SAVE !.

OST HYDROCARBONS
Economics
and value of the absorbed liquids.
Installed cost of equipment $100,000
Recovery from flares which contain solids. Several process Annual operating cost $19,000
vents either contain solids or materials which will ;;"dily Value of recovered product $SS0,000
Payout-less than one year
polyrnerize to form solids. Fig. 3 dernonstrates an applica-
Air vent
tion of liquid ring-compressor technology. The uq"id ring
compressor can tolerate considerable thruput of flne solid-s Absorption
without severe darnage. AdditionallR the compressor can oil supply
compress vapors to-pnessures of 125 psig with tempera- Air-hydrocarbon
Ip
ture rises of 25" F or less due to the iniernal water ivash. mix from
copper sweetening
It{aterials which tend to rapidly polyme rize at high tem- ,
peratures are necovered with rninimal danger of polyrnerl
Liquid rlng
zation. Acidic or basic_ discharges into it flare sptem cornpressor Absorber Oil purn6r
can be toleSt$- by "
ldding pH control to rhe water loop.
Entrained liquid and slugs (other than totally hydraulic
Fig. S-Gopper sweetening unit recovery system.
slugs) can be tolerated without equipment damage.
Recovery from polyethytene plant flara Fig. 4 is an ex- eye of an experienced safety department is a rnust. Alter-
ample of recovery with separation and direct recycle of nately, an outside safety consultant may be userl. The
recovered product to the reactor. fsobutane which is consulting fee will loolc meager compared to the pcrtential
stripped from finished polymer product is adsorbed on loss if an explosion occurs.
activated charcoal, desorbed by vacuurn and fractionated The processirg of vents which originate from lorv pres-
to produce reactor grade butane. This process a^nd other sure sources requires that personnel lvho have ectensive
adsorption processes presented herein lvere derreloped by experience in low pressure relief systems designs revien'
HydroTech Engineering anl are covered by issued and lot the process over-pnessure p rotection equiprnent.
pending IJ. S. and foreign patents. Recovery from air containing vents. Fig. 5 is a recovery
example from a corlrmon air containing vent, The hydro-
Free venl recovety systerrs. As mentioned previousln carbon portion of the vent frorn a copper sweetening
some vent streams rnust be allowed to flow to the atrno- operation is recovered safely by using liquid ring corn-
sphere rather than to the flare because of air contarnina- pressor technology and interfacing the recovery .system
tion or source low pressure. The processing of free vents with the refinery gas processing system,
presents design problems sinrilar to those for flare recovery
systems with the additional consideratioru that air con- Based o,. a paDcr o'*"*ffT.oHB?YtT*dycar Refining ldcetins,
taining rrents present an explosion hazard and the critical Toronto, Cana-da' M"y 9, 1978. f

iriiPil Fi' frfiEnfiurrg ffufimr frllffiS

A new approach to
relief valve load calculations
A calculation method based on rnate values are frequently obtained by nrles of thumb-
Thus, in a fractioniting tower, the relief valve load is
a heat and matefial balance accurately often assurned to be the gross overhead vaPor from the
tower. A simple but systematic method based on heat
finds the amoJlnt ot relieving vapor and and material balance is proposed for a rnore accrtrate
forms the basis tor sizing the reliet Yalve calculation of relief valve load.
A system in normal operation is in dynamic eqtrilib-
riurn- There is no accumJlation of either heat or rnaterial
in the system. When a relief condition occurs' there is ?
frl. Sengupfa and F. Y. Stacts' Fluor Engineers and failure of some part of the heat removal facilities rvhich
Constructols, Inc., frvine, Calif' upsets the dynaraic equilibrium. At this _point_some addi-
tibnal material must ieurr" the systenr through the relief
TrrsRE Is No cornmonly used, consistent rnethod for the valve to carry away the heat that normally would ltave
calculation of relief valve loads, in refineries. Approxi- been ,"*o.,"d. This additional material may be called

