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Chapter 1 Distance, speed and time.
Chapter 2 The triangle.
Chapter 3 The 1 in 60 rule.
Chapter 4 Compasses.
Chapter 5 Weather.

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 Regular checks of Estimated Time of Arrival
(ETA) are important. These calculations help
the crew to determine that:

a) The aircraft has sufficient b) The wind velocity will not

fuel to reach the destination. change.

c) They are flying the shortest d) The drift is correct.

route.
 Regular checks of Estimated Time of Arrival
(ETA) are important. These calculations help
the crew to determine that:

a) The aircraft has sufficient b) The wind velocity will not

fuel to reach the destination. change.

c) They are flying the shortest d) The drift is correct.

route.
 Aircrew are always aware of their Estimated
Time of Arrival (ETA). Why is this?

a) Fuel flow rate depends on b) It is the easiest calculation to

ETA. do.

c) It is important for fuel d) A revised ETA tells them the

calculations and air traffic wind has changed.
control purposes.
 Aircrew are always aware of their Estimated
Time of Arrival (ETA). Why is this?

a) Fuel flow rate depends on b) It is the easiest calculation to

ETA. do. .

c) It is important for fuel d) A revised ETA tells them the

calculations and air traffic wind has changed.
control purposes.
 Distance on the earth's surface is measured in
nautical miles (nm). Which of the following is
true?

a) One nm is equal to one b) One nm equals 1/10,000th of

minute of latitude. the distance from the North Pole
to the Equator.
c) One nm is equal to 5280 feet. d) One nm is equal to one
minute of longitude.
 Distance on the earth's surface is measured in
nautical miles (nm). Which of the following is
true?

a) One nm is equal to one b) One nm equals 1/10,000th of

minute of latitude. the distance from the North Pole
to the Equator.
c) One nm is equal to 5280 feet. d) One nm is equal to one
minute of longitude.
 One degree of latitude is equal to:

a) 360 nms b) 60 nms

c) 60 kms d) 1 nm
 One degree of latitude is equal to:

a) 360 nms b) 60 nms

c) 60 kms d) 1 nm
 One minute of latitude on the earth's surface is
equal to:

a) 1 nautical mile. b) 60 nautical miles.

c) 1 knot. d) 1 km.
 One minute of latitude on the earth's surface is
equal to:

a) 1 nautical mile. b) 60 nautical miles.

c) 1 knot. d) 1 km.
Distances should
not be measured Longitude
using parallels
as they converge
towards the
poles.

45ºE
0º 15ºE 30ºE

Only at the
equator does
one degree of
longitude equal
60 nm.
Distances measured 75º N
using scales along 60º N Latitude
the meridians will
be accurate. 45º N
30º N

15º N

0º
 The LATITUDE of a point is its distance
measured in degrees and minutes:

a) From the Greenwich (Prime) b) From the true North Pole.

Meridian.

c) North or South of the d) From the true South Pole.

Equator.
 The LATITUDE of a point is its distance
measured in degrees and minutes:

a) From the Greenwich (Prime) b) From the true North Pole.

Meridian.

c) North or South of the d) From the true South Pole.

Equator.
 The distance between two points on a navigation
chart can be measured with dividers. What
scale will then be used to convert that distance
to nautical miles?

a) The minute scale along a b) 1:50,000 scale.

meridian close to the area of
interest on the chart.
c) The minute scale along a d) Any meridian scale off any
parallel of latitude. chart.
 The distance between two points on a navigation
chart can be measured with dividers. What
scale will then be used to convert that distance
to nautical miles?

a) The minute scale along a b) 1:50,000 scale.

meridian close to the area of
interest on the chart.
c) The minute scale along a d) Any meridian scale off any
parallel of latitude. chart.
 In Germany, Kiel is due north of Wartzburg. If
Kiel's latitude is 54 20N and Wartzburg's is 49
48N how far are they apart?

a) 272 nm b) 2720 nm

c) 27.2 nm d) 227 nm
 In Germany, Kiel is due north of Wartzburg. If
Kiel's latitude is 54 20N and Wartzburg's is 49
48N how far are they apart?

a) 272 nm b) 2720 nm

c) 27.2 nm d) 227 nm

Each degree is 60 nm each minute is 1 nm.

Wartzburg is 12 minutes South of 50N, Kiel 20 minutes
North of 54N.
50N to 54N is 4 degrees. Each degree is 60 nm.
4 x 60 + 12 + 20 = 272 nm.
 Oslo airport (Norway) is due north of
Braunschweig airfield near Hanover
(Germany). If their latitudes are 59 53N and 52
20N respectively, how far are they apart?

a) 453 nm b) 454 nm

c) 554 nm d) 445 nm
 Oslo airport (Norway) is due north of
Braunschweig airfield near Hanover
(Germany). If their latitudes are 59 53N and 52
20N respectively, how far are they apart?

a) 453 nm b) 454 nm

c) 554 nm d) 445 nm

52 20N to 59 53N is 7 degrees and 33 minutes.

Each degree is 60 nm, each minute is 1 nm.
7 degrees x 60 nm = 420nm, plus 33nm = 453nm.
 Your destination airfield is situated due south of
your departure airfield. If the two latitudes are
63 25N and 57 58N, how far are they apart?

a) 327 b) 317

c) 323 d) 333
 Your destination airfield is situated due south of
your departure airfield. If the two latitudes are
63 25N and 57 58N, how far are they apart?

a) 327 b) 317

c) 323 d) 333
 Dundee is due north of Abergavenny. If their
latitudes are 56 27N and 51 50N, how far are
they apart?

a) 277 kms. b) 323 kms.

c) 323 nms. d) 277 nms.

