CE466

DAM BEHAVIOUR AND SAFETY

HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS

HALİL İBRAHİM DURAN

INSTRUCTOR: SAADET GÜLRU YILDIZ

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the

production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing

water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global

electricity generation in the world. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-

Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest

hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17

percent of domestic electricity use. The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a

competitive source of renewable electricity. It is also a flexible source of electricity since the

amount produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing

energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems,

and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife.

TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS

Run of the River Hydroelectricity

Run of the river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so that

the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment, or must be allowed

to bypass the dam. In run of the river systems, running water is diverted from a river and guided

down a channel, or penstock, which leads to a generating house. Here, the force of the moving

water spins a turbine, which then drives a generator. Used water is fed back into the main river

further downstream.

The examples of run of the river hydroelectric stations around the world are as follows:
  Belo Monte Dam, 11233 MW, Brazil

 Satluj Jal Vldyut Nigam Ltd, Satluj River, 1500 MW, India

 Carillon Generating Station, 752 MW, Canada

 Kohala Hydropower Project, Jhelum River, 1100 MW, Pakistan

 Upper Toba Valley, 123 MW, Canada

These kinds of power stations are not common in Turkey. There is run of the river

hydroelectric power plant on Dicle River, Botan with the power of 1 MW in Turkey.

Tidal Power Stations

Tide or wave is periodic rise and fall of water level of the sea. Tides occur due to the

attraction of sea water by the moon. Tides contain large amount of potential energy which is used

for power generation. Tidal power is taken from the Earth's oceanic tides. Tidal energy is

produced by the surge of ocean waters during the rise and fall of tides.

The ocean tides rise and fall and water can be stored during the rise period and it can be

discharged during fall. A dam is constructed separating the tidal basin from the sea and a

difference in water level is obtained between the basin and sea.

During high tide period, water flows from the sea into the tidal basin through the water

turbine. The height of tide is above the tidal basin. Hence the turbine unit operates and generates

power, as it is directly coupled to a generator.

During low tide period, water flows from tidal basin to sea, as the water level in the basin

is more than that of the tide in the sea. During this period also, the flowing water rotates the

turbine and generates power.

 Garorim Bay Tidal Power Station, 520 MW, South Korea

 Penzhinskaya Tidal Power Plant, 87 MW, Russia

 Rance Tidal Power Station, 240 MW, France

 Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, 240 MW, UK

There is no tidal power plant in Turkey since Turkey has no boundary with oceans that

have high capacity of tidal power.

Reservoir Type Hydroelectric Power Plants

These kinds of hydroelectric power plants are the most common type around the world and

Turkey. Large dams trap the water in reservoirs to create the necessary fall height and to store

some water for later use. The water falls to a lower level, passing through the turbine. The turbine

axel rotates and powers the generator. The generator converts the rotating movement of the

turbine into electrical energy.

The examples of reservoir type hydroelectric power stations around the world are as

follows:

 Three Gorges Dam, 22500 MW, China

 Itaipu Dam, 14000 MW, Brazil & Paraguay

 Xiluodu, 13860 MW, China

 Tucuruí, 8370 MW, Brazil

 Grand Coulee, 6809 MW, United States

 Krasnoyarsk, 6000 MW, Russia

 Atatürk Dam, 2405 MW

 Karakaya Dam, 1800 MW

 Keban Dam, 1330 MW

 Altınkaya Dam, 703 MW

 Özlüce Dam, 200 MW

 Gökçekaya Dam, 278 MW

 Obruk Dam, 203 MW

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN TURKEY

Turkey can be accepted as a rich country in terms of water resources or hydropower.

Hydroelectricity is a critical source of energy in Turkey and substantial amounts can be generated

due to its mountainous landscape and position between three seas. The main river basins are the

Euphrates (Fırat) and Tigris (Dicle). The many projects are currently in progress. The

construction of hydropower stations has been increased in Turkey since these stations could only

be constructed by the government in advance, but now, it can be constructed by private sector.