160 May L978 HYonocARBoN PnocnsslNc

 6' o Reliefload = M + Lr * Sr* Sr.s
* t, t SP* Sl-s Qc = 225'5 .l rl = 557,880 + 515,200
Relrel load = MMblu/hr + 7,200 + 36,000
f
V = 40,2fi1 lbs/hr

Lt = 515'

Accuntulation R = 399,fl10 lbs/hr

tr{=C SW = 44.000 fbs/hr
S, = 10,000
lbs/hl = 227,00Q lbs/hr

= 58.1 MMbtu/hr
S- - 6000
= 219,3001bs/hr
= 75.0 MMbtu/hr

- 219,200lbs/hr
--7t --7t.
_-.--..-ee -, = 75 MMbtu/hr
Sr = 2000 __Y', \ t-.ig-g=J
l-r - 64.000 tbs/hr ___Y

Ss = 12,800lbs/hr
= ioB MM
ilu/nr
W = 685,5O0 lbs/hr
= 1.9?0,400 lbs/hr
S, = i/.2Q0lbs/hr F - 1,970,400 lbs/hr:l
at-455'F trom
hot resid/cnrde
axchanger

side streams are at exlt of strippers

Slreams Srto Sr arl stripPlng sleam st 140 pslg and 570oF Sicle strearns are at exit of strippers
Strearns S, to S, are stripping steam at 140 psig and 570"F

Fig. ?-Atrnosph eric crud e toiite r-norrn al con d ition'

Flg, 2-Atrnospheric crude tower-relief condition'
bal-
the product streams shown in the heat and material
maierial accumulation rts magnitude can be rnathenratic- ance. The balance shows how the material
o.c,unzulation
ilt dehrrrined. It is the amount of material which rnust factor is used to account for any discrepancies
made in
be removed to maintain the system heat balance' and permits a nlor€ loglql calculation of
the assumptions
vaPor pTtiSg
rhe properties and .ottaitions of the total
Excmple. In a crude distillation tower, some of
the con- is the sum orf the
as causes of through the relief valve. That vaPor
ditions which should oormally be considered
relieving are: TABLE
- 1-Heat and material balance at
normii operating conditions'
o Cooling \vater failure
Specific ilole- Totat heat
Tgmp. EnthalPY
o Total Power failure Ftow
(lbs./hr.) t5'#t
cular
wclght State ('F) (Btu/lb.) ilHBtu/hr,
Stream
o Partial Power failure In: I
F:l L 455 298 il.98
o Reflux failure v.... ...1 4olm L 455 zil 130,8s
.Lr......1 515200
L 455 248 s6.30
Lz, -....1 221,w It 455 243 53.30
o Fire Lr......1
tr+......1
219.3m
219100
L
L
455
4s5
244
236
52.61
15.11

performed for a tr's......1 64.000 2s0 157.67

L
Relief valve 10ad cal.culations can be
455
r......1 685,5fl)
L 455 436 3.14

failure- in the sylteT'

Br. --. .-r 7.200 48.14
situation invorving partial pozuer_ $r-s. 35,m0
Y :1: ::T 0-00

,Similar calcr,rlations *"y b; performed for each of the M . , .. .. '' 0 368 00

sizing th:t*d ?o"':'"'.

orher failure conditions iisted and the final
897.11
Total..... 2,014.400
A of the
be based on the ***i*"* possible load' sketch e25
Out: v 155 230
is shorvn in Fig' 1 lv.hile v.... {0,200 43.79
tou,er under normal conditiotts
Table I shorvs its heat and nraterial balance-
ri+ J illus- Lr.. .. . ...
Lz. -... ..,
.... ..,
5l,5,200
u7,0w
2ls:300
63.6
44.3
3t.9
T L
L
L
155
3{0
415
85
175
2Zg
2n
n.72
48.24
61.8t
under relief- For sirnplifi.li?1,
.L3. L 515
33.8
*ates the same sysrem L+. , ... .., 2le;200 L 58s 325 20.80
28.6
as shown in Table Ls......., A2
64,000 234.44
L 640
heat and rrrateriar balaice is performed Ir. . ..... 6Ss;5fl1
3l:l ii" Ir 155 124 0.90

