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A review on Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet

of Nano Things (IoNT)

Conference Paper · September 2015

DOI: 10.1109/ITechA.2015.7317398

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 This is a Pre-print of the published paper. The final publication is available at IEEE Xplore via
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITechA.2015.7317398

A Review on Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of

Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)

Mahdi H. Miraz Maaruf Ali

Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering
University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia University of East London, Docklands Campus
Glyndŵr University, Wrexham, United Kingdom London, E16 2RD, United Kingdom
[email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

Peter S. Excell, Rich Picking

Glyndŵr University
Wrexham, United Kingdom
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract—The current prominence and future promises of the such as ZigBee, RFID, sensor networks and through location
Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet based technologies [2]. IoT will make the impact of the Internet
of Nano Things (IoNT) are extensively reviewed and a summary even more pervasive, personal and intimate in daily life [3]. The
survey report is presented. The analysis clearly distinguishes emergence of IoT as a distinctive entity was achieved, according
between IoT and IoE which are wrongly considered to be the same to the CISCO Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), when
by many people. Upon examining the current advancement in the more inanimate objects were connected to the Internet than
fields of IoT, IoE and IoNT, the paper presents scenarios for the human users [3]. According to this definition, this occurred in
possible future expansion of their applications. mid-2008. This is an accelerating ongoing process especially
with the rollout of CISCO’s ‘Planetary Skin’, the Smart Grid and
Keywords—Internet of Things (IoT); Internet of Everything
(IoE); Internet of Nano Things (IoNT); Connectedness; Gartner
intelligent vehicles [3].
Hype Cycle IoT devices are not currently strongly standardized in how
they are connected to the Internet, apart from their networking
I. INTRODUCTION protocols. IoT may be employed with added management and
The applications and usage of the Internet are multifaceted security features to link, for example, vehicle electronics, home
and expanding on a daily basis. The Internet of Things (IoT), environmental management systems, telephone networks and
Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano Things are control of domestic utility services. The expanding scope of IoT
new approaches for incorporating the Internet into the generality and how it can be used to interconnect various disparate
of personal, professional and societal life. This paper examines networks is shown in Fig. 1 [3].
the current state of these technologies and their multi-
dimensional applications by surveying the relevant literature.
The paper also evaluates the various possible future applications
of these technologies and foresees further developments and
how these will change the way that life will be lived in the future.

II. THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

The term ‘Internet of Things’ or ‘Internet of Objects’ has
come to represent electrical or electronic devices, of varying
sizes and capabilities, that are connected to the Internet. The
scope of the connections is ever broadening to beyond just
machine-to-machine communication (M2M). IoT devices Fig. 1. IoT Can Be Viewed as a Network of Networks [3]
employ a broad array of networking protocols, applications and
network domains [1]. The rising preponderance of IoT A. Challenges and Impediments to IoT
technology is facilitated by physical objects being linked to the As with any new technology, there is usually some inertia in
Internet by various types of short-range wireless technologies the pace of its uptake. Currently the largest three impediments
 This is a Pre-print of the published paper. The final publication is available at IEEE Xplore via
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITechA.2015.7317398
are due to technological factors and not human resistance, these The independent devices of the past are now being connected
being: standardization of protocols, implementation of IPv6 and to the Internet including machine-to-machine (M2M), person-
power needed to supply the sensors. to-machine (P2M), and person-to-person (P2P) systems. This
enveloping of people, processes, data and things by IoE is shown
B. Deployment of IPv6 in Fig. 2 [6,7].
In February 2011 [4] the supply of IPv4 addresses held by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) was exhausted. The Futurist at CISCO, Dave Evans, states that the issue is
The ushering in of IPv6 was critical to cover this IP address more about not the ‘things’ but the “connections among people,
shortage, as billions of sensors will each require a unique IP process, data, and things” that is at the heart of Internet of
address. The deployment of IPv6 will further make network Everything and creates the ‘value’ [8]. Qualcomm CEO, Steve
management less complex with its enhanced security features Mollenkopf, stated in 2014 that the IoT and IoE were “the same
and network auto-configuration capabilities. thing” [5].

