IIntroduction

t d ti to t G-Code
GC d
Programming
Comp ter Integrated Manufacturing
Computer Man fact ring

Unit 2: CNC Machining

In this lesson:
lesson
Review Coordinate Geometry Basics
Identify common Terminology
Examine G and M - Code language
Provide opportunities for Review and
Practice
Rectangular Coordinate System
Y-axis

A (X,Y)
(1,.875)
X axis
X-axis

Origin
g

.125 inch spacing

Ordered Pairs
(1.000,1.000
A )
( 1 125 625)
(-1.125,.625)
B

C
D
(.750,-1.000)

(-.375,-.500)
3D Coordinate System (X
(X,Y,Z)
Y Z)

Z- Y-axis
axis

X-axis
Basic Machine A
Axes:
es 3 axis
a is
Milling Machines: 3 axis
X – axis (table left and
right)
Y – axis (table in and out)
Z – axis (usually the
spindle axis)
Additional Axes
A es
A – axis
i ((angular
l axisi about
b t X - axis)
i )
B – axis ((angular
g axis about Y – axis))
C – axis (angular axis about Z – axis)

U – axis ((secondaryy axis p

parallel to X))
V – axis (secondary axis parallel to Y)
W – axis
i ((secondary
d axis
i parallel
ll l tto Z)
Milling Machines: 4 axis
Terminology
NC – Numerical Control
CNC – Computer Numerical Control
DNC – Direct Numerical Control
APT – Automatic Programmed Tool
CAD – Computer Aided Design
CAM – Computer Aided Manufacturing
CIM – Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Do nload Code Sheet
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G - Code Programming
G – Code
C d P Programming i
g y called the “Word Address”
Originally
programming format.

Processed one line at a time sequentially.

Common Format of a Block
Sequence Preparatory Dimension Feed Spindle Tool Misc.
# Function Words Rate Function Function Function

N50 G90 G01 X1.40Y2.25 F10 S1500 T01 M03

Individual Words
Reserved Code Words Worksheet
N – Sequence or line number
G – Preparatory function
f

Di
Dimension
i Words:
W d
X–
Y–
Z–
Word Address 1
N – Sequence or line number
A tag that identifies the beginning of a block of
code It is used by operators to locate specific
code.
lines of a program when entering data or verifying
the program operation.

G – Preparatory function
G words specify the mode in which the milling
machine is to move along its programmed axes.
Word Address 2
Dimension Words
X – Distance or position in X direction
Y – Distance or position in Y direction
Z – Distance or position in Z direction

M – Miscellaneous functions
M words specify CNC machine functions not
related to dimensions or axial movements.
Word Address 3
F – Feed rate (inches per minute or millimeters per
minute)
Rate at which cutting tool moves along an axis
axis.

S – Spindle speed (rpm – revolutions per minute)

Controls spindle rotation speed.

T – Tool number
Specifies tool to be selected.
selected
Word Address 4
I – Circular cutting reference for x axis

J – Circular cutting reference for y axis

K – Circular cutting reference for z axis

G Word
G words
d or codes
d tell
t ll th
the machine
hi tto
perform certain functions. Most G
words are modal which means they
remain in effect until replaced
p by
y
another modal G code.
Common G Codes
G00 – Rapid positioning mode
Tool is moved along the shortest route to
programmed X X,Y,Z
Y Z position
position. Usually NOT
used for cutting.
G01 – Linear Interpolation mode
Tool is moved along a straight-line path at
programmed rate of speed.

G02 – Circular motion clockwise (cw)

G03 – Circular motion counter clockwise
(ccw)
Common G Codes,
Codes con.,
con
G17 – XY plane
G18 – XZ plane
G19 – YZ plane
G20 – Inch Mode
G21 – Metric Mode
G28 – Return to axis machine Zero
(H
(Home) )
G Codes:
Codes G90
G90, G91
G90 – Absolute Coordinate Reference
References the next position from an absolute
zero point which is set once for the entire
program.

