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Lecture Powerpoint: Physics: Principles With Applications, 6 Edition

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296 views21 pages

Lecture Powerpoint: Physics: Principles With Applications, 6 Edition

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mgoogol0
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture PowerPoint

Chapter 25
Physics: Principles with
Applications, 6th edition
Giancoli

© 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall


This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for
the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning.
Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web)
will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials
from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using
the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to
abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.
Ch. 25 Optical Instruments
Applications in Optics
25.1 Cameras, Film, and Digital

Basic parts of a camera:


• Lens
• Light-tight box
• Shutter
• Film or electronic
sensor
25.1 Cameras, Film, and Digital
• A digital camera uses CCD sensors instead of film.
• CCD – made up of millions for tiny pixels
• Light reaching any pixel liberates electrons. Conducting
electrodes carry these electrons (charge).
• The digitized image is sent to a processor for storage
and later retrieval.
25.1 Cameras, Film, and Digital
Camera adjustments:
• Shutter speed: controls the amount of time light
enters the camera. A faster shutter speed makes
a sharper picture. Ex: 1/30 s, 1/60 s etc.
•f-stop: controls the maximum opening of the
shutter. This allows right amount of light to enter
to properly expose film, and must be adjusted for
external light conditions. Ex: f/2.8, f/4, f/8 etc.
• Focusing: this adjusts the position of the lens
so that the image is positioned on the film.
Cameras, Film, and Digital

There is a certain range of distances over which


objects will be in focus; this is called the depth
of field of the lens. Objects closer or farther will
be blurred.
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
Color LCD displays are more complicated; each pixel
has three subpixels to provide the different colors. A
source of light is behind the display (unlike calculators
and watches, which use ambient light). The pixels must
be able to make finer adjustments than just on and off to
provide a clear image.
25.2 The Human Eye
The human eye resembles a (vastly more complex and
sophisticated) camera in its basic functioning, with its
adjustable lens, iris (aperture), and retina (detector).
Near point: closest distance at which eye can focus clearly.
Normal is about 25 cm.
The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses
Nearsightedness can be corrected with a diverging lens.

And farsightedness with a converging lens.


Underwater vision and goggles
Vision is blurry underwater because light rays
are bent much less than they would be if
entering the eye from air. This can be avoided by
wearing goggles.
25.3 Magnifying Glass
A magnifying glass (simple magnifier) is a
converging lens. It allows us to focus on objects
closer than the near point, so that they make a
larger, and therefore clearer, image on the retina.
25.4 Telescopes
A refracting telescope consists of two lenses at opposite
ends of a long tube. The objective lens is closest to the
object, and the eyepiece is closest to the eye.
(25-3)
Reflecting Telescopes
• Astronomical telescopes need to gather as much light as possible.
• And obtain the sharpest view possible.
• The objective must be as large as possible.
• Mirrors are now used instead of lenses, as they can be made much larger.
• Mirrors focus all wavelengths of light equally (no chromatic aberration)

Newtonian Cassegrain
25.4 Telescopes
Refracting Telescopes:
•Refractors consist of an objective lens and an eyepiece lens.
• Naturally produce upside down images
• A terrestrial telescope, used for viewing objects on Earth, should produce
an upright image.
• Here are two models, a Galilean type and a spyglass:
25.5 Compound Microscope
A compound microscope also has an objective and an
eyepiece; it is different from a telescope in that the object is
placed very close to the eyepiece.

(25-6a)

(25-6b)
25.6 Spherical Aberrations of Lenses
Spherical aberration: rays far from the lens axis
do not focus at the focal point.

Solutions: compound-lens systems (camera lenses can have > 15 elements!)


use only central part of lens (e.g. by stopping it down)
Aspherical lens surfaces (expensive to produce)
Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors
Geometric Distortion: caused by variation in
magnification with distance from the lens. Barrel
and pincushion distortion:

Solutions: multiple elements, aspheric curves, stopping down, image


processing
Chromatic Aberration
Light of different wavelengths has different indices of refraction and focuses
at different points

Solutions: Use only the center, stop down, use very long focal length,
use colored filters, use multiple lenses
The Achromatic Doublet
• Achromatic doublet is a lens made of two lenses of different glass types
that have different amounts of dispersion.
• Usually a Strong Converging lens made from a low dispersion glass, is
glued to a Weaker Diverging lens (made from a higher dispersion glass)
• The space between can be filled with glue, or oil.

• Anti-reflection coatings are required to prevent “ghost” images forming


25.7 Limit of Resolution: Diffraction

• Resolution is the smallest separation (or


angle) at which a lens can barely distinguish
two separate objects.
• Resolution is limited by aberrations and by
diffraction.
• Aberrations can be minimized.
• Diffraction is unavoidable; it is due to the
size of the lens compared to the wavelength
of the light.
Summary of Chapter 25
• Camera: uses a lens to form an image.
• Human eye: forms image by letting light through pupil; adjusts to
different light levels using iris and focuses by changing thickness of
lens.
• Nearsighted vision is corrected by diverging lens, farsighted by
converging lens.
•Simple magnifier: object closer to focal point.
•Astronomical telescope: objective and eyepiece; object infinitely far
away.
•Compound microscope: objective and eyepiece; object close to
eyepiece.
•Spherical aberration: rays far from axis do not go through focal point.
• Chromatic aberration: different wavelengths have different focal
points.
• Resolution of optical devices is limited by diffraction.

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