C. Sensor Energy According to CISCO, many organizations are going through

growth waves of S-curves, as shown in Fig. 3. These IoT growth
Supplying reliable power to the sensors for a prolonged period waves are leading to the eventual complete IoE [6,9]. With each
of time is key to IoT being deployed successfully [3]. This is successive wave of added features and greater network
especially of major concern where these sensors are employed connectedness, this leads to the IoE with many novel
in remote and distant locations such as underground or in space opportunities as well as risks [10].
or on other planets. Energy must be harvested from the
environment itself as it is not feasible to change the batteries for The IoE has the potential to extract and analyse real-time
billions of these devices. Several technologies are being pursued data from the millions of sensors connected to it and then to
in order to achieve this, including solar cells, thermal generators apply it to aid “automated and people-based processes” [11].
(using the Seebeck effect), rectification of radio signals and Other benefits include the use of IoE in helping to achieve public
exploitation of the energy in vibrations and other peripheral policy goals, environmental sustainability, economic and social
movements. goals [11].
D. Standardization
Foremost in addressing the latest requirements for
implementing IoT in terms of privacy, security and network
architecture is the work of the IEEE standardization
organization, especially in regard to IPv6 packet routing through
heterogeneous networks [3].

III. INTERNET OF EVERYTHING (IOE)

Both CISCO and Qualcomm have been using the term
‘Internet of Everything’ (IoE) [5,6]. However, Qualcomm’s use
of the term has been replaced by the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT)
by others. CISCO’s usage has a more comprehensive meaning. Fig. 3. Internet Growth is Occurring in Waves [6,9].