 Dundee is due north of Abergavenny. If their
latitudes are 56 27N and 51 50N, how far are
they apart?

a) 277 kms. b) 323 kms.

c) 323 nms. d) 277 nms.

 In aviation, speed is measured in:

a) kilometres per hour (km/hr). b) miles per hour (mph).

c) knots (kts). d) metres per hour (m/hr).

 In aviation, speed is measured in:

a) kilometres per hour (km/hr). b) miles per hour (mph).

c) knots (kts). d) metres per hour (m/hr).

 The Air Speed Indicator (ASI) calculates speed
by:

a) Measuring the pressure b) Measuring the pitot pressure.

difference between pitot and
static pressures.
c) Measuring the static pressure. d) Multiplying pitot pressure by
static pressure.
 The Air Speed Indicator (ASI) calculates speed
by:

a) Measuring the pressure b) Measuring the pitot pressure.

difference between pitot and
static pressures.
c) Measuring the static pressure. d) Multiplying pitot pressure by
static pressure.
 Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) is:

a) Pitot pressure minus static b) IAS after correction for

pressure. pressure error and instrument
error.
c) Always less than IAS. d) Always greater than IAS.
 Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) is:

a) Pitot pressure minus static b) IAS after correction for

pressure. pressure error and instrument
error.
c) Always less than IAS. d) Always greater than IAS.
 Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) equals Indicated
Air Speed (IAS) plus corrections for:

a) Altitude error. b) Pressure error.

c) Instrument error. d) Pressure and instrument

error.
 Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) equals Indicated
Air Speed (IAS) plus corrections for:

a) Altitude error. b) Pressure error.

c) Instrument error. d) Pressure and instrument

error.
 When Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) is corrected
for altitude and temperature, it becomes:

a) True Air Speed (TAS). b) Indicated Airspeed (IAS).

c) Mach Number. d) Indicated Groundspeed.

 When Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) is corrected
for altitude and temperature, it becomes:

a) True Air Speed (TAS). b) Indicated Airspeed (IAS).

c) Mach Number. d) Indicated Groundspeed.

 How fast must an aircraft fly to cover 1200 nm
in 3 hours?

a) 400 kts b) 800 kts

c) 400 mph d) 3600 kts

 How fast must an aircraft fly to cover 1200 nm
in 3 hours?

a) 400 kts b) 800 kts

c) 400 mph d) 3600 kts

1200 nm in 3 hours requires the aircraft to cover 400 nm each hour

(1200 / 3 = 400). 400 nm per hour = 400 knots.
 A Hercules is flying at a groundspeed of 210 kts.
How far will it travel in 3 hours?

a) 630 nms. b) 70 nms

c) 630 km. d) 210 nms.

 A Hercules is flying at a groundspeed of 210 kts.
How far will it travel in 3 hours?

a) 630 nms. b) 70 nms

c) 630 km. d) 210 nms.

3 hours @ 210 kts (nautical miles per hour) = 630 nautical miles.
 A Tornado flies from its base to a target in 30
minutes. If the distance is 250 nms, what speed
is it flying at?

a) 125 kts. b) 500 kts.

c) 750 kts.. d) 800 kts.

 A Tornado flies from its base to a target in 30
minutes. If the distance is 250 nms, what speed
is it flying at?

a) 125 kts. b) 500 kts.

c) 750 kts. d) 800 kts.

250 nms in 30 minutes means the aircraft would cover 500 nms in
one hour, giving a speed of 500 kts.
 A Nimrod flies on patrol for nine hours at a
speed of 300 kts. How far does it travel in this
time?

a) 2400 nms. b) 2700 nms.

c) 3000 nms. d) 3900 nms.

 A Nimrod flies on patrol for nine hours at a
speed of 300 kts. How far does it travel in this
time?

a) 2400 nms. b) 2700 nms.

c) 3000 nms. d) 3900 nms.

 A Hercules flies from A to B, a distance of 1000 nms
at a groundspeed of 250 kts. How long does the
flight take?

a) 3 hrs 20 mins. b) 4 hrs.

c) 3 hrs 30 ins. d) 5 hrs.

 A Hercules flies from A to B, a distance of 1000 nms
at a groundspeed of 250 kts. How long does the
flight take?

a) 3 hrs 20 mins. b) 4 hrs.

c) 3 hrs 30 mins. d) 5 hrs.

 Universal Time (UT) time is used as standard in
military and commercial aviation. By what
other name is it known?

a) British Summer Time (BST). b) European Daylight Saving

Time (EDST).

c) Greenwich Mean Time d) Local Time (LT) i.e. the time

(GMT). of the country over which the
aircraft is flying.
 Universal Time (UT) time is used as standard in
military and commercial aviation. By what
other name is it known?

a) British Summer Time (BST). b) European Daylight Saving

Time (EDST).

c) Greenwich Mean Time d) Local Time (LT) i.e. the time

(GMT). of the country over which the
aircraft is flying.