The first hydroelectric plant in Turkey was constructed at Tarus in 1902. This plant only

produced 60 KW. The most recent project in Turkey is the GAP project. Also known as the

Southeastern Anatolia Project, the GAP project was planned by the DSI and it includes the

construction of 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants.

Currently, there are 516 hydroelectric power stations in Turkey, like Atatürk Dam in

Şanlıurfa with 2405 MW, Karakaya Dam in Diyarbakır with 1800 MW, Keban Dam in Elazığ

with 1800 MW, Altınkaya Dam in Samsun with 703 MW, Birecik Dam in Şanlıurfa with 672
MW, Deriner Dam in Artvin with 670 MW, Oymapınar Dam in Antalya with 540 MW and also

Bozkır HES in Konya with 0.075 MW, Çamatdı HES in Niğde with 0.068 MW, Arpaçay Telek

HES in Kars with 0.062 MW, from the most powerful station to the least.

Atatürk Dam in Şanlıurfa with the power of 2405 MW produced about 6.65 TWH/year

since 2000 which is about 3.77% of the electricity that is produced in Turkey in one year. It refers

to the electricity consumption of 2156612 people in one year. The most efficient year of Atatürk

Dam is 2004. Atatürk Dam has produced 9.2 TWH energy which was 6.11% of the electricity

that was produced in Turkey at that year and 222.87% of the electricity that was produced in

Şanlıurfa at that year. Atatürk Dam produced 4.8 TWH energy in 2014.

Karakaya Dam in Diyarbakır with the power of 1800 MW produced about 6.52 TWH/year

since 2000 which is about 3.68% of the electricity that is produced in Turkey in one year. It refers

to the electricity consumption of 2066069 people in one year. The most efficient year of

Karakaya Dam is 2004. Karakaya Dam produced 9.0 TWH energy which was 6.02% of the

electricity that was produced in Turkey at that year and 287.01% of the electricity that was

produced in Diyarbakır at that year. Karakaya Dam produced 4.4 TWH energy in 2014.

Keban Dam in Elazığ with the power of 1330 MW produced about 5.75 TWH/year since

2000 which is about 3.26% of the electricity that is produced in Turkey in one year. It refers to

the electricity consumption of 1785534 people in one year. The most efficient year of Keban

Dam is 2010. Keban Dam produced 8.0 TWH energy which was 3.78% of the electricity that was

produced in Turkey at that year and 633.75% of the electricity that was produced in Elazığ at that

year. Keban Dam produced 3.3 TWH energy in 2014.

since 2000 which is about 0.45% of the electricity that is produced in Turkey in one year. It refers

to the electricity consumption of 282355 people in one year. The most efficient year of Keban

Dam is 2000. Altınkaya Dam produced 1.5 TWH energy which was 1.17% of the electricity that

was produced in Turkey at that year and 94.52% of the electricity that was produced in Samsun at

that year. Altınkaya Dam produced 0.577 TWH energy in 2014.

Electricity consumption in Turkey in last years is as follows: 210 TWH in 2010, 230 TWH

in 2011, 242 TWH in 2012, 246 TWH in 2013, 255 TWH in 2014. Also, electricity production in

Turkey in last years is as follows: 211 TWH in 2010, 229 TWH in 2011, 239 TWH in 2012, 240

TWH in 2013, 250 TWH in 2014. This electricity is produced by natural gas (44.39%), coal &

lignite (28.36%), hydropower (19.41%), wind (3.91%), geothermal (1.01%) and other thermic

(2.92%). Since Turkey has no or a little natural gas source, it is imported from neighboring

countries. 56% of natural gas was imported from Russia, 18% of natural gas was imported from

Iran and 8% of natural gas was imported from Azerbaijan in 2012. Turkey paid 2106 million

dollar in 2002, 2989 million dollar in 2003, 3274 million dollar in 2004, 5490 million dollar in

2005, 8513 million dollar in 2006, 9999 million dollar in 2007, 15469 million dollar in 2008,

9962 million dollar in 2009 and 11792 million dollar in 2010. In short, Turkey paid 128 billion

TL to buy natural gas between 2002 and 2010.

