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Seminar assignments - Assignment 2 questions + answers

Oil Refining and Processing (The University of Western Ontario)

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The University of Western Ontario

Faculty of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

CBE 4432B/9132B –Oil Refining and Processing

Assignment # 2

Due Date: Monday, February 3, 2014 by 5 p.m.

Problem 2.1
An atmospheric distillation tower in a petroleum refinery receives a feed of 200,000 barrels
per stream day (BPSD) of 30o API crude oil. The crude assay report from TBP distillation
is given in table below.
Table 2.1. TBP distillation data of crude oil sample

Volume % TBP (oC) Volume % TBP (oC)

vaporized vaporized

0.0 -10 30.0 225.0

5.0 31.5 40.0 275.0

9.0 74.0 50.0 341.5

15.0 120.0 60.0 395. 65

20.0 155 70.0 478.0

a) Calculate volumetric fractions and flow rates of cuts given in Table 2.2.
(40)
Table 2.2. Desired product cuts from crude oil distillation

Cut Product End point (oC) Average

# NBP(oC)

1 Light straight run naphtha (light 75.0 45.5

gasoline)

2 Heavy naphtha (catalyst reforming 175.0 131.0

feed)

3 Light distillates (kerosene, jet fuel) 230.0 201.5

4 Middle distillates (diesel, fuel oil) 340.0 320. 0

5 Atm. Residue

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b) Calculate average molecular weight and mass flow rates of light and middle
distillate streams. (40)
Following generalized equation proposed by Riazi and Al-Sahhaf (1996) can be used for
this part.

Where M is molecular weight (average) and θ can be any of the properties such as density,
NBP, critical temperature, pressure etc.
Table 2.3. Constants for the Riazi and Al-Sahhaf (1996) equation

θ θ∞ a b c
Tb (oK) 1080 6.997996 0.01964 0.67

SG 1.07 3.56073 2.93886 0.1

d20 1.05 3.80258 3.12287 0.1

(liquid density
at 20 oC)

Problem 2.2
Vacuum distillation units need to have a system to create the vacuum that often uses a
steam ejector-condenser arrangement. Briefly describe its operation with a simple sketch.
Also include any wastewater stream generated.
(20)

References
Lee, B.I. and M.G. Kesler, “A generalized thermodynamic correlation based on three-
parameter corresponding states”, AIChE J, Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 510 (1975).
Perry, R.H. and D.W. Green, “Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook”, 8th Ed., McGraw
Hill, N. York (2008).
Riazi, M.R., and Al-Sahhaf, T.A.. “Physical properties of heavy petroleum fractions and
crude oils”, Fluid Phase Equilib., Vol. 117, pp. 217-224 (1996).
Watson, K.M. and E.F. Nelson, “Improved methods for approximating critical and thermal
properties of petroleum fractions”, Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 25, No. 8, p. 880 (1933).

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Solution to Problem 2.1

Part a

600

TBP Distillation of a crude oil sample

500

400
TBP (°C)

300

200 TBP distillation

100

0 -10.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

-100 Volume % vaporized

Figure 2.1. TBP distillation curve of data given in table 2.1

Plot on Figure 2.1 is used to obtain cumulative and individual fractions.

Table 2.4. Desired product cuts fractions

Cut Product End point (oC) Cumulative Individual

#
% Cut %

1 Light straight run naphtha 75.0 9.9 9.9

(LSR)

2 Heavy naphtha (HN) 175.0 23 13.1

3 Light distillates (LD) 230.0 31.5 8.5

4 Middle distillates (MD) 340.0 50 18.5

5 Atm. Residue (AR) 50.0

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Cut # 1
Volumetric flow rate of Light straight naphtha = 200,000x0.099 = 19800 BPSD
Or 19800x159x10-3 = 3148.2 m3/d
Cut # 2
Volumetric flow rate of heavy naphtha = 200,000x0.131 = 26200 BPSD
Or 26200x159x10-3 = 4165.8 m3/d
Cut # 3
Volumetric flow rate of light distillates = 200,000x0.085 = 17,000 BPSD
Or 17,000x159x10-3 = 2703.0 m3/d
Cut # 4
Volumetric flow rate of middle distillates = 200,000x0.185 = 37,000 BPSD
Or 37,000x159x10-3 = 5883.0 m3/d

Part b
Following generalized equation proposed by Riazi and Al-Sahhaf (1996) can be used for
this part.

(2.1)
Equation 2.1 can be rearranged to obtain average molecular weight of a fraction usinfg
average boiling point of a fraction.

Here,
θ∞ = 1080 oK; a = 6.997996; b = 0.01964; c = 0.67
Thus for light distillate: MWLD = 161.3 kg/kmol
For middle distillates: MWMD = 257.5kg/kmol
For mass flow rate calculations, density of the two fractions cn be calculated using Eq. 2.1
and corresponding data in Table 2.3
Thus dLD = 0.801 g/cc or 801 kg/m3
dMD = 0.855 g/cc or 855 kg/m3
Mass flow rate of LD = 2703.0x801 = 2.165x106 kg/d or 90,208 kg/h
Mass flow rate of MD = 5883.0x855 = 5.03x106 kg/d or 209,500 kg/h
4

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Solution to Problem 2.2

Feed to vacuum distillation unit consists of heavy fractions from atmospheric distillation
column bottom. In the vacuum tower, thermal cracking of these heavy fractions is avoided
by reduction in their boiling point. For creation of vacuum (3-6 kPa) steam ejectors are
commonly used for these units. In a steam ejector, medium to high pressure steam is passed
through a nozzle, where it exits at a high velocity. This region is connected to the column
top as shown in Figure 2.2. High velocity steam entrains he vapor from column top into a
condenser where these vapors get condensed thus creating vacuum condition in tower.
Steam

Steam ejector

Condenser

Light Vac. Gas Oil

Vacuum
Tower

Heavy Vac. Gas Oil

Atm.column
residue

Oily water

Vacuum residue

Figure 2.2. Schematic of vacuum distillation unit

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