GMT is also known as Z or ZULU time, eg 0800Z is 8 a.m. GMT, or

sometimes UTC, which stands for Universal Time Constant.
Return to
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 Velocity consists of:

a) Speed only. b) Direction only.

c) Speed and direction together. d) Several speed vectors

together.
 Velocity consists of:

a) Speed only. b) Direction only.

c) Speed and direction together. d) Several speed vectors

together.
 A vector is a representation on paper of:

a) Speed. b) Time.

c) Direction. d) Direction and speed.

 A vector is a representation on paper of:

a) Speed. b) Time.

c) Direction. d) Direction and speed.

 A vector is a line, drawn to represent a velocity.
This is achieved by:

a) The bearing represents knots b) The bearing represents speed

at all times. and the length represents
direction.
c) The length represents mph at d) The bearing represents
all times. direction and the length
represents speed.
 A vector is a line, drawn to represent a velocity.
This is achieved by:

a) The bearing represents knots b) The bearing represents speed

at all times. and the length represents
direction.
c) The length represents mph at d) The bearing represents
all times. direction and the length
represents speed.
 In the diagram, vector 2 is added to vector 1.
What is vector 3 (A-C) known as?

a) The ready vector. b) Current.

c) The resultant vector. d) Drift.

1 2

A C
3
 In the diagram, vector 2 is added to vector 1.
What is vector 3 (A-C) known as?

a) The ready vector. b) Current.

c) The resultant vector. d) Drift

1 2

A C
3
 In the triangle of velocities, DRIFT is:

a) The bearing of the wind b) The angle between the wind

vector. and track vectors.

c) The angle between heading d) The angle between heading

and track vectors. and wind vectors.
 In the triangle of velocities, DRIFT is:

a) The bearing of the wind b) The angle between the wind

vector. and track vectors.

c) The angle between heading d) The angle between heading

and track vectors. and wind vectors.
 In the air triangle, the heading vector includes 2
components. They are:

a) Heading and wind velocity. b) Heading and groundspeed.

c) Heading and drift. d) Heading and true air speed.

 In the air triangle, the heading vector includes 2
components. They are:

a) Heading and wind velocity. b) Heading and groundspeed.

c) Heading and drift. d) Heading and true air speed.

 In the air triangle, the track vector includes 2
components. They are:

a) Track and drift. b) Track and heading.

c) Track and groundspeed. d) Track and true air speed.

 In the air triangle, the track vector includes 2
components. They are:

a) Track and drift. b) Track and heading.

c) Track and groundspeed. d) Track and true air speed.

 In the air triangle, the wind vector includes 2
components. They are:

a) Wind speed and drift. b) Wind speed and heading.

c) Wind speed and the direction d) Wind speed and track.

the wind is blowing from.
 In the air triangle, the wind vector includes 2
components. They are:

a) Wind speed and drift. b) Wind speed and heading.

c) Wind speed and the direction d) Wind speed and track.

the wind is blowing from.
 In the Air Triangle shown below, name the
components of the 3rd side, represented by a
dotted line:

a) Wind velocity. b) Heading and true airspeed.

c) Drift and groundspeed. d) Track and groundspeed.

 In the Air Triangle shown below, name the
components of the 3rd side, represented by a
dotted line:

a) Wind velocity. b) Heading and true airspeed.

c) Drift and groundspeed. d) Track and groundspeed.

 In the Air Triangle shown below, name the
components of the 3rd side, represented by a
dotted line:

a) Wind direction and speed. b) Heading and true airspeed.

c) Drift and groundspeed. d) Drift.

 In the Air Triangle shown below, name the
components of the 3rd side, represented by a
dotted line:

a) Wind direction and speed. b) Heading and true airspeed.

c) Drift and groundspeed. d) Drift.

 The Air Triangle of velocities can be used to
calculate flight data. There are 6 elements in
total. How many elements are needed to
calculate those missing?

a) 2 b) 4

c) 5 d) 6
 The Air Triangle of velocities can be used to
calculate flight data. There are 6 elements in
total. How many elements are needed to
calculate those missing?

a) 2 b) 4

c) 5 d) 6

Any of the four elements will enable the remaining two to be found.
 You are flying at 120 kts groundspeed. How
long will it take to fly 20 nms?

a) 60 minutes. b) 10 minutes.

c) 6 minutes. d) 2 minutes.
 You are flying at 120 kts groundspeed. How
long will it take to fly 20 nms?

a) 60 minutes. b) 10 minutes.

c) 6 minutes. d) 2 minutes.

120 kts is 120 nms per hour or 2 nms per minute.

To fly 20 nms at 2 nms per minute would take 10 minutes.
 You are flying a Tornado at 420 kts
groundspeed. How many miles do you travel
each minute?

a) 42 nm b) 8 nm

c) 7 nm d) 6 nm
 You are flying a Tornado at 420 kts
groundspeed. How many miles do you travel
each minute?

a) 42 nm b) 8 nm

c) 7 nm d) 6 nm

There are 60 minutes in each hour.

420 divided by 60 is 7 nm per minute.
 You fly between 2 features on the ground and
you notice it takes 3 minutes. If the features are
18 nm apart, what is your groundspeed?

a) 54 kts b) 180 kts

c) 280 kts d) 360 kts

 You fly between 2 features on the ground and
you notice it takes 3 minutes. If the features are
18 nm apart, what is your groundspeed?

a) 54 kts b) 180 kts

c) 280 kts d) 360 kts

3 minutes to cover 18 nm is 6 nm per minute.