IoE is built upon the “four pillars” of people, data, process Traditional office based applications such as financial
and things. Whereas IoT is only composed of “things”, as shown trading have now moved into the domain of the mobile platform
in Fig. 2. IoE also extends business and industrial processes to with the use of smart phones as well as many other applications,
enrich the lives of people. aided by IoE [12,13]. The application of IoE is facilitated by the
expansion of Cloud Computing, helping to connect “everything”
online [14].
A study by CISCO in February 2013 predicted that $14.4
trillion may be exploited in the next ten years by implementing
IoE with M2M, M2P and P2P [14].
Cities which in the future may be regarded as a scaled
version of the IoE, will benefit the most from being connected
in terms of using information intelligence to address city specific
concerns. This will become more so as cities become “Smart
Cities” utilizing IoE along with ‘Big Data’ processing.
Examples include monitoring the ‘health’ of highways and
attending to their repairs using road embedded sensors; road
traffic flow control, agricultural growth monitoring, education
Fig. 2. Internet of Everything (IoE) [7] and healthcare [15]. The future is most likely to be cities as
 This is a Pre-print of the published paper. The final publication is available at IEEE Xplore via
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITechA.2015.7317398
“Smart+Connected Communities” formed using public-private V. THE FUTURE INTERNET
partnerships to help enhance the living conditions of the citizens. Forbes [20] reported in August 2014 that the IoT had
As urbanization continues to increase, predicted to be 70% overtaken Big Data as a topic of discussion, as shown in the
by the 2050s [15], the use of IoE will become almost critical in Gartner Hype Cycle [21] in Fig. 6, with over 45,000 references
implementing such features of the future city as the Smart Grid in the media in 2014, compared with only 15,000 in 2013.
and automation of traffic planning and control. IoE is also The Gartner Hype Cycle shows the lifetime of a particular
forming a foundation in the mining industry of fossil fuels and technology from inception to maturity to decline. This helps in
in remote monitoring, helping to improve safety in the field [16]. business planning [21]. As Fig. 6 shows, the IoT is now at its
E-learning, and especially the implementation of m-learning, peak above Big Data, with five to ten years to reach its maturity
is being facilitated by the IoE across the educational [20].
establishment, giving more accessibility to students. The
benefits include more feedback and monitoring of the progress
of the learners [17].
IV. INTERNET OF NANO THINGS (IONT)
The concept of IoE is being extended to its fullest by the
implementation of the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). This is
achieved by incorporating nano-sensors in diverse objects and
through the use of nano-networks. A model of this concept as a
medical application is shown in Fig. 5: this provides access to
data from places previously impossible to sense or from
instruments inaccessible due to sensor size. This will enable new
medical and environmental data to be collected, potentially
leading to refinement of existing knowledge, new discoveries
and better medical diagnostics [18]. The technology is described Fig. 6. Gartner Hype Cycle, August 2014
by Akyıldız and Josep Jornet using graphene-based nano-
antennae operating at Terahertz frequencies. They also discuss Much research is being conducted in the field of IoT in the
the problems of extreme attenuation at these frequencies and three domains of the user experience, engineering and design
networking at this nano-level [18]. [2]. The emphasis is particularly on the end-user and
accessibility. This is especially pertinent as 50-200 billions
artifacts are likely to be internetworked to the Internet by 2020
[2].
To help achieve a more user friendly interface, user-centred
tools like Microsoft’s Gadgeteer may be employed [2]. This tool
provides rapid prototyping of connected devices [22]. Theories
from cognitive psychology [23] have also been utilized to design
adaptive IoT systems. This technique relies on using the
“FRIEND::Process” tool for human task organization and for
both bottom-up and top-down organizations [2].
Simpler embedded devices will form a significant part of the
future IoT. Many difficult financial, technical and social issues
Fig. 5. The Internet of Nano Things. [18]
remain to be addressed [22], but the reality is that the IoT does
now exist and uses standardized international networking
protocols [24] with IPv6 forming its core foundational routing
The interfacing of IoNT with existing micro-devices is protocol [25].
important for it to become all-pervasive and further study should
be focused on this task, especially in the industrial, biomedical In order for the objects that compose the IoT to acquire
and industrial arenas. Major challenges need to be addressed in ‘ambient intelligence’ they must comprehend the end user as
the fields of electromagnetic channel modelling and the completely as possible. This may be achieved by observing,
necessary networking protocols [19]. monitoring and recording the human users’: body movements,
gestures, location, context and environment. This will be likely
Each functional task, such as actuation or sensing, in an to lead to high levels of user support that were unknown
IoNT, is performed by a ‘nano-machine’ - whose dimensions previously in computing history [25]. The understanding of
may range from 1 to 100 nm [19]. neuroscience, psychology and human behaviour will thus play
an increasingly critical rôle in achieving device ambient
intelligence. The devices must use Artificial Intelligence to
 This is a Pre-print of the published paper. The final publication is available at IEEE Xplore via
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITechA.2015.7317398
understand how humans process information and interact forth in the remainder of the 21st Century, which has been
appropriately within the right social context and multi-user observed for personal computers and other similar devices
scenarios [23]. during the previous century. Although it cannot be guaranteed
whether “Digital Immortality” as a form of “Technological
The UK Open University offers users a course on IoT with Singularity” can be achieved by the year 2045 or not, as forecast
programming and real-world sensing applications [26]. This is a by futurist Ray Kurzweil in his famous book “The Singularity is
first step in addressing the shortage of IoT engineers and Near: When Humans Transcend Biology” [44] or whether “life
programmers, especially as consumers become producers [26]. [of “The World in 2030”] will be unrecognisable compared with
Educators will need to address many issues, not only the life today” [45], our life is increasingly becoming digitalized
technical but also ethical and privacy issues. As a course, it was with the inventions and adoptions of new technologies every
listed in the 2012 NMC Horizon Report [27]. The report also day. Despite some negative aspects of this technological
predicts IoT adoption around 2016-17. evolution, we can be optimistic about the coming computer
revolution as technologies are becoming more affordable,
Research continues with the European SENSEI project convergent and novel in their solutions.
concentrating on the future underlying architecture of the IoT
and its services [24]. Understanding and interpreting these trends is strongly
dependent on insights in classifying different aspects, such that
For the IoT to be a practical pervasive reality, it must be able links between those that are similar are clearly identified but
to coexist and integrate fully with the Cloud. This means using differences between those that merit differentiation are also
the current Internet Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) platform to identified. In this connection, the separation between IoT, IoE
integrate both technologies [28]. and IoNT is seen to be a helpful differentiation that should aid
Due to the successful deployment of various novel, insights in prediction of the near future.
innovative and usefull applications based on IoT/IoE, the usage
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