G91 – Incremental Coordinate Reference

References the next position from the previous
position.
position
G Codes:
Codes Canned C
Cycles
cles
G80 – Cancel canned cycle
G81 – Drilling cycle
G83 – Peck
P kd drilling
illi cycle
l
G84 – Tapping cycle
G85 – Boring cycle
G86 – Boring g cycle
y

NOTE: A canned cycle

y stays
y in effect until
cancelled by a G80.
Canned C
Cycles:
cles G81
G81 – Drilling Cycle
Feed to depth, rapid return

Example of program code:

N35 G81 X.500Y.500Z-1.000
X 500Y 500Z 1 000 R.100
R 100 F1.50
F1 50
N36 X1.000Y1.500
N37 X1.500Y2.000
X1 500Y2 000
N38 G80
Canned C
Cycles:
cles G83
G83, G84
G83 – Peck Drilling Cycle
Feed to an intermediate depth, rapid out, rapid
back to just above previous depth
depth, feed to next
depth, rapid out, repeat until reaching full depth.

G84 – Tapping Cycle

This cycle
y creates internal threads in an existing
g
hole.
NOTE: One cannot over-ride the feed rate.
Canned C
Cycles:
cles G85
G85, G86
G85 - Boring Cycle
Feed to depth, feed back out.

G86 – Boring Cycle

Feed to depth, rapid out.
G Codes:
C d Cutter
C tt C Compensation
ti
G40 – Cancel
C l cutter
tt diameter
di t
compensation.
G41 – Cutter compensation left.

G42 – Cutter compensation right.

M Word
M words tell the machine to perform
certain machine related functions,
such as: turn spindle on/off, coolant
on/off, or stop/end program.

Professional Development ID Code: 6006

Common M words
ords
M00 – Programmed pause
Automatically stops machine until operator pushes a button
to resume program.
p g

M01 – Optional stop

A stop acted upon by the machine when operator has
signaled this command by pushing a button.

M02 – End of program

Stops program when all lines of code are completed
completed. Must
be last command in program.
Common M words
ords
M03 – Turn spindle on
In clockwise direction

M04 – Turn spindle on

In counter clockwise direction

M05 – Stop
St spindle
i dl
Usually used prior to tool change or at end of program.

M06 – Tool change

Stops program and calls for a tool change, either
automatically or manually
manually.
Common M words
ords
M08 – Turns Accessory 1 on.
on
M09 – Turns Accessory 1 off.

M10 – Turns Accessory 2 on.

M11 – Turns
T Accessory
A 2 off.
ff

M30 – End of program

Similar to M02 but M30 will also “rewind” the program.
Must be last statement in program.
program If used
used, DO NOT
use M02.
Zero Points
P t Zero
Part Z
– Used for absolute programming mode.
– Usually
U ll a position
iti on th
the partt th
thatt allll absolute
b l t
coordinates are referenced to.
– Changes with different parts and programs
programs.

Machine Zero or Machine Home Position

– Fixed for each machine from the manufacturer.
– Not changeable.
C tter Path Generation
Cutter
Cutter
C tt path th is
i generated
t dbby moving
i ththe
tool from point to point. The points are
previously defined from the part
drawing g dimensions.
Each line of code will show the
destination point of where the tool will
go to.
g
Interpolation
Method of determining intermediate
points along
p g a cutting
gppath.

T
Two methods:
th d
• Linear interpolation – cut a path along a
specified
ifi d angle
l att a specified
ifi d ffeed
d rate.
t
• Circular interpolation – cut a path along an arc
or circle
i l att a specified
ifi d ffeed
d rate.
t
A is movements:
Axis mo ements Caution!
Ca tion!
Multiple axis movements are possible.
“Bestt Practice”
“B P ti ” iis NOT to
t make
k a 3-axis
3 i
movement using one line of code.
Move to position using two axes, X,Y;
th move th
then the Z with
ith an additional
dditi l
line of code.
E
Example
l 1:
1 NC Bl
Block
k
 .125 GRID
T
Top View
Vi NC Bl
Block
k SPACES

Origin
(0,0)
Do nload Worksheet
Download

Click here to open Practice Exercises

 .125 GRID
Worksheet Problem 1 SPACES

D( , ) I( , ) J( , )
B( , ) K( , )