Each hour is 60 minutes, you will cover 6 x 60 = 360 nm per hour.
 An aircraft departs from base, but does not
arrive at the destination on its Estimated Time
of Arrival (ETA). What action will Air Traffic
Control take?

a) No immediate action is b) Close down and go home.

required.

c) Contact the departure base. d) Initiate overdue action.

 An aircraft departs from base, but does not
arrive at the destination on its Estimated Time
of Arrival (ETA). What action will Air Traffic
Control take?

a) No immediate action is b) Close down and go home.

required.

c) Contact the departure base. d) Initiate overdue action.

Return to
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A Track Required
B

A line drawn on the map between departure and

destination (or from one turning point to another) is
known as the Track Required.
 pinpoint
Track Made Good

A Track Required
B

If the aircraft drifts off track, then the line from our
departure airfield to our present position is known as
Track Made Good (TMG).
 An aircraft is flying from point A to point B.
Halfway a pinpoint fix shows it to be off track. A
line between point A and the fix would be
known as:

a) Drift. b) Revised track.

c) Track made good. d) Track required.

 An aircraft is flying from point A to point B.
Halfway a pinpoint fix shows it to be off track. A
line between point A and the fix would be
known as:

a) Drift. b) Revised track.

c) Track made good. d) Track required.

 pinpoint
Track Made Good
Track Error
A Track Required
B

The angle between the Track Required and the Track

Made Good (the actual track of the aircraft) is called
the Track Error (TE).
 pinpoint
Track Made Good
Track Error
A Track Required
B

Good (TMG) one degree off the Track Required, after 60

miles of flying the aircraft will be one mile
 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
10 miles
T E = 10 degrees
A Track Required
B

Similarly, if an aircraft flies a Track Made Good

(TMG) ten degrees off the Track Required, after 60
miles of flying the aircraft will be ten miles off track.
 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
10 miles
T E = 10 degrees
A Track Required
B

The pilot now has the information he requires to get

the aircraft back on track.
 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
10 miles
T E = 10 degrees
A Track Required
B

The rule works for track errors up to 23 degrees.

 30 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
4 miles
TE
A Track Required
B

Where the aircraft has flown less than 60 miles the

triangle has to be extended to determine how far the
aircraft would be off track after 60 miles.
 30 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
4 miles
TE
A Track Required
B

In this example the aircraft is 4 miles off track after

just 30 miles. After 60 miles it would be 8 miles off
track giving a Track Error (TE) of 8 degrees.
 40 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
6 miles
TE
A Track Required
B

Here the aircraft is 6 miles off track after 40 miles.

After 60 miles therefore, it would be 9 miles off track
giving a Track Error (TE) of 9 degrees.
 Using the 1 in 60 rule, calculate how many miles
off track an aircraft will be if it flies 60 nm with
a track error of 2 degrees.

a) 60 nms b) 6 nms

c) 4 nms d) 2 nms
 Using the 1 in 60 rule, calculate how many miles
off track an aircraft will be if it flies 60 nm with
a track error of 2 degrees.

a) 60 nms b) 6 nms

c) 4 nms d) 2 nms
 An aircraft flies a track made good, 3 degrees in
error from the required track. Using the 1 in 60
rule, how many miles off track will the aircraft
be after 60 miles of flying?

a) 2 nms b) 6 nms

c) 1 nm d) 3 nms
 An aircraft flies a track made good, 3 degrees in
error from the required track. Using the 1 in 60
rule, how many miles off track will the aircraft
be after 60 miles of flying?

a) 2 nms b) 6 nms

c) 1 nm d) 3 nms
 An aircraft is flying from A to B, after 20 nms it
is found to be 3 nms off track. What is the track
error?

a) 6 degrees. b) 2 degrees.

c) 9 degrees. d) 4 degrees.
 An aircraft is flying from A to B, after 20 nms it
is found to be 3 nms off track. What is the track
error?

a) 6 degrees. b) 2 degrees.

c) 9 degrees. d) 4 degrees.

If the aircraft was 3 nms off track after 20 nms, projecting ahead it
would be 9 nms off track after 60 nms, therefore 9 degrees.
 120 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
6 miles
TE
A Track Required
B

Where the aircraft has flown more than 60 miles

before obtaining a pinpoint, you must determine how
far the aircraft was off track back at the 60 mile point.
 120 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
6 miles
TE
A Track Required
B

In this example the aircraft is 6 miles off track after

120 miles, so would have been 3 miles off track after
60 miles, a 3 degree Track Error.
 90 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
6 miles
TE
A Track Required
B

Here the aircraft is 6 miles off track after 90 miles, so

would have been 4 miles off track after 60 miles
a 4 degree Track Error.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

Once a pilot has determined his position and therefore

his Track Error, then he can adjust his heading.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

The aircraft is to the left of the Track Required, so

must turn to the right. If the Track Error is 8 degrees,
by how many degrees should he change heading?
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good
A TE B
Track Required

If he turns by only eight degrees (the Track Error) the

pilot will only parallel the Track Required.

A further eight degrees (16 degrees in all) will put him

back on track after another 60 miles.
 60 miles 60 miles

pinpoint
Track Made Good Revised Track
TE Closing Angle
A Track Required
B

This new track is known as the Revised Track.

