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NP First Cls PDF

The document provides details about an online class on XII Physics. It outlines the topics to be covered, including Waves and Optics, Electricity & Magnetism, and Modern Physics. For each topic, it specifies the number of marks and breakdown of questions including long answer questions, short answer questions, and numerical problems. It then provides background and context for chapters within the Modern Physics section, including The Electron and Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment.

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61 views22 pages

NP First Cls PDF

The document provides details about an online class on XII Physics. It outlines the topics to be covered, including Waves and Optics, Electricity & Magnetism, and Modern Physics. For each topic, it specifies the number of marks and breakdown of questions including long answer questions, short answer questions, and numerical problems. It then provides background and context for chapters within the Modern Physics section, including The Electron and Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment.

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Online Class - XII/2077

Nirmal Sharma(NP)
Department of Physics
Golden Gate Int‟l college,
Kathmandu
XII PHYSICS(THEORY 75 MARKS)
WAVES AND OPTICS
(19 MARKS) TWO GROUPS
(10+9)

ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM MODERN PHYSICS


(28 MARKS) (28 MARKS)

UNIT LAQ SAQ NP LAQ SAQ NP TOTAL


MARKS MARKS MARKS
Electricity & magnetism 3/4 4/6 2/3 4x3 2x4 4x2 28
Modern physics 3/4 4/6 2/3 4x3 2x4 4x2 28
Waves and sound 1/2 1/2 1/1 4x1 2x1 4 10
Physical optics 1/2 1/2 1/1 4x1 2x1 3 9
Total 8/12 10/16 6/8 32 20 23 75
LAQ=Long answer question, SAQ= Short answer question, NP= Numerical problem
Modern Physics (28 Marks)
Short Questions: Any 4 out of 6 (4x2) = 8 Marks
Long questions: Any 3 out of 4 (3x4) = 12Marks
Numerical: Any 2 out of 3 (2x4) = 8 Marks
Teaching style:
Derivation 1st
Short questions
Numericals
SIMILARLY FOR NEXT DERIVATION………….
At the last of Chapter EXTRA + OLD QUESTIONS +MCQ
CHAPTER 1 : THE ELECTRON

Discovery of electron : Electric discharge through gases

Millikan‟s Oil drop experiment (determination of electric charge)

Motion of electron beam inside uniform electric field

Motion of electron beam inside uniform magnetic field

J. J. Thomson‟s experiment to determine specific charge of an


electron(e/m)
Background (Recall class 11)

Note 1 +
d V=potential difference
Uniform electric field E=V/d
Electrostatic force -
F=QE

Where Q=charge=±ne Direction of E is from + to -


n=1,2,3,4,…….. And e=1.6x10-19 C
+ -

Note 2
Stoke‟s law: viscous force(F)=6πηrv always opposite to motion
*Concept of terminal velocity(v)
Note 3 U F
When a spherical object is moving with v
terminal velocity through any medium
Viscous force = resultant weight
F=mg-U
mg
F+U=mg
Where
r= radius
ρ=density of spherical object
σ= density of medium
η= coefficient of viscosity
v= Terminal velocity
Remember ρ and σ
If oil drop is moving through air then
ρ is density of oil and σ is density of air
Minor test:
What will be direction of Viscous force if
(i) Object is moving vertically downward …………….
(ii) Object is moving vertically upward…………………
(iii) Object is moving to horizontally left ………………
(iv) Object is moving to horizontally right …………….
(v) Object is moving by making angle θ with vertical …

θ
v
Minor test:
How many forces are acting on negatively charged particle moving with
terminal velocity v vertically upward between parallel horizontal
charged plates?
+ + + + + + + +
1) mg downward U+QE
2) Upthrust upward
3) Viscous force(6πηrv) downward
4) Electrostatic force(QE) upward -ve v
charge
mg +6πηrv

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
MILLIKAN’S OIL DROP EXPERIMENT
R.A.(Robert Andrew 1914) Millikan’s performed an Oil drop
experiment. The Objective of this experiment are:
1) to determine the basic unit of charge (e=1.6x10-19 C)
2) Evidence for quantization of charge (Q= ±ne)

