Financial Planning & Strategy: Prof S N Rao 1
Financial Planning & Strategy: Prof S N Rao 1
Financial Planning & Strategy: Prof S N Rao 1
Prof S N Rao 1
Key Concepts and Skills
• Understand the financial planning process and
how decisions are interrelated
• Be able to develop a financial plan using the
percentage of sales approach
• Be able to compute external financing needed
and identify the determinants of a firm’s growth
• Understand the four major decision areas
involved in long‐term financial planning
• Understand how capital structure policy and
dividend policy affect a firm’s ability to grow
Prof S N Rao 2
Elements of Financial Planning
• Investment in new assets – determined by capital budgeting decisions
• Degree of financial leverage – determined by capital structure
decisions
• Cash paid to shareholders – determined by dividend policy decisions
• Liquidity requirements – determined by net working capital decisions
Prof S N Rao 3
Financial Planning Process
• Planning Horizon ‐ divide decisions into short‐run
decisions (usually next 12 months) and long‐run
decisions (usually 2 – 5 years)
• Assumptions and Scenarios
• Make realistic assumptions about important variables
• Run several scenarios where you vary the assumptions by
reasonable amounts
• Determine, at a worst case, normal case, and best case
scenarios
Prof S N Rao 4
Role of Financial Planning
• Examine interactions – help management see the
interactions between decisions
• Explore options – give management a systematic
framework for exploring its opportunities
• Avoid surprises – help management identify possible
outcomes and plan accordingly
• Ensure feasibility and internal consistency – help
management determine if goals can be accomplished
and if the various stated (and unstated) goals of the
firm are consistent with one another
Prof S N Rao 5
Financial Planning Model Ingredients
• Sales Forecast – many cash flows depend directly on the level of
sales (often estimated using sales growth rate)
• Pro Forma Statements – setting up the plan using projected financial
statements allows for consistency and ease of interpretation
• Asset Requirements – the additional assets that will be required to
meet sales projections
• Financial Requirements – the amount of financing needed to pay for
the required assets
• Plug Variable – determined by management deciding what type of
financing will be used to make the balance sheet balance
• Economic Assumptions – explicit assumptions about the coming
economic environment
Prof S N Rao 6
Example: Historical Financial Statements
Prof S N Rao 7
Example: Pro Forma Income Statement
• Initial Assumptions Gourmet Coffee Ltd.
• Revenues will grow at
Pro Forma Income Statement
15% (2,000*1.15)
For Year Ended 2017
• All items are tied
directly to sales, and
the current Revenues 2,300
relationships are
optimal
• Consequently, all Less: costs (1,840)
other items will also
grow at 15%
Net Income 460
Prof S N Rao 44
Example: Pro Forma Balance Sheet
Gourmet Coffee Ltd.
• Case I
Pro Forma Balance Sheet
• Dividends are the plug
variable, so equity Case 1
increases at 15% Assets 1,150 Debt 460
• Dividends = 460 (NI) – 90 Equity 690
(increase in equity) = 370
dividends paid Total 1,150 Total 1,150
Prof S N Rao 10
Example: Income Statement
Toy Emporium Toy Emporium
Pro Forma Income Statement,
Income Statement, 2016
2017
% of Sales 5,500
Sales
Less: costs (3,300)
Sales 5,000
EBT 2,200
Less: costs (3,000) 60%
Less: taxes (880)
EBT 2,000 40%
Net Income 1,320
Less: taxes (800) 16%
(40% of
Dividends 660
EBT)
Net Income 1,200 24% Add. To RE 660
Prof S N Rao 13
Example: Operating at Less than Full
Capacity
• Suppose that the company is currently operating at 80% capacity.
• Full Capacity sales = 5000 / .8 = 6,250
• Estimated sales = Rs.5,500, so we would still only be operating at
88%
• Therefore, no additional fixed assets would be required.
• Pro forma Total Assets = 6,050 + 4,000 = 10,050
• Total Liabilities and Owners’ Equity = 10,250
• Choose plug variable (for Rs.200 EXCESS financing/funds)
• Repay some short‐term debt (decrease ST debt)
• Repay some long‐term debt (decrease LT Debt)
• Buy back stock (decrease share capital)
• Pay more in dividends (reduce Additions To Retained Earnings)
• Increase cash account
Prof S N Rao 14
Work the Web Example
• Looking for estimates of company growth rates?
• What do the analysts have to say?
• Check out Yahoo Finance – click the web surfer, enter a company
ticker and follow the “Analyst Estimates” link
Prof S N Rao 15
Growth and External Financing
• At low growth levels, internal financing (retained
earnings) may exceed the required investment in
assets
• As the growth rate increases, the internal
financing will not be enough, and the firm will
have to go to the capital markets for money
• Examining the relationship between growth and
external financing required is a useful tool in
long‐range planning
Prof S N Rao 16
The Internal Growth Rate
• The internal growth rate tells us how much the firm can
grow assets using retained earnings as the only source
of financing.
• Using the information from Toy Emporium
• ROA = 1200 / 9500 = .1263
• Retention ratio (b) = .5
ROA b
Internal Growth Rate
1 - ROA b
.1263 .5
.0674
1 .1263 .5
6.74%
Prof S N Rao 17
The Sustainable Growth Rate
• The sustainable growth rate tells us how much the firm can grow by using
internally generated funds and issuing debt to maintain a constant debt ratio.