The angle between the Revised Track and the original

Track Required is the Closing Angle (CA).
 An aircraft is flying from point A to point B. A
pinpoint fix shows it to be off track. A line from
the pinpoint fix to point B would be known as:

a) Track made good. b) Track required.

c) Revised track. d) Heading required.

 An aircraft is flying from point A to point B. A
pinpoint fix shows it to be off track. A line from
the pinpoint fix to point B would be known as:

a) Track made good. b) Track required.

c) Revised track. d) Heading required.

 An aircraft is flying from A to B, a distance of
120 nm. Halfway, a fix shows the aircraft to be 4
nm right of track. What heading change does
the pilot require to reach point B?

a) 8 degrees right b) 8 degrees left

c) 4 degrees right d) 4 degrees left

 An aircraft is flying from A to B, a distance of
120 nm. Halfway, a fix shows the aircraft to be 4
nm right of track. What heading change does
the pilot require to reach point B?

a) 8 degrees right b) 8 degrees left

c) 4 degrees rght d) 4 degrees left

 20 nm after takeoff for a pre-planned destination,
a pilot finds that he is 3 nm off track. By how
much does the pilot need to turn to regain the
intended track after flying a further 20 nm?

a) 18 degrees b) 9 degrees

c) 6 degrees d) 3 degrees
 20 nm after takeoff for a pre-planned destination,
a pilot finds that he is 3 nm off track. By how
much does the pilot need to turn to regain the
intended track after flying a further 20 nm?

a) 18 degrees b) 9 degrees

c) 6 degrees d) 3 degrees
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

When the pinpoint is not exactly halfway along the

track, a little more thought is required.

Each triangle must be evaluated separately.

 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
4nm
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

After 30 miles the aircraft is 4 miles off track. The

Track Error is therefore 8 degrees.

Turning eight degrees to the right will parallel the

Track Required.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
4 nm
A CA B
Track Required

The pilot must turn further right to get onto the

Revised Track but by how much?

He is paralleling the Track Required, so must continue to turn

through an angle equivalent to the Closing Angle (CA).
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
4 nm
A CA B
Track Required

As the aircraft was 4 miles off track, using the 1 in 60

rule gives a Closing Angle (CA) of 4 degrees.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
4 nm
A CA B
Track Required

As the aircraft was 4 miles off track, using the 1 in 60

rule gives a Closing Angle (CA) of 4 degrees.

The pilot must turn 12 degrees in all, 8 degrees to parallel the

Track Required and 4 degrees to get onto the Revised Track.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

As the aircraft was 4 miles off track, using the 1 in 60

rule gives a Closing Angle (CA) of 4 degrees.

The pilot must turn 12 degrees in all, 8 degrees to parallel the

Track Required and 4 degrees to get onto the Revised Track.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

As the aircraft was 4 miles off track, using the 1 in 60

rule gives a Closing Angle (CA) of 4 degrees.

The pilot must turn 12 degrees in all, 8 degrees to parallel the

Track Required and 4 degrees to get onto the Revised Track.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

As the aircraft was 4 miles off track, using the 1 in 60

rule gives a Closing Angle (CA) of 4 degrees.

The pilot must turn 12 degrees in all, 8 degrees to parallel the

Track Required and 4 degrees to get onto the Revised Track.
 30 miles 60 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
A CA B
Track Required

As the aircraft was 4 miles off track, using the 1 in 60

rule gives a Closing Angle (CA) of 4 degrees.

The pilot must turn 12 degrees in all, 8 degrees to parallel the

Track Required and 4 degrees to get onto the Revised Track.
 An aircraft flying from A to B finds itself 6 nms
off track. It has a further 60 nms to travel.
What is the required closing angle?

a) 10 degrees b) 6 degrees

c) 3 degrees d) 2 degrees
 An aircraft flying from A to B finds itself 6 nms
off track. It has a further 60 nms to travel.
What is the required closing angle?

a) 10 degrees b) 6 degrees

c) 3 degrees d) 2 degrees
 An aircraft flying from A to B finds itself 4 nms
off track. It has a further 60 nms to travel.
What is the required closing angle?

a) 6 degrees b) 4 degrees

c) 3 degrees d) 2 degrees
 An aircraft flying from A to B finds itself 4 nms
off track. It has a further 60 nms to travel.
What is the required closing angle?

a) 6 degrees b) 4 degrees

c) 3 degrees d) 2 degrees
An aircraft flying from A to B is found to be off track at
the pinpoint shown below. The pilot calculates the track
error as 6 degrees and the closing angle of 3 degrees. By
how much does the pilot need to turn to reach point B?

a) 9 degrees to the left b) 9 degrees to the right

c) 2 degrees to the left d) 2 degrees to the right

An aircraft flying from A to B is found to be off track at
the pinpoint shown below. The pilot calculates the track
error as 6 degrees and the closing angle of 3 degrees. By
how much does the pilot need to turn to reach point B?

a) 9 degrees to the left b) 9 degrees to the right

c) 2 degrees to the left d) 2 degrees to the right

An aircraft flying from A to B is found to be off track at
the pinpoint shown below. The pilot calculates the track
error as 12 degrees and the closing angle of 8 degrees. By
how much does the pilot need to turn to reach point B?

a) 20 degrees to the right b) 12 degrees to the right

c) 8 degrees to the right d) 4 degrees to the right

An aircraft flying from A to B is found to be off track at
the pinpoint shown below. The pilot calculates the track
error as 12 degrees and the closing angle of 8 degrees. By
how much does the pilot need to turn to reach point B?

a) 20 degrees to the right b) 12 degrees to the right

c) 8 degrees to the right d) 4 degrees to the right

 40 miles 30 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
6m
A TE CA B
Track Required

Here is an example of the most complex problem you

will face in the examination.