This experiment based on the Principle of stoke’s theorem


in which he measured the terminal velocity of spherical oil drop:
i) under the effect of gravity.
ii) under the combined effect of gravity and electric field.
The experimental arrangement is as shown in figure below
Experimental arrangements:
It consists of two circular parallel conducting plates A & B(20cm diameter
& 1.5cm apart) separated by certain distance “d” in which upper plate is
given positive potential and lower plate is earthed. The upper plate has
centre hole ”H” through which oil drops are sprayed with the help of
atomizer. In this process drops get charged due to friction at nozzel. These
plates are enclosed by double walled chamber to maintain constant temp.
The chamber consists of three windows W1, W2, W3. W1 is used to pass
light to illuminate falling oil drops while W2 allows x ray to enter and
ionized the air molecules between the plates( if further charging of oil
drop is required) . A microscope is fitted at W3 to study motion of oil drop.
If the oil drop travelled a known distance‟ S‟ in „t‟ sec then velocity =s/t.
The experiment can be carried out in two steps:
Step I : Motion of oil drop under the action of gravity (Electric field switched off)
In the absence of electric field the oil drop falls under gravitational
force only. As the droplet falls under the gravity, its velocity goes on
increasing at the same time viscous force also increases. A stage comes,
when viscous force just balance the resultant weight. Then the drop
moves with constant velocity called terminal velocity v1 . When the
drop acquires terminal velocity v1 it is acted by three forces;
(i) Its weight(mg) acting vertically downward
(ii) Upthrust(U) vertically upward
(iii)Viscus force(F1) opposite to motion(upward)
Since it is moving with terminal velocity,
Fnet = 0
Or F1 + U=mg
Or F1 = mg - U………(1)
Or F1 = mg - U

Where η=coeff. Of viscocity of air, m=mass of oil drop, r=radius of oil


drop, ρ= density of oil,σ=density of air

1 This is required radius of oil drop


Step II: Motion of oil drop under the combined action of gravity and electric field
When electric field is applied bet the plates then negatively charged oil drop
experienced electrostatic force (F=QE) along positive plate(upward). If
applied electric field is strong, the drop starts to move along upward
direction. Let v2 be terminal velocity then,
Fnet =0
Or, QE+U=mg+F2
Or, QE= mg-U+F2
Or QE= F1 + F2 ( from eqn1 F1 = mg-U)
Or QE=6πηrv1 + 6πηrv2
Or QE=6πηr(v1 + v2 )
The experiment is repeated on number of oil drops and
different values of charges are noted . The minimum charge
obtained from experiment was 1.6x10-19C, which is called
basic unit of charge(e). Also it is found that total charge is
always whole number multiple of e i.e. Q=±ne, n=1,2,3……
Special case 1
If applied electric field is weak and oil drop is
moving along downward direction with terminal
velocity v2 then, F2 + QE + U = mg

Special case 2
If applied electric field is adjusted such that the oil drop
remains stationary (equilibrium)between plates.
Then, QE + U = mg
Short Questions
Q.No.1 What is the importance of Millikan's Oil drop experiment?
a.Determine basic unit of charge(smallest possible charge e=1.6x10-19 C)
b. Evidence for quantization of charge(Q= ±ne)
c. Millikan’s with J.J. Thomson’s exp determines the mass of an electron.
(From Millikan's experiment we have value of e =…..
From J.J. Thomson’s experiment we have value of e/m=……
So by combining these two we get m=……)
Q.No.2 What is the principle of Millikan's Oil drop experiment?
This experiment based on the Principle of stoke’s theorem in which
terminal velocity of spherical oil drop is measured by observing its
motion in two steps;
i) under the effect of gravity.
ii) under the combined effect of gravity and electric field.
Short Questions

Q.No3 Can we use water instead of Oil in Millikan‟s oil drop


experiment?
No, ………….. liquid with higher vapour pressures, evaporated too
quickly in the heat of the lights used to illuminate the drops. But oil
have low vapour pressure.
- Small spherical drops
Q.No4 Can we perform Millikan's Oil drop experiment with bigger
drop ?
No,……………..
bigger size drops do not acquire terminal velocity easily
also to accelerate bigger size drops high electric field should be
applied.
Short Questions
Q.No5 What is the use of X ray ?
The oil drops coming out from nozzle of atomizer get charged due to
friction. If oil drops do not get sufficient charge by friction x ray are
use to ionize the air molecules between the plates through which oil
drop pass.
Q.No 6 Extremely minute size drops also does not work in Millikan's exp.
why?
Stokes law is valid for homogeneous medium
So size of drop should quite large as compared to intermolecular
separation in medium
{Drop should not find any inhomogeneities in the medium}

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