ouir.r. the physical co'didons sr'., 7,2W

l8
1.56
2. by d.efining the systern Sr.s...... .0
36.800 :?: .'.:.0. 0.00

*ost easily available' For examPle' the if ,...... 58.10

and properties Qs.t-.--- 75.00
"rt of entrance to
feed to the torver rs taken at the point
75.00
Qs-c...- -
225.50
and QB-g- -- - -
point the feed comPosition Qc- . -.--.
the feed heater. At ttris be calcu-
6lr-rr
duty can
conditions are known "rd the heater Total. . . . 2,014,400

lated. For ease of calculation, it is *.'*td that the feed

the sanre components as ffisinequi|ibriumundernorma[conditionsaccurnu|ationifiszero.
to the system consists of exactry
161

HvonocARBoN PeocssslNc M"Y

1978
 SAVE LOST HVDROCARBONS
cqlculation of stresm ?ernperoture during
rerief.
TABLE 2-Heat and materiar batance Relief valve set pressure
- 3I psig : 45.? psia.
at relief condition.
Equilibriurn pressure = Rerief valve set pressure
+'10 percent 1eJi9f
g+.L
Flow
Specific
gravity
lf,ole-
cular
- p;ig 4g.B psi;. =
Strerm (lbs./ha) ("APt) Tenp. Enthalpy Total heat
weight State (oF) (8tu/b.) ll{illBtu/hr. Relief temper:atures from Cox Chart:
Nolmal Operatirg
Vt...r.,
L3.,....
L2..,... dt:ifl8| a:; 66.7 L
L
155
{55
298 ll.ltg Stream Ternggratures
Relief

("F) Temperafures
254 130.96
E1 ...... L {s5
Lq,...., inffil #i ::.:
L
L
455
218
24s
56.30
53.30
V,In i'r.)
Ls......
W. . .... eff:8$ | tf:S
L
455
455
210
236
52.61
l5.ll 281 310
ii' ' L 155 2W lfi.67 L2 34{^
Wl *' 130
l8
L
v
L
455
570
335
436
r308
3.14
4&t4
l78trfrtFr
Lx +rc 37r
4+5
'1 360.12 Ln s 15 545
Totat. . .. - 2,014,400
+M L5 585 620
Out:
v..., 40:00
W 620 650
Lt -,... ... 5rs;200
66.7 v 310 296 rL90
h:6 v
Lz. ... ,.. . u7;0m {4,3 L
3r0
3lr
2A
200
146.n luloteriql cccumulstion cqrcurqtion.
Lt....... 219,300 37.9 45.40
!t.. .
o

2lg,2W 33.8 ::::

L
L
445 236 5I.75 By difference ro close the heat balance (Table
b5........ 64;lloo 2&6 L
515 303 66.41 2).
v......?. 685;5m 21.0 L
6?0
650
352 22.52
363 248.U
$T;:::::::
7,2W
36,t00
I8 v 310 ll&t g.n Rellef lood cqlculolion.
t{........ ut l8 v 3I0 rr83
Qc.....-..
58 130 V 335 296
t3.54
296!fxlft Total relief Ioad = M * v + L, * ($" * .$r_u)
6f,.i::::::
/t5.10
sg.I0
: S57,9S0 + 40,200 + 515,20'0 +
7s.00
Total. .... 2,014,4ffi
44,000
+.lf - I ,li7,z$0 lbs. lhr.
r Cghulated by differeme
as shown below:
lleat in - out TOTAL RELIEF LOAD
trI=---- Heat
-
(Egg.23 - g2&4) X I()e
n*" - 1*, E = 557'880 lbs/trr'
Flow
Flor tol. (moles/ Temp. Enthaloy Total heat
Stream (lbs./hr.) m. hr.) State (oF) (Btu/lltj (*lilStu/he
material accumulation, the overhead vapor product, M.....
y.... ., strr,rs0 130 4,291.39 v
the {0J00 66.7 v
335 296 165.13
overhead liquid product and sour water. Lt... -. 515;200 tM,
502.7
5,051.0 v
3t0 296 Il.g0
3r0 2U !{6.32
The calculations involve the following assurnptions: Total HC.. I l.llg,2go I Ill.gf 9,945.09 v 316 ,9o4{
Stearn.. . . ,f4,000 323.35
I8 v rr83
,