L( , )

E( , )
A( , )

F( , )

C( , )
H( , ) G( , )
Origin
(0,0)
Pa se Lesson
Pause
E ample 1:
Example 1 Program NC
N01 G90 G80 T00
N02 G00 X0 Y3.000 Z1.000
N03 M03 S1000
E ample 1:
Example 1 Program NC
N01 G90 G80 T00
N02 G00 X0 Y3.000 Z1.000
N03 M03 S1000
N04 X.375 Y.250 Z1.000
N05 Z.100
Z 100
N06 G01 Z-.100 F5.00
N07 Y1.750
E ample 1:
Example 1 Program cont’d
N08 X1.250
X1 250 Y.250
Y 250
N09 Y1.750
N10 G00 Z.100
N11 X2.625
X2 625 Y.500
Y 500
N12 GO1 Z-.100
N13 X2.375 Y2.50
N14 X2.000
E ample 1:
Example 1 Program cont’d
N15 X1.750
X1 750 Y.500
Y 500
N16 Y1.500
N17 X2.000 Y1.750
N18 X2.375
N19 X2.625 Y1.500
E ample 1,
Example 1 con.,
con
N20 G00 Z1.000
Z1 000

N21 X0 Y3.000
Y3 000
N22 M05
N23 M30
E
Example
l 2:
2 PLTW Block
Bl k
 .250 GRID
Worksheet Problem 2 SPACE

Oi i
Origin
E ample 2:
Example 2 Top View
Vie M( ,
)
F( , K( ,
J( , ) I( , )
C( , ) ) O( ,
) )

B( ,
) Q( ,
E( , )
)
A( ,
)

L( , P( ,
D( , ) )
G( , ) N( ,
) H( ,
)
Origin )

.250 Grid Space

Pa se Lesson
Pause
E ample 2:
Example 2 PLTW
N01 G90 G80 T01
N02 G00 X0 Y0 Z1.000
N03 M03 S1000
N04 X.750
X 750 Y.500
Y 500 Z1.000
Z1 000
N05 Z.100
N06 G01 Z-.250 F5.00
N07 Y2.500
E ample 2:
Example 2 PLTW cont’d
N08 X1.250
X1 250
N09 G02 X1.250 Y1.500 I1.250 J2.000
N10 G01 X.750
N11 G00 Z.100
Z 100
N12 X2.250 Y2.500
N13 G01 Z-.250
N14 Y.500
E ample 2:
Example 2 Program cont’d
N15 X3.250
N16 G00 Z.100
N17 X4.000
N18 G01 Z-.250
N19 Y2.500
Y2 500
N20 X3.500
N21 X4.500
E ample 2:
Example 2 PLTW cont’d
N22 G00 Z.100
N23 X5.000 Y2.500
N24 G01 Z-.250
N25 X5.500 Y.500
N26 X5.750
X5 750 Y1.500
Y1 500
N27 X6.000 Y.500
N28 X6.500 Y2.500
E ample 2:
Example 2 PLTW cont’d
N29 G00
G Z1.000
N30 X0 Y0
N31 M05
N32 M30
Curriculum Alignment:

Unit 2: CNC Machining

Section 2.3 – CNC Machining
P
PowerPoint
P i t – Introduction
I t d ti to t CNC
PowerPoint – CNC Programming
R f
References:
Oberg, E. & Jones F. D. & Horton, H. L. & Ryffell,
H H.
H. (2000). Machinery
H (2000) Handbook, 26th
Machinery’ss Handbook
ed., New York, NY: Industrial Press Inc.

Valentino, J.V. & Goldenberg, J. (2003).

Introduction to Computer Numerical Control
(CNC), 3rd ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall
Credits:
Writer: Bob Arrendondo
Content Editor: Donna E. Scribner
Narration: Donna E. Scribner
PLTW Editor: Ed Hughes
g
Production: CJ Amarosa
Video Production: CJ Amarosa
Audio: CJ Amarosa
P j t Manager:
Project M D
Donna E
E. S
Scribner
ib