• Using Tasha’s Toy Emporium
• ROE = 1200 / 4100 = .2927
• b = .5
ROE b
Sustainable Growth Rate
1 - ROE b
.2927 .5
.1714
1 .2927 .5
17.14%
Prof S N Rao 18
Determinants of Growth
• Profit margin – operating efficiency
• Total asset turnover – asset use efficiency
• Financial leverage – choice of optimal debt ratio
• Dividend policy – choice of how much to pay to shareholders versus
reinvesting in the firm
Prof S N Rao 19
Important Questions
• It is important to remember that we are working with accounting
numbers; therefore, we must ask ourselves some important questions
as we go through the planning process:
• How does our plan affect the timing and risk of our cash flows?
• Does the plan point out inconsistencies in our goals?
• If we follow this plan, will we maximize owners’ wealth?
Prof S N Rao 20
Comprehensive Problem
• XYZ has the following financial information for 2016:
• Sales = Rs.2M, Net Inc. = Rs.0.4M, Div. = Rs.0.1M
• C.A. = Rs.0.4M, F.A. = Rs.3.6M
• C.L. = Rs.0.2M, LTD = Rs.1M, Share Cap = Rs.2M, R.E. = Rs.0.8M
• What is the sustainable growth rate?
• If 2017 sales are projected to be Rs.2.4M, what is the amount of external
financing needed, assuming XYZ is operating at full capacity, and profit margin
and payout ratio remain constant?
Prof S N Rao 21
Working Capital Policy
Prof S N Rao 22
Working Capital Policy
• Concepts of Working Capital
• Characteristics of current assets
• Factors influencing Working Capital requirement
• Level of current assets
• Current asset financing policy
• Operating cycle
Prof S N Rao 23
Concepts of Working Capital
• Gross Working Capital
• Net Working Capital
• Cash Net Working Capital
Prof S N Rao 24
Proportions of CAs &FAs
CAs FAs Industry
10-20 80-90 Hotels & Restaurants
20-30 70-80 Electricity generation & distribution
30-40 60-70 Aluminum, Shipping
40-50 50-60 Iron and Steel, Chemicals
50-60 40-50 Tea plantation
60-70 30-40 Cotton textiles & Sugar
70-80 20-30 Food Processing, Tobacco
80-90 10-20 Retail
Prof S N Rao 25
Characteristics of CAs
• Short life span & swift transformation
• Cash: 7‐10 days
• Debtors: 30‐60 days
• Inventories: 2‐60 days
Prof S N Rao 26
Current Asset Cycle
Finished goods
Work in process
Debtors
Raw material
Cash
Prof S N Rao 27
Implications for WC Mgt
• Working capital decisions are repetitive and frequent
• There is close interaction among working capital components
Prof S N Rao 28
Factors influencing WC requirements
• Nature of business
• Seasonality of operations
• Production policy/strategy
• Market conditions
• Conditions of supply
Prof S N Rao 29
Working Capital Policy Decision
• Current Asset Policy
• What should be the level of current assets in relation to sales
(CA/Sales)?
• Current Asset Financing Policy
• What should be the level of short‐term financing in relation
to CA?
Prof S N Rao 30
Types of WC Policy
Aggressive OR Moderate
Restrictive Working Capital
Level of Working Capital Policy
Short Term Policy
Financing
Moderate Conservative OR
(STB/CA)
Working Capital Flexible
Policy Working Capital
Policy
Prof S N Rao 31
Optimal Level of CAs
c
o
s
t Total costs
s Carrying costs
Shortage costs
CA*
Prof S N Rao 32
Level of Current Assets
Financing of CAs
Fluctuating CA
Permanent CA
FA
requirement
Time
Prof S N Rao 33
Matching Principle
• Maturity of the sources of financing should match the maturity of the
assets being financed
• Fixed assets and permanent current assets should be financed by
long‐term sources of finance
• Fluctuating current assets should be financed by short‐term sources
of finance
Prof S N Rao 34
Operating Cycle and Cash Cycle
Prof S N Rao 35
Operating Cycle for AL
2002 2003 2004 2005
Avg Inventory 557 503 459 538
COGS/Day 5.36 5.69 7.84 9.68
Inventory period 104 88 59 56
Avg Debtors 580 506 462 432
Net Sales/Day 6.37 7.55 9.42 11.64
Debtors period 91 67 49 37
Operating cycle period 195 155 108 93
Prof S N Rao 36
Operating Cycle for AL
2002 2003 2004 2005
Avg Creditors 314 326 390 549
COGS-Emp cost 1698 1779 2545 3169
(COGS-Emp C)/day 4.65 4.87 6.97 8.68
Creditors period 68 67 56 63
Operating cycle period 195 155 108 93
Cash cycle period 127 88 52 30
Prof S N Rao 37
Estimation of Cash WC Requirement
• Estimate the cash cost of various current assets required by the firm
• Deduct the spontaneous current liabilities from the sum of cash cost
of current assets
• The difference, plus margin of safety, is Cash Working Capital required
Prof S N Rao 38
Working Capital Requirement on Cash Basis‐Example
Sales (credit period: 2months) Rs.3600 crs
Prof S N Rao 39
Working Capital Requirement on Cash Basis
• The company sells its products on gross profit of 25% (computed as %
of sales), counting depreciation as part of the COP
• It keeps one month’s stock each of RM and FG, and cash balance of
Rs.100 crs
• Assuming 20% safety margin, work out the WC requirements on cash
basis (ignore WIP)
Prof S N Rao 40
?
Prof S N Rao 41