After flying for 40 miles the aircraft is 6 miles off track. It has
a further 30 miles to travel. By how much does the pilot need
to turn to regain track at B?
 40 miles 20 miles
pinpoint
TMG 9 miles
6m
A TE B
Track Required

To solve this problem you must consider the two

triangles individually.

Extend the first triangle the full 60 miles to find out how far
you would be off track there
 40 miles 20 miles
pinpoint
TMG 9 miles
6m
A TE B
Track Required

After 60 miles you would be 9 miles off track. The Track

Error is therefore 9 degrees.

This is the angle you must turn right to parallel the Track
Required
 30 miles 30 miles
pinpoint
12 miles Revised Track
6m
A CA B
Track Required

As you only have 30 miles to travel the Closing Angle

can be found by projecting the triangle back to 60 miles.

This gives a Closing Angle of 12 degrees and this must be

added to the 9 degrees already turned to regain track at B.
 40 miles 30 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
6m
A TE CA B
Track Required

The Track Error of 9 degrees plus the Closing Angle of 12

degrees requires a turn of 21 degrees to regain track at B.

In the examination always draw the triangles on scrap paper to

check the sums.
 40 miles 30 miles
pinpoint
TMG Revised Track
6m
A TE CA B
Track Required

For simplification, in all of these examples the aircraft has

been off track to the left.

Examination questions have Track Errors left and right.

 An aircraft flying from A to B finds that after 40
nms it is 4 nms off track. It has a further 60 nms
to travel. By how much does the pilot need to
turn to regain the intended track at B?

a) 12 degrees b) 10 degrees

c) 6 degrees d) 4 degrees
 An aircraft flying from A to B finds that after 40
nms it is 4 nms off track. It has a further 60 nms
to travel. By how much does the pilot need to
turn to regain the intended track at B?

a) 12 degrees b) 10 degrees

c) 6 degrees d) 4 degrees
 An aircraft flying from A to B finds that after 30
nms it is 4 nms left of track. It has a further 40
nms to travel. By how much does the pilot need
to turn to regain the intended track at B?

a) 16 degrees to the right b) 14 degrees to the right

c) 14 degrees to the left d) 12 degrees to the left

 An aircraft flying from A to B finds that after 30
nms it is 4 nms left of track. It has a further 40
nms to travel. By how much does the pilot need
to turn to regain the intended track at B?

a) 16 degrees to the right b) 14 degrees to the right

c) 14 degrees to the left d) 12 degrees to the left

 An aircraft flying from A to B finds that after 20
nms it is 2 nms right of track. It has a further 40
nms to travel. By how much does the pilot need
to turn to regain the intended track at B?

a) 12 degrees to the left b) 9 degrees to the left

c) 6 degrees to the left d) 6 degrees to the right

 An aircraft flying from A to B finds that after 20
nms it is 2 nms right of track. It has a further 40
nms to travel. By how much does the pilot need
to turn to regain the intended track at B?

a) 12 degrees to the left b) 9 degrees to the left

c) 6 degrees to the left d) 6 degrees to the right

 An aircraft flying from A to B finds that after 40
nms it is 6 nms right of track. It has a further 30
nms to travel. By how much does the pilot need
to turn to regain the intended track at B?

a) 24 degrees right b) 21 degrees left

c) 18 degrees left d) 12 degrees left

 An aircraft flying from A to B finds that after 40
nms it is 6 nms right of track. It has a further 30
nms to travel. By how much does the pilot need
to turn to regain the intended track at B?

a) 24 degrees right b) 21 degrees left

c) 18 degrees left d) 12 degrees left

Return to
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Magnetic North True North Pole
Pole
 Where are variation values at their greatest?

a) In the Northern hemisphere. b) In polar regions.

c) At the equator. d) In the Southern hemisphere.

 Where are variation values at their greatest?

a) In the Northern hemisphere. b) In polar regions.

c) At the equator. d) In the Southern hemisphere.

 As a compass nears the Magnetic North Pole,
the compass detector will try and point at the
magnetic material inside the Earth. This tilting
is called:

a) Drip. b) Drop.

c) Dip. d) Variation.
 As a compass nears the Magnetic North Pole,
the compass detector will try and point at the
magnetic material inside the Earth. This tilting
is called:

a) Drip. b) Drop.

c) Dip. d) Variation.
 When would a Direct Indicating Compass (DIC)
be most accurate?

a) In unaccelerated flight. b) In a turn.

c) In a steady climb. d) In a steady descent.

 When would a Direct Indicating Compass (DIC)
be most accurate?

a) In unaccelerated flight. b) In a turn.

c) In a steady climb. d) In a steady descent.