.....-,I | 2,4U.41 3t0 l 5?.05

1. Partial power failure occurs, causing one Tolal
of the side BeliFf :. .... 1,157,290
v g3t6
reflux PumPs and the overhead air cootJ. to 93.40 12,399.52 375.{0
fail.
2- The air cooler continues to rernove z0 percent
of
its normal duty by natural convection. Relief vcrlve load colculotion. This relief load is di-
3. No steam is condensed. vided betrveen the relief valve on the tower
and the
overhead accurnulator. The accumulator is designea
+- Feed at its normal rate and temperature continues handle the norrnal overhrld vapor load of.40,z00jbs.th;,
io
to enter the tower. Hgwever, because of vapor suppres- should the vapor outlet be biocked for sorne reason.
sion, the heater duty is srighity decreased. Therefore, the vapor rernainiry to be relieved b), the
5. The top reflux drum holds 12 minutes of reflux. relief valves on rhe tower: r,I5i,2s0 - +a,ioo r,rrzr-
6' The top reflux is on flow control. The 080 lbs. lhr. -
overhead Molecular weight = g3.4
Iiguid product is on level control-
Temperature - g160 F.
7. The instantaneous equilibrium is taken ar about
minutes after the initial flilure, a time when
15
the reflux
r rn the above example, relief valve load is 16.5 per-
drum is empty except for the srnarl amount of cent higher than what *oltd conventionally have
b.",
liquid
rvhich continues to be condensed as reflux- use{- But for a debutanieer, this method gives a
24 per-
B. The liquid cent reduction in load. Thus, use of the 6asic heat
and
fras by now been evaporated from the top mate'ial balance principre gi.r.r dependabre and accu-
trays and in so doing has removed hlat
from the sysh;. rate answers for the quantity and physical properties
At this moment when the heat and material barance is
of
being made, the Jiquid is being evaporated the relieved vapor.
from the
fourlfr Tly frorn the rgp. The qiarrrity of ,*, evaporat-
ils liquid represents th" material a,ccurnulation, and its
NOMENCLATURE
physical properties may be taken to be those fiaf = rnaterial accumulation
of the ]iq.riJ hu = enthalp y of rnateriai *".r*ulation
on that tray.
Subscripts
a = vaDor
CATCUIATION STEPS J = liquid
The following steps surnrn arize the calculations for
the
relief valve load. . B"qLd- o-n thc paperr r.-il:Tr:JT"T":Ht
i T,'fi th lil *-
-n" *, rv p res e n te d t o
t r, d
"
ini,'ifru;il; T;;;;:".#ll*d;',oni,fl

162
Nray 1978 HvunocARBoN PnocnssrNc
 ':i

by rules of thumb. Thus, in a frac-

I
!' i'

,:l
.ii tionating tower the relief valve load
. rl
.ii
ls often taken as the gross overhead
::t
!i
'':.;
vapor from the tower. ':
'!: Recognizing that a system in normal
.:t
l:i operation is in dynamic equilibriun
: ii
that there is no accumulation of
:
'ii
i.!!
"nA heat or material in the syst€rn,
either
| . i.
i:'. a simple heat and material balaneri
i :'i:
can be written for a fractionatlng;
tower,

