PYTHON - NUMBERS

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Number data types store numeric values. They are immutable data types, means that changing the value of a
number data type results in a newly allocated object.

Number objects are created when you assign a value to them. For example −

var1 = 1
var2 = 10

You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the del statement. The syntax of the del statement is
−

del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]

You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using the del statement. For example −

del var
del var_a, var_b

Python supports four different numerical types −

int signedintegers − They are often called just integers or ints, are positive or negative whole numbers
with no decimal point.

long longintegers − Also called longs, they are integers of unlimited size, written like integers and followed
by an uppercase or lowercase L.

float f loatingpointrealvalues − Also called floats, they represent real numbers and are written with a
decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts. Floats may also be in scientific notation, with E or e
indicating the power of 10 (2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250).

complex complexnumbers − are of the form a + bJ, where a and b are floats and J orj represents the
square root of -1 whichisanimaginarynumber. The real part of the number is a, and the imaginary part is
b. Complex numbers are not used much in Python programming.

Examples

Here are some examples of numbers

int long float complex

10 51924361L 0.0 3.14j

100 -0x19323L 15.20 45.j

 -786 0122L -21.9 9.322e-36j

080 0xDEFABCECBDAECBFBAEL 32.3+e18 .876j

-0490 535633629843L -90. -.6545+0J

-0x260 -052318172735L -32.54e100 3e+26J

0x69 -4721885298529L 70.2-E12 4.53e-7j

Python allows you to use a lowercase L with long, but it is recommended that you use only an uppercase L
to avoid confusion with the number 1. Python displays long integers with an uppercase L.

A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real floating point numbers denoted by a + bj, where a is
the real part and b is the imaginary part of the complex number.

Number Type Conversion

Python converts numbers internally in an expression containing mixed types to a common type for evaluation.
But sometimes, you need to coerce a number explicitly from one type to another to satisfy the requirements of an
operator or function parameter.

Type intx to convert x to a plain integer.

Type longx to convert x to a long integer.

Type floatx to convert x to a floating-point number.

Type complexx to convert x to a complex number with real part x and imaginary part zero.

Type complexx, y to convert x and y to a complex number with real part x and imaginary part y. x and y
are numeric expressions

Mathematical Functions
Python includes following functions that perform mathematical calculations.

Sr.No. Function & Returns description

1 absx

The absolute value of x: the positive distance between x and zero.

2 ceilx

The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x

3 cmpx, y
 -1 if x < y, 0 if x == y, or 1 if x > y

4 expx

The exponential of x: ex

5 fabsx

The absolute value of x.

6 floorx

The floor of x: the largest integer not greater than x

7 logx

The natural logarithm of x, for x> 0

8 log10x

The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0.

9 maxx1, x2, . . .

The largest of its arguments: the value closest to positive infinity

10 minx1, x2, . . .

The smallest of its arguments: the value closest to negative infinity

11 modfx

The fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. Both parts have the same sign as x. The
integer part is returned as a float.

12 powx, y

The value of x**y.

13 roundx[, n]
 x rounded to n digits from the decimal point. Python rounds away from zero as a tie-breaker: round
0.5 is 1.0 and round−0.5 is -1.0.

14 sqrtx

The square root of x for x > 0

Random Number Functions

Random numbers are used for games, simulations, testing, security, and privacy applications. Python includes
following functions that are commonly used.

Sr.No. Function & Description

1 choiceseq

A random item from a list, tuple, or string.

2 randrange [start, ]stop[, step]

A randomly selected element from rangestart, stop, step

3 random

A random float r, such that 0 is less than or equal to r and r is less than 1

4 seed[x]

Sets the integer starting value used in generating random numbers. Call this function before calling
any other random module function. Returns None.

5 shufflelst

Randomizes the items of a list in place. Returns None.

6 uniformx, y

A random float r, such that x is less than or equal to r and r is less than y
Trigonometric Functions
Python includes following functions that perform trigonometric calculations.

Sr.No. Function & Description

1 acosx

Return the arc cosine of x, in radians.

2 asinx

Return the arc sine of x, in radians.

3 atanx

Return the arc tangent of x, in radians.

4 atan2y, x

Return atany/x , in radians.

5 cosx

Return the cosine of x radians.

6 hypotx, y

Return the Euclidean norm, sqrtx ∗ x + y ∗ y .

7 sinx

Return the sine of x radians.

8 tanx

Return the tangent of x radians.

9 degreesx

Converts angle x from radians to degrees.

 10 radiansx

Converts angle x from degrees to radians.

Mathematical Constants
The module also defines two mathematical constants −

Sr.No. Constants & Description

1
pi

The mathematical constant pi.

2
e

The mathematical constant e.