Theoretical hydroelectric potential of Turkey is 433 TWH, technically applicable

hydroelectric potential of Turkey is 216 TWH and economic hydroelectric potential of Turkey is

140 TWH. Now, 37% of this potential is in usage and 15% is in construction. If Turkey used

100% capacity of this power, for example, in 2014, 140 TWH would be produced by hydropower

stations, which means 56% of total production.

Hydroelectric power is 69 percent of the renewable energy and 16 percent of the total

energy produced in the world. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-

hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.

Some countries produce almost all of the energy using hydropower. For example,

hydropower accounts for 97% of the electricity produced in Norway. Electricity generation in

Norway in 2012 reached an all-time high of 145 billion kilowatthours (BkWh), of which 140

BkWh came from hydropower. According to Statistics Norway, total net energy consumption in

2012 was 117 BkWh, 2% higher than in 2011. The largest renewable energy power generator in

Europe is Statkraft, which is owned by the Norwegian state and is a major supplier of

hydropower.

Brazil has the third-largest electricity sector in the Americas, behind the United States and

Canada. According to Brazil's energy planning company, Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE),

Brazil had an installed generating capacity of 127,000 megawatts (MW) in 2013.

Hydroelectricity accounted for 86 MW of generating capacity, fossil-fuel sources contributed 37

MW, and small amounts from wind, solar, and nuclear made up the rest. Brazil is planning new

hydroelectric power projects, such as the Belo Monte plant, which upon completion will be the

third-largest hydroelectric power plant in the world. Brazil generated 405 billion kWh of

hydroelectric power in 2013.

Canada is a net exporter of electricity to the United States, and most of its power needs are

met by hydroelectricity. Canada generated an estimated 644 billion kilowatthours (kWh) of

electricity in 2012, of which 58% was hydroelectric. Only China and Brazil produce more
hydroelectricity than Canada. Canada had an estimated 139 gigawatts (GW) of installed

electricity generation capacity in 2011. Hydroelectric dams accounted for approximately 75 GW

of the total, including one of the largest hydroelectric complexes in the world, the Robert-

Bourassa Hydroelectric Generating Station on Quebec's La Grande River.

In October 2013, Colombia had 14.4 gigawatts (GW) of installed electricity generation

capacity, over 60% derived from hydropower according to the Unidad de Planeación Minero

Energética (UPME), the federal special administrative unit responsible for the sustainable

development of the mining and energy sectors of Colombia. In October 2013, Colombia

generated 5.3 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity. Of electricity generated, hydroelectric plants

provided 68%, gas accounted for 18%, coal accounted for 8%, oil accounted for less than 1%,

and the remaining percentage was from other sources.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS

 High construction cost

 Fish population

 Quality and flow of water

 Ecosystems of rivers and streams

 Drought

 Impact on local environment and land use

 Preservation concerns

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONS

 Low operation cost

 Clean energy source

 Domestic energy source

 Generally available as needed

 Water supply and flood control

 Rapid pay-back

 Economic advancement

REFERANCES

http://energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-plants

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity

http://corporate.vattenfall.com/about-energy/electricity-and-heat-production/hydro-power/how-it-

works/

http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/HydroElectricPlantTypes.php

http://energybc.ca/profiles/runofriver.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power

http://www.power-technology.com/features/featuretidal-giants---the-worlds-five-biggest-tidal-

power-plants-4211218/

http://mechanical-engineering-info.blogspot.com.tr/2012/01/tidal-power-generation.html
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http://www.enerjiatlasi.com/elektrik-uretimi/

http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/26268991.asp

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