Calculati ons improved When a relief condition occurs there

is a failure of some Part of the heat
removal facilities, thus upsetting the

for relief'valve load dynanric equilibrium

At this point some additional ttril:
terial must leave the system vi1 the
relief valve so as to carry away the
M. Sexcupre consideration to be in instantaneous
'heat that normally would have been
F. Y. Sre.rts equilibrlum during the transient pe-
removed by the fictlities which havi
Fluor Engineers & Constnrctors, Inc' riod of relieving. failed. This additional material nay
Irvine, California For the practical application of this be called "material accumulation,"
method each systern must be individ- (M) and its magnitude can be math+
"

THERE does not aPPear to be a well ually analyzed to take into account matically determined as that amount
recognized and consistent method for tlre characteristic mechanical features of material which must be removed to
tbe iatcutation of relief valve loads and modes of control of the system as maintain tle systerp heat balance..
in the refining industry. well as the various circumstances that In order to make a heat and ma-
This artlcle outlines a simple met!' can cause relieving to occur- terial balance during this transierit
od for relief valve load calculation The maximum relief load resulting period, a Particular moment during
based on rigorous heat and material from all probable failure conditions which the whole system can be con:
balance..It issumes the system under then forms the basis for sizing the sidered to be in instantaneous equili-
relief valve. brium is chosen. At this instant alt'
Based on a PaPer PreseTted at the 43rd
More accurate. FreqtrenilY, while process conditions necessary to t$p
American Petroleum Institute midyear r€- calculating relief valve loads, engi- I heat and material balance are either
fining meeting, Toronto, MaY 8-11, 1978.
neers arrive at approximate values known or can be stiPulated' fire maj
terial accumulation defined earlier can
Table 1
then be caleulated' :

Heat material balance at normal condition* In practice every system ltf -dif-
fereni mechauical teatures and ditfer-
Enthalsv Total heat
ent nodes of control, leading to mauy
Temp.
Flow
(lbf x4 Statet (oF.) BTU/I6} ITIMBTU/hT different situations which may cause'
relief to occur. Each case must thene"
(Feedl
v L 455 298 11,98
40,200
L 455 254 130.86
Ll 515,200
n7,a00 L 455 248 56.30
The authors
L2
219,300 L 45s 243 53.30
Lr
l* L 455 240 52.61
219,200
64,000 L 455 236 15.11
Ls
685,500 L 455 230 157.67
tT
45s
:1
L 438 3.14
Sr 7,200
49.14
St-t 36,800
M 0t Y. '::: 0.00
368.00
Qr
ggl.1l
Total: 2,014000

0ut
-
v 155 230 9,25
v co,2oo
L 155 85 43.79
L1
L2
515,200
227,000 L 340 175 39.72 liiadhu Sengupta Franlt Staats
L 415 220 48.24
Lg 219,300
282 61,81
kT,1,,llnfioo'i,l:,lJ' TlIi$ lfil,l':t {iil
219,200 L 515
L1
325 20,80
L5 64,000 L
L
585
620 342 .234,44 Eninedring & Constructors soutnern uutt'
sh.e. ho,ry.t. t
1,T 695,500
L 155 r24 0.90 ffita
"i; iliiision at lriini, calit'
-indiiieeilne
S" 7,200 bs ;iilrni&t frorn the ..lnotan
4,56
Sr-s
M
36,800
0t : T: li: 0.00
59.10 ll'H$t'- t;I;fi lll tfl;[!ftr--'#l J ltt,i ll
Q"-g 75,00 versity of Windsor, Canada.
0"-l
'0"r 75.00
Frank Y. Staats is manager procgss ,eryineer'
225,50 -& 0onstructors lnc.'
0" iil"id'Fid; insi,idirc _

