DC Lab

Laboratory report submitted for the partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

by

Pulkit Gupta, Roll No.:18UE157

Course Coordinator
Dr. Santosh Shah

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur

August 2020
Copyright
c The LNMIIT 2020
All Rights Reserved
 Contents

Chapter Page

1 Experiment - 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Hardware Software Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3.1 Types of Line coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3.2 Uni-polar Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 Polar Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Bipolar Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Bi-phase Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7 Excercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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 Chapter 1

Experiment - 3

1.1 Aim
To implement various Line Coding Schemes on MATLAB Simulink and analyze the parametric
changes.

1.2 Hardware Software Required

* Desktop/Laptop
* MATLAB

1.3 Theory
A line code is the code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission line. This
process is chosen so as to avoid overlap and distortion of signal such as inter-symbol interference.

1.3.1 Types of Line coding

There are 3 types of Line Coding

* Uni-polar
* Polar
* Bi-polar

1.3.2 Uni-polar Signaling

Uni-polar signaling is also called as On-Off Keying or simply OOK. The presence of pulse represents
a 1 and the absence of pulse represents a 0. There are two variations in Uni-polar signaling

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* Non Return to Zero (NRZ)
* Return to Zero (RZ)
Uni-polar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ):In this type of uni-polar signaling, a High in data is repre- sented
by a positive pulse called as Mark, which has a duration T0 equal to the symbol bit duration. A
Low in data input has no pulse. The following figure clearly depicts this.

Figure 1.1 Uni-polar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

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 Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ): In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data, though represented
by a Mark pulse, its duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains
high but it immediately returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of the
bit duration. It is clearly understood with the help of the following figure.

Figure 1.2 Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)

1.4 Polar Signaling

There are two methods of Polar Signaling. They are

* Polar NRZ
* Polar RZ
Polar NRZ: In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse, while a Low
in data is represented by a negative pulse.
Polar RZ: In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its
duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high but it immediately
returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of the bit duration.For a Low
input, a negative pulse represents the data, and the zero level remains same for the other half of the bit
duration. The following figure shows this clearly.

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 Figure 1.3 Polar NRZ

1.5 Bipolar Signaling

This is an encoding technique which has three voltage levels namely +, - and 0. Such a signal is
called as duo-binary signal.
An example of this type is Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). For a 1, the voltage level gets a transition
from + to – or from – to +, having alternate 1s to be of equal polarity.
A 0 will have a zero voltage level. Even in this method, we have two types.
* Bipolar NRZ
* Bipolar RZ
From the models so far discussed, we have learnt the difference between NRZ and RZ. It just goes in
the same way here too. The following figure clearly depicts this. The above figure has both the Bipolar
NRZ and RZ waveforms. The pulse duration and symbol bit duration are equal in NRZ type, while the
pulse duration is half of the symbol bit duration in RZ type.

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Figure 1.4 Bipolar NRZ and RZ

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1.6 Bi-phase Encoding
The signal level is checked twice for every bit time, both initially and in the middle. Hence, the clock
rate is double the data transfer rate and thus the modulation rate is also doubled. The clock is taken from
the signal itself. The bandwidth required for this coding is greater. There are two types of Bi-phase
Encoding.
* Bi-phase Manchester
* Differential Manchester
In this type of coding, the transition is done at the middle of the bit-interval. The transition for the
resultant pulse is from High to Low in the middle of the interval, for the input bit 1. While the transition
is from Low to High for the input bit 0.
In this type of coding, there always occurs a transition in the middle of the bit interval. If there occurs
a transition at the beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 0. If no transition occurs at the
beginning of the bit interval, then the input bit is 1. The following figure illustrates the waveforms of
NRZ-L, NRZ-I, Bi-phase Manchester and Differential Manchester coding for different digital inputs.
The above figure has both the Bipolar NRZ and RZ waveforms. The pulse duration and symbol bit
duration are equal in NRZ type, while the pulse duration is half of the symbol bit duration in RZ type.
where mp is the peak value of modulating signal and A is the carrier amplitude, Vmax and Vmin are
maximum and minimum values of the envelope.
2. On DSO observe the modulating signal and modulated signal in time domain. Utilize XY mode of
DSO to see the trapezoidal pattern as shown in the Figure 3. Analyze various cases of modulation and
effect of modulation index on trapezoidal pattern. This pattern provides an idea about the input-output
linearity of the modulator.
3. Calculate the efficiency of the modulation in each case. Use DSO to calculate the carrier power and
the message signal power. Compare your results with the theoretical values. Efficiency is defined as =
Ps/Ps + Pc where Ps is the side-band power and Pc is the carrier power.
4. For the envelope detector, find the values of R and C and demodulate the AM signal.

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Figure 1.5 Bipolar Manchester

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1.7 Excercises

Figure 1.6 Unipolar RZ and Polar RZ Coding

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 Figure 1.7 Graph

Figure 1.8 Bipolar NRZ-RZ Coding

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Figure 1.9 Graph

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