a 3D sensor,
which all monitor facial expressions
and speech patterns.
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence

Moley

World’s first kitchen robot. The system is


a standard kitchen which includes robotic
arms and humanoid hands that can stir
and garnish food, replacing the cook.

You have to physically cook a meal first


so the robot can master how it’s done.
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence

Sophia
Sophia is a social humanoid robot
developed by Hong Kong-based
company Hanson Robotics. She
is able to display more than 62
facial expressions.

1st robot citizen in Saudi Arabia


modeled after actress Audrey
Hepburn
5th Generation – Artificial Intelligence

Nam Shin III & Aji 3

NAM SHIN III AJI 3


AI robot in the AI robot in the
kdrama series kdrama series
“Are You “I am not a
Human Too?” Robot”

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