 Which of the following statements is true,
concerning the Direct Indicating Compass
(DIC)?

a) The DIC gives a reading of b) The DIC needs only a small

aircraft true heading. power supply.

c) The DIC is not affected by d) The DIC only reads magnetic

turns and accelerations. headings.
 Which of the following statements is true,
concerning the Direct Indicating Compass
(DIC)?

a) The DIC gives a reading of b) The DIC needs only a small

aircraft true heading. power supply.

c) The DIC is not affected by d) The DIC only reads magnetic

turns and accelerations. headings.
 All RAF aircraft are equipped with a Direct
Indicating Compass (DIC). Why is this?

a) The DIC is the most accurate b) The DIC is not affected by

compass available. turns or accelerations.

c) The DIC gives a reading of d) The DIC is reliable and needs

true heading. no power supply.
 All RAF aircraft are equipped with a Direct
Indicating Compass (DIC). Why is this?

a) The DIC is the most accurate b) The DIC is not affected by

compass available. turns or accelerations.

c) The DIC gives a reading of d) The DIC is reliable and needs

true heading. no power supply.
 Which of the following is not a component
within a Gyro-magnetic compass system?

a) A turn / acceleration cut-out b) A gyroscope.

switch.

c) A suspended magnet. d) A flux valve magnetic

detector.
 Which of the following is not a component
within a Gyro-magnetic compass system?

a) A turn / acceleration cut-out b) A gyroscope.

switch.

c) A suspended magnet. d) A flux valve magnetic

detector.
 Which of the following statements about the
Gyro-magnetic compass is true?

a) When the aircraft climbs or b) The gyroscope takes over from

descends, the flux valve takes the flux valve whenever the
over from the gyroscope. aircraft turns.
c) The Gyro-magnetic compass d) The flux valve controls the
is less accurate than the Direct speed of the gyroscope.
Indicating Compass.
 Which of the following statements about the
Gyro-magnetic compass is true?

a) When the aircraft climbs or b) The gyroscope takes over from

descends, the flux valve takes the flux valve whenever the
over from the gyroscope. aircraft turns.
c) The Gyro-magnetic compass d) The flux valve controls the
is less accurate than the Direct speed of the gyroscope.
Indicating Compass.
 Which of the following is one advantage of a
gyro-magnetic compass over a Direct Indicating
Compass?

a) A gyro-magnetic compass b) A gyro-magnetic compass can

requires no electricity. feed repeaters around the
aircraft.
c) A gyro-magnetic compass is d) A gyro-magnetic compass
cheaper. does not work during turns or
accelerations.
 Which of the following is one advantage of a
gyro-magnetic compass over a Direct Indicating
Compass?

a) A gyro-magnetic compass b) A gyro-magnetic compass can

requires no electricity. feed repeaters around the
aircraft.
c) A gyro-magnetic compass is d) A gyro-magnetic compass
cheaper. does not work during turns or
accelerations.
 A gyroscope cannot be perfect, and so over a
period of time it becomes inaccurate, this is
called:

a) Gyro wander. b) Variation.

c) Gyro rigidity. d) Turn / acceleration error.

 A gyroscope cannot be perfect, and so over a
period of time it becomes inaccurate, this is
called:

a) Gyro wander. b) Variation.

c) Gyro rigidity. d) Turn / acceleration error.

 What principle does an Inertial Navigation
System (INS) use to calculate the position of the
aircraft?

a) A gyroscope feeds position to b) The navigator must update the

the computer. system all the time.

c) It uses compass heading and d) It is set accurately on the

doppler values to compute ground, then measures
aircraft position. acceleration in the fore, aft and
lateral.
 What principle does an Inertial Navigation
System (INS) use to calculate the position of the
aircraft?

a) A gyroscope feeds position to b) The navigator must update the

the computer. system all the time.

c) It uses compass heading and d) It is set accurately on the

doppler values to compute ground, then measures
aircraft position. acceleration in the fore, aft and
lateral.
 Within an Inertial Navigation System the
movement of the aircraft is measured by sensors
called:

a) Axis. b) Accelerators.

c) Accelerometers. d) Inertials.
 Within an Inertial Navigation System the
movement of the aircraft is measured by sensors
called:

a) Axis. b) Accelerators.

c) Accelerometers. d) Inertials.
Return to
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 Beginners may only fly in good weather
conditions. These conditions are called:

a) Instrument Meteorological b) Runway Visual Range (RVR).

Conditions (IMC).

c) Visual Circuits (VC). d) Visual Meteorological

Conditions (VMC).
 Beginners may only fly in good weather
conditions. These conditions are called:

a) Instrument Meteorological b) Runway Visual Range (RVR).

Conditions (IMC).

c) Visual Circuits (VC). d) Visual Meteorological

Conditions (VMC).
 In order to fly in Instrument Met Conditions
(IMC), which of the following are required:

a) A clear windscreen canopy. b) No cloud in the local area.

c) An instrument rating only. d) The correct instrumentation

and a suitable pilot instrument
rating.
 In order to fly in Instrument Met Conditions
(IMC), which of the following are required:

a) A clear windscreen canopy. b) No cloud in the local area.

c) An instrument rating only. d) The correct instrumentation

and a suitable pilot instrument
rating.
 In order to fly a visual circuit, a trainee pilot
requires:

a) No wind. b) Good visibility and no cloud in

the sky.

c) Good visibility and no wind. d) Visibility and cloudbase

conditions to meet the
aerodrome controller's
requirements.
 In order to fly a visual circuit, a trainee pilot
requires:

a) No wind. b) Good visibility and no cloud in

the sky.