Total: 2,014,400
897.11 ilfipf,' i;ili; wftil he .superv'::1^"tt"ottff,
tod,
*See fig 1, tL =
Ii-qufd' YaPor' +Sittt. the system - rrormal
is in equitibrium under fl8rutt, T:!?L'J T' Tl'lfill', n'
Y,=
M is zero' ffi* tile Giver"siii of Southern -",''ii$L'i
Califotnta
conditidns, acculnutation

22' 1978
THE OIL AND GAS JOURN AL -MAY
 Fig I
forebeanalyzedindividuallyandthe
-nrrrst
;;Jttions acc€unt for the par- crude tower at norrnal and relief conditions
;;ffi teatrrres of the system under
studY'
In a cnrde distillation tower
some
wtrich should' ror-
of the conditions as causes of re-
il"iiv t, considered
fallure' total
V=0
Iieving are cooling ryater failure'
u = 40;200 lblhr
;;A failure, Pirtiat Power Relief locd = [l* tr + Sr+
tn,o and fre' $-s =o .= 225,5 trll{BlU/ltt
'-ielieffailure, load calculations
Q

valve can Q. = 45.1 lilfilBTU/hr p$,

for a situation involving -I
b;;;rfrrmed Aar,mulolion PSU- | v = 40,200 lb/hr
{artiat poygr failute" in
the system
ll=0
under constderation. similar
calcula- ,u=oLrTslISoo
dorumaybeperformedforeachof
Accumulotion
(by differencel i+- Lr=0
lb/ht
ifre otnef failurL conditions listed
and
tt = lsl,8&l lb/hr SW
il, tin"t sizing should be based on tle isour wufrl = 4+,000 lt/hr
'=
*utimun Possible load' SIT {sour vaferl 0

A skerchbt tle tower under normal St = 10'000- tz = 227,000 lb/hr

conditions is shown in Fig'- l' Table --J

tt t
1 shows its heat and material balance. f \r/'
- o, = sg.l fittttTu/tr
Fig, 2 illustrates the same sYstem
SE = 6,000 lb/hl t3 - 2t 9,t00 lb/hr
under
- relief. ---i]-r.------+,-'
for simplification, the heat and rna- Q E-. =lI.0 llfrtBtu/hr
terial balance is perforured as shown
in Table 2 bY defining the systeq so = 6000 lb/h1
k = zleJo0'lb/h
wbere the
PhYstcal conditions and J.
properties
- are most eastly available" f-t-- ., l-- 88-r = 75.0 }ltlBlU/hr
For examPle, the feed to the tower Sr = 2000 lb/hr "/
---J [s=
q€
-l = 0
istakenattlrcpointofentralrceto
the feed heater. At tbis Point the Feed {B =
6{,000 lb/hr

feedcompositionandconditionsare 1,970,400 lb/hr

known ane the heater duty can be fed [S.]
stiPutated.
jr;m[/h;
Steam in
i
For ease of calculation, it is fls- At 455" F.
sumed tbat the feed to the system con- fiom hot Ss = 12,800 lb/hr
resid/crude
sists of exactly the same components
as the product streams shown in the
exchonger
W (bottoms) = 685J00 lb/hr
heat and naterial balance.
fie balance shows how the "ma' 0, = 368 llildru/hr
ffiial accumulation" factor is used Q., = 360'12 Mt'tBIU/hr
to accotrnt for any discrepancies made
in the aszumptions and Permits a
more logical caleulation of tlte prop- !ld* $dc sfreoms oru ol irit of ttdpfers. $reornl
f'
erdes and conditions of the total v&- StT$; tttipptttg stcsn ot 140 pig orrd 570o

por passing through the relief vahte.

