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Lecture 7

The document discusses the ideal ramjet engine. It consists of three main components - an inlet, combustor, and nozzle. The engine operates by compressing air through isentropic compression, combusting fuel in the combustor through an isobaric process, and expanding the combustion products through the nozzle via isentropic expansion. Key equations are presented relating the exhaust velocity and temperature to the inlet conditions and combustor temperature ratio. The thrust, fuel flow rate, and thrust specific fuel consumption are defined in terms of these inlet and combustor parameters. An example problem is also provided to demonstrate use of the equations.

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61 views

Lecture 7

The document discusses the ideal ramjet engine. It consists of three main components - an inlet, combustor, and nozzle. The engine operates by compressing air through isentropic compression, combusting fuel in the combustor through an isobaric process, and expanding the combustion products through the nozzle via isentropic expansion. Key equations are presented relating the exhaust velocity and temperature to the inlet conditions and combustor temperature ratio. The thrust, fuel flow rate, and thrust specific fuel consumption are defined in terms of these inlet and combustor parameters. An example problem is also provided to demonstrate use of the equations.

Uploaded by

mino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 7

Ideal Ramjet

A ramjet engine is conceptually the simplest aircraft engine and consists of an


inlet or diffuser, a combustor or burner, and a nozzle. A schematic diagram of a
ramjet engine is shown in Fig. 7.1, and Fig. 7.2 presents the h-s diagram for an
ideal ramjet. Process "0" to 1 to 3 is an isentropic compression in which the
pressure is increased by the "ram" effect. Process 3 to 4 is an isobaric combustion
process. Finally, process 4 to 8 is an isentropic expansion process that accelerates
the flow velocity and decreases the pressure. Both states "a" and 8 are on the same
pressure line but do not constitute a process as in a closed cycle.

Fig. 7.1 Typical ramjet engine.

Fig. 7.2 h-s diagram for an ideal ramjet.

1
For a ramjet the thrust can be determined as:
F  m V 8  V 0   A8  P8  P0  (7.1)
The airflow rate ( m ) is presumably known for an engine. Also, the aircraft
speed V 0 , is presumed to be known. Furthermore, because the nozzle exit pressure
matches atmospheric pressure for the ideal case ( P8  P0 ). Thus, the only quantity
that needs to be found for calculation of the thrust is V 8 .
The dimensionless thrust:
F
 ( V 8  1) (7.2)
mV0 V0

The ratio
V 8 can be identified as:
V0
V 8  M 8a 8  M 8  R T 8  M 8 T 8 (7.3)
V 0 M 0a 0 M 0  R T 0 M 0 T 0

The total pressures at positions 0 and 8 can be considered:



P t 0  1   12  1

 M 0 (7.4)
P0  2 

P t 8  1  1 2  1

 M 8 (7.5)
P8  2 

However, from the ideal assumption that the exit pressure matches ambient
conditions, it follows that:
P8  P 0 (7.6)

Also, processes 0 to 1(external flow), 1 to 3 (diffuser), and 4 to 8 (nozzle) are


all isentropic, whereas process 3 to 4 (combustor) is isobaric (constant total
pressure, not to be confused with isobaric). Thus, the total pressure is constant
throughout an ideal ramjet:
P t 0  P t1  P t 3  P t 4  P t 8 (7.7)

Therefore, from Eqs. 7.6 and 7.7,


Pt 0  Pt8 (7.8)
P 0 P8
Thus, from Eqs. 7.4,7.5 and 7.8, one finds that:
M0  M8 (7.9)
2
The Mach numbers at the freestream and exhaust are the same, but not the
velocities. The gas entering the nozzle is very hot since it is just exiting from the
burner. The exhaust velocity can be found using Eqs. 7.9 and 7.3:
V8  T8 (7.10)
V0 T0

For the total temperatures at locations 0 and 8, one finds the ratio
  1 2
T 8 1  M 8
T t8   2  (7.11)
T t0   1 2
T 0 1  M 0
 2 
However, since the Mach numbers are the same,
T 8  T t8 (7.12)
T 0 T t0
Processes 0 to 3 (external and diffuser) and 4 to 8 (nozzle) are both adiabatic;
thus, the total temperatures are constant for these processes:
T t3  T t0 (7.13)
T t8  T t 4 (7.14)
Thus,
T t8  T t 4   , (7.15)
b
T t0 T t3
which is the burner total temperature ratio. Using Eqs. 7.15, 7.12, and 7.10 yields
V8   . (7.16)
b
V0
And so, from Eq. 7.2, a dimensionless quantity is
F
 (  b  1) . (7.17)
mV0
F
And  M 0 (  b  1) . (7.18)
m a0
The fuel flow is given by:
m c p T t 4  T t 3
mf  (7.19)
QR
Thus, the TSFC is
mf
TSFC  (7.20)
F
3
Example 7.1
A ramjet is traveling at Mach 3 at an altitude of 4572 m, the external static
temperature is 258.4 K, and the external static pressure is 57.1 kPa. The heating
value of the fuel is 46520 kJ/kg. Air flows through the engine at 45.35 kg/s. The
burner exit total temperature is 1944 K. Find the thrust, fuel ratio, and TSFC.
J
  1.4, R  287.1 .
kg  K

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