c) Good visibility and no wind. d) Visibility and cloudbase

conditions to meet the
aerodrome controller's
requirements.
 Why does an aircraft take off into wind?

a) To increase the groundspeed b) To take off at a lower airspeed.

at take off.

c) To use the full length of the d) To decrease the length of take

runway. off run.
 Why does an aircraft take off into wind?

a) To increase the groundspeed b) To take off at a lower airspeed.

at take off.

c) To use the full length of the d) To decrease the length of take

runway. off run.
 A wind is blowing at 90 degrees angle off the
runway direction. If the wind speed is 20 kts,
what is the crosswind component?

a) 2 kts b) 10 kts

c) 12 kts d) 20 kts
 A wind is blowing at 90 degrees angle off the
runway direction. If the wind speed is 20 kts,
what is the crosswind component?

a) 2 kts b) 10 kts

c) 12 kts d) 20 kts
 The wind is blowing directly down the length of
a runway. What is the crosswind component?

a) Equal to the wind's speed. b) Equal to 3/4 of wind speed.

c) Equal to half the wind speed. d) Zero.

 The wind is blowing directly down the length of
a runway. What is the crosswind component?

a) Equal to the wind's speed. b) Equal to 3/4 of wind speed.

c) Equal to half the wind speed. d) Zero.

 The airfield has a covering of shallow fog. A
pilot circling directly overhead sees the runway
lights clearly. However, on the approach to land
he may have great difficulty seeing any lights.
Why is this?

a) Runway lights are designed b) Fog is more dense closer to the

to be seen from high level only. ground.

c) Fog will appear thicker when d) The thickest fog always settles
on the glide path because the at the end of the runway.
pilot is looking at a shallower
angle.
 The airfield has a covering of shallow fog. A
pilot circling directly overhead sees the runway
lights clearly. However, on the approach to land
he may have great difficulty seeing any lights.
Why is this?

a) Runway lights are designed b) Fog is more dense closer to the

to be seen from high level only. ground.

c) Fog will appear thicker when d) The thickest fog always settles
on the glide path because the at the end of the runway.
pilot is looking at a shallower
angle.
 During periods of poor visibility due to fog,
ATC will advise the pilot of the slant visibility
along the runway. This visibility is measured
accurately and is known as:

a) Runway Range. b) Runway Visual Range.

c) Runway Radar Range. d) Glide Slope Visibility.

 During periods of poor visibility due to fog,
ATC will advise the pilot of the slant visibility
along the runway. This visibility is measured
accurately and is known as:

a) Runway Range. b) Runway Visual Range.

c) Runway Radar Range. d) Glide Slope Visibility.

 The collective noun for rain, sleet, snow and hail
is:

a) Participation. b) VMC.

c) IMC. d) Precipation.
 The collective noun for rain, sleet, snow and hail
is:

a) Participation. b) VMC.

c) IMC. d) Precipitation.
 What problems can be caused by heavy rain?

a) Heavy snow. b) Runway Visual Range.

c) Thunderstorms. d) Restricted visibility and

runway flooding.
 What problems can be caused by heavy rain?

a) Heavy snow. b) Runway Visual Range.

c) Thunderstorms. d) Restricted visibility and

runway flooding.
 What problems can be caused by precipitation
at freezing temperatures?

a) Crosswinds. b) Icing.

c) Fog. d) Thunderstorms.
 What problems can be caused by precipitation
at freezing temperatures?

a) Crosswinds. b) Icing.

c) Fog. d) Thunderstorms.
 What can be the effects of heavy icing on an
aircraft's performance?

a) Loss of aerodynamics only. b) Loss of aerodynamics and

reduced engine performance.

c) It will fly much slower. d) There is no adverse affect on

an aircraft's performance.
 What can be the effects of heavy icing on an
aircraft's performance?

a) Loss of aerodynamics only. b) Loss of aerodynamics and

reduced engine performance.

c) It will fly much slower. d) There is no adverse affect on

an aircraft's performance.
 What effect can icing have on the aerodynamics
of an aircraft?

a) The windscreen may freeze b) Lift will decrease and weight

over. will increase.

c) Ice forming on the leading d) There will be no adverse

edge of the wing will increase effect on the aerodynamics.
lift.
 What effect can icing have on the aerodynamics
of an aircraft?

a) The windscreen may freeze b) Lift will decrease and weight

over. will increase.

c) Ice forming on the leading d) There will be no adverse

edge of the wing will increase effect on the aerodynamics.
lift.
 A flight briefing indicates icing en-route. The
aircraft has no ice protection. What advice
would you give a novice pilot?

a) Fly above the cloud. b) Fly slowly, the icing will have
less effect.

c) Fly quickly, the icing will have d) Plan a route avoiding icing
less effect. conditions or cancel the flight.
 A flight briefing indicates icing en-route. The
aircraft has no ice protection. What advice
would you give a novice pilot?

a) Fly above the cloud. b) Fly slowly, the icing will have
less effect.

c) Fly quickly, the icing will have d) Plan a route avoiding icing
less effect. conditions or cancel the flight.
 Which way does the Earth revolve on its axis?

a) East to West. b) West to East.

c) North to South. d) South to North.

 Which way does the Earth revolve on its axis?

a) East to West. b) West to East.

c) North to South. d) South to North.

The sun appears to rise in the East and set in the West.
As the sun is actually stationary, it is the Earth which is revolving
West to East.
Return to
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