Thaf trapof is tbe.sum of the material
accumulaffon, the overhead vapor
-psig - 48.8 Psia.
product, the overhead Iiquid product, is empty except for the srnall amount are strown in
of tiquid which continues to be con- R-elief temperaftres
. and sour water. Table 3.
The calculations involve the follow- densed as reflux-
8. The tiquid has bY now been evap
Material accumulafion calculafion:
ing assurnptions: By difference to close the heat bal-
l. Partial Po$ter failure occurs' omted frorn the top traYs and 'in so
doing has removed heat from the ance (Table 2r.
causing one of the side refltx Pumps Relief load calculation:
system. At this moment when the
and the overhead air cooler to fail.
Gat and rnaterial balance is being Totat relief load = M + V + Lr *
2. The air cooler continues to rr+ +
40,200 + 515'200 +
move 20Vo of its normal duff bY nat- made, the liquid is being evaporated SW = 55?,880
(Table 4)'
1,15'/,280 lblhr
ural convection. from the fourth tray from the top' 44,000 =reliet load ls divided between
The quantify of this evaporating liq' Tlris
3. No steam is condensed- the relief valve on the torrer and &e
4. Feed at its norrral rate and tem- uid represents the "tnaterial accurnu-
lation,i' and its physical properties overhead accumulator. fire accumu-
perature continues to enter the tower.
may be taken to be those of the liquid lator is designed to handle the normal
However, due to vapor suppression ttre overhead vapor load of 40,200 lb/hr'
heater duty is sllghtly dect?ased- on that traY'
Ttre following stePs surnrnanze ) the should the vipor outlet be blocked for
5. The toP reflrx dnrm holds 12 min some reason. Tltetefore, ttre vapor
of reflux. calculations foi the relief valve load.
Calculation of stream temperafirres remaining to be relierred by the -lelief
6. The top reflrrx is on flow control. valves on the tower is 1,157,280
The overhead liquid Product is on druing reliefl lb/hr.
Iwel control. netiet valve set Pressure = 31 Psig 40,200 = 1,117,080
The molecular weigbt is 93.4; tem-
7, The instantaneurs equilibrium is = 45.7 Psia'
: re- perature, 316" F.
taken at about t5 min after the initial Equilibriurn relief Pressure It is believed that the
failure, a time when the reflux dntm lief valve set pressure + l\Vo = 34'1 Advantages"

?n
TFIE otl, AND cAs JoURNAL MAY 22' 1978
-
 Ttble 2
-\
balance g|gglef condirion*
Flor
Stream
fir/id Iemp.
Slataf Total heat
Feed
u
trF.i irfltitffi illfBIU/hr Japans First
40,M t 455
.H Ll 515;2oo
u7,000
219J00
t
L
t
1I5
1q5
455
Zsg
254
z4i
11.99
130.96
56.30
Flexicoker
t 2lg,2W t .455
4ss
z4i 53.30
try
$n
64,000
695,500
7,m t
L
L
455
240
tdd
52.61
15.11 tarnes tough
ff-' 36,900 v 4I5
szo
zso
4i6
157.67
3.14
ilf 335 doi
-m
At t 49.14
17SMx10-6
360.12
feedstocks
2,A14,409
+ trl ggg.23 TOA OIr, co' started up the finst
--l-
corr.
+ t78lilxlr mercial Flexicoker at it9 f"wasaq
Japan refinery in Septemn
r-iriit'
v ffi2W v 310
_,Fis- r is a slmpun.fo direrfi'Ji trc
zl'3f/0|bld unit wtricn i
LI
L'
ri
515;200
227,w :/
.L
ho
gll
296
2U I46.32
11.90 p
ment of Erqon Research g fogiiler.
a*ufqtr
l*
16
219,3{10
2lg,zw t
I.L
/145
s4s
200
236
45.40
51.75
ing Co. (ER&E).
The Toa Flexicoker @nverts
64,000 303 66.41 heary,
TT
6g5,loo 620 392 high-sulfur Middle East vacuum

[v
.L
Se 680 n.52 tEsi_
7,200 363 249.u dua to clean petruleum produets
36,900 u83 and
t-f 9.52 environmeutally clean nret
irt 3r8
i'ss
1I83 #1.54 l.r-rilu,
yeetiug-Japanese alr and *EturquA-
Q. 296 ------ :5r
itY stauaards.
296trh10-6
Qr-u
45,10
Qn-. 59.10 D. E. Blaser, ER&E Flortam part,
N,J,, and A. lVf. Edelman, EEm
Total 2,0I4{00 ___75.0
search &
io
+tl 923.40
Developmemt f.aboratories,
aSee Fg. 2. + 296trlxl0{ laton Tgoge ra., teprrec *;qpr;-
^tC"l
Ilcat itr --vrvr'!v e! ence wifir ttre Toa Oil untt
- Heat
--v4 ooi'
vxr rr'.-_-
Wherq M ered Fledcoker applicafions
"od-G.
M=---
h- : =
cnthalpy
lVfaterial accumulation in-
paper for the ApI midyear refininga
hrt - hxr V= yaDOf - ."Eiinr accumulation
M=
(889.23
- EZl.4)x ltr I= Iiquic
meeting in Tomnto.
The authors said tbat fuitiar star&'p
296 _l7g
557,8S0 tbs/hr of the unit was relaflvety aouUf"Gr*.
=
Shortly after shrt+rp,- ti pro.iurt
rrere on specification and gohg to
sales. Some of the problems"*o&u*
method described above has tered during earty qperation
3 the fot_ rtrere
Relief temperatureJfablo Iowlng advantages: spalling and erusion of rtmactory rir.d
o It allolps a logical and uniform pipes. Problenls were solved
&omCox Aharr proach to ttre prcblem ap Uil,tang-
and is-appiic- iog the_ t1rye of retractory aiA by a
able to a wide variety of systeniJ' minor internal configurafron .nuigr.
lformal
. olerating ftfief
I In preceding exanple otiuf -lFoilo$$ is a repon on perfonm_
mppgr3turcs tcmpcrrturcs rralve load is !6.iTo Iighe"E; ance of the unit by Btaser and Edel_
*t!;1*,. *frgrrsi;- would conventionally hive been
*,ir"t
Stream urrd. rnan.
But for a debutanizer this ocetnoO Perfomolc{g. Table I
V' Lr 281 310 gves a L4To reduction in naA t.|r performance tesl
summarizes
utilization of the basic heat ;d -;_
tnus Fresh
h 34{l 37r druing the Sday perioA averageC orar
feed
!g 415 445 terial balance principle give, Arp**
.l* 515 545 able and accurate an$rers for {.rigrr, as tirnit"c Uv feed avi[abilfty.
!r
lV 585 620
quantity and physical properfies the At a later date, the unit was qp.ogfo
620 650
relieved vapor.
of ttre at ItSVo of desigR, and for ; sbort
period, at ll2% of design. The
tatter
test, otr a vgry high sui-n, feed, m,
teruinated because of the inability
Total reliefload Table 4
to remove the large quantity of suttur
FIow iful. Florr
firm the Stretford uirit.
$Uean ll!/[d fft tmoles/lril
Temp, Feeq prqperties for ttre te$ perid
(OFJ
E'fiffih ,il113"['if'
[f
v
557,AAO
N,2W
130
66.7
42e138 'v 335 296 165.13
were similar to design properties-. Con_
radson carbon \pas itilt uy tower and
Lr 515,200 t02
602_7 V 310 ?96 . 146.32
ll.go snlfur was higher than derign teed.
ToTtr ilc I,t f 3;280 lll.g4
5,051.0
9,945.09
v
Y
310
3tE
?u
290.44 - Ihe Ca nninus and Cs fietds are
Ilg:l 39.3t
Steam 44,000 t8
Tobl 2,44p'.44 v 310
-
52.ffi
Iower than design, wbile tli, C* yield
Relhf: t,157,290 $1.{ll 12,399.52 v
=316 g?i.40 i:. dgsisn. TG naphrha vieia is
"l
y,bstantially greateJ thAn desiEp while
the total gas oil is slightly be]ow de-