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Second Language Acquisition

The document discusses comprehensible input, which is one of the key characteristics of optimal input for second language acquisition according to Krashen's Input Hypothesis. It states that acquisition occurs when learners understand messages at a level slightly above their current linguistic competence. Three key points are: 1) Comprehensible input is important for acquisition when learners are not exposed to interactions outside of class. 2) Teachers can make input comprehensible through simplifying language and making it relevant to learners. 3) Simply being a native speaker does not qualify one as a language teacher; rather, a good teacher can make input comprehensible to non-native learners.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
41 views9 pages

Second Language Acquisition

The document discusses comprehensible input, which is one of the key characteristics of optimal input for second language acquisition according to Krashen's Input Hypothesis. It states that acquisition occurs when learners understand messages at a level slightly above their current linguistic competence. Three key points are: 1) Comprehensible input is important for acquisition when learners are not exposed to interactions outside of class. 2) Teachers can make input comprehensible through simplifying language and making it relevant to learners. 3) Simply being a native speaker does not qualify one as a language teacher; rather, a good teacher can make input comprehensible to non-native learners.

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Siti Nurhidayah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 9

Name : Siti Nurhidayah

NIM : 0203519077

Lecture : Second Language Acquisition (Rombel 1)

Meeting 9 – Daring 7

One of characteristics of optimal input for acquisition is comprehensible. According


to Krashen (1982) that human acquires language in only way by understanding messages or
by receiving comprehensible input and the learners improve and progress along the natural
order when they receive L2 comprehensible input. This hypothesis shows that it is only
concerned with acquisition not learning. In this case, comprehensible input happens when
there is i + 1 (comprehensible input and low affective filter). Because of that, Alahmedi
(2019) adds that comprehensible input is important when learners are not exposed to
communicational interactions outside of the class.

In this case, a good teacher plays an important role in giving comprehensible input to
their learners. There are two ways in which teachers can aid the comprehensible; linguistics
includes the rules to make comprehensible speech and non-linguistics means of encouraging
comprehension by providing realia, etc (Krashen, 1985, p.64). As Machova (2019) said in her
speech that one of the key to learn a new language is how to enjoy the learning process, how
we can find our best method for learning. So, as a teacher, we should providing the best
method to make the learners enjoy in their each learning process.

References

Alahmedi, N. S. (2019). The role of input in second language acquisition: an overview of


four theories. Bulletin of advanced english studies (BAES), 3(2)2019, 70-78. DOI:
10.31559/baes2019.3.2.1

Krashen, S. (1982). Principle and practice in second language acquisition. Pergamon Press
Inc.

Machova, L. (2019, January). The secrets of learning a new language [Video]. TED Talks.
http://www.ted.com/talks/ https://youtu.be/o_XVt
However, the Input Hypothesis firmly claims that SLA can only occur when language learners
are exposed to certain L2 features that they can fully comprehend. Krashen (1990) associated
comprehensible language input as being both contributory and variable in SLA. According to
Krashen(1990), SLA can take place, when L2 learners are exposed to a kind of comprehensible
language input that contains linguistic forms that are higher than their language competence.

the best methods of language learning are therefore those that supply ‘comprehensible
input’ in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear. These
methods do not force early production in the second language, but allow students to produce
when they are ‘ready’, recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative
and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production. It shows that
acquisition is more central than learning.

human acquires language in only way by understanding messages or by receiving


comprehensible input, and the learners improve and progress along the natural order when
they receive L2 comprehensible input. So, comprehensible input here means that the
language input should be understood by learners despite the learners not understanding all the
words and structures in it.

Comprehensible input is important when learners are not exposed to communicational


interactions outside of the class. According to Krashen’s theory of language acquisition that
giving learners this kind of input helps them acquire language naturally, rather than learn it
consciously.

This is clearly the most important input characteristic. It amounts to the claim that
when the acquirer does not understand the message, there will be no acquisition. In other
words, incomprehensible input, or "noise", will not help. Positing comprehensibility as a
fundamental and necessary (but not sufficient) requirement makes several predictions
that appear to be correct. It explains why it is practically impossible for someone to
acquire a second or foreign language merely by listening to the radio, unless the
acquirer speaks a very closely related language. A monolingual English speaker, for
example, hearing Polish on the radio, would acquire nothing because the input would be only
"noise".
Ini jelas karakteristik input yang paling penting. Itu sama dengan klaim bahwa ketika
pengakuisisi tidak memahami pesan, tidak akan ada akuisisi. Dengan kata lain, input
yang tidak dapat dipahami, atau "noise", tidak akan membantu. Menganggap
komprehensif sebagai sesuatu yang mendasar dan perlu (tetapi tidak cukup)
persyaratan membuat beberapa prediksi yang tampaknya benar. Itu menjelaskan
mengapa demikian praktis tidak mungkin bagi seseorang untuk memperoleh bahasa
kedua atau asing hanya dengan mendengarkan radio, kecuali pengakuisisi berbicara
bahasa yang sangat dekat hubungannya. SEBUAH penutur bahasa Inggris satu bahasa,
misalnya, mendengarkan bahasa Polandia di radio, tidak akan memperoleh apa-apa
karena input hanya akan menjadi "noise".

This requirement also explains the apparent failure of educational TV programs to


teach foreign languages. The input is simply not comprehensible. My own children watched
programs such as Ville Allegre faithfully for years, and acquired about as much as I did:
They could count from one to ten in Spanish and recognize a few words such as casaand
mesa. The comprehensibility requirement predicts that TV would, in general, be somewhat
more successful than radio as a language teacher, but that even TV would be inadequate in
beginning stages. Ervin-Tripp (1973) has noted that hearing children of deaf parents do not
acquire language from TV or radio, an observation consistent with the requirement. This
characteristic also explains why children sometimes fail to pick up family languages.

Persyaratan ini juga menjelaskan kegagalan nyata dari program TV pendidikan


mengajar bahasa asing. Masukan tidak bisa dipahami. Anak-anak saya sendiri
menyaksikan program-program seperti Ville Allegre dengan setia selama bertahun-
tahun, dan memperoleh sebanyak yang saya lakukan: Mereka dapat dihitung dari satu
hingga sepuluh dalam bahasa Spanyol dan mengenali beberapa kata seperti casaand
mesa. Persyaratan kelayakan memprediksi bahwa TV akan, secara umum, agak lebih
sukses daripada radio sebagai guru bahasa, tetapi bahkan TV pun tidak memadai
tahap awal. Ervin-Tripp (1973) telah mencatat bahwa mendengar anak-anak dari
orang tua tuli tidak memperoleh bahasa dari TV atau radio, pengamatan yang
konsisten dengan persyaratan. Karakteristik ini juga menjelaskan mengapa anak-anak
terkadang gagal menjemput keluarga bahasa. Kasus saya sendiri, saya pikir, sangat
khas. Orang tua saya berbicara bahasa Yiddish di sekitar rumah selama bertahun-
tahun, sesekali untuk satu sama lain (untuk menceritakan rahasia), dan terus-menerus
ke kakek-nenek saya. Meskipun demikian, saya dan saudara perempuan saya gagal
mendapatkan Yiddish, dengan pengecualian beberapa frasa dan rutinitas. Di sisi lain,
di banyak keluarga anak-anak tumbuh besar berbicara keluarga bahasa serta bahasa
komunitas. Apa yang tampaknya penting adalah apakah bahasa keluarga

My own case is, I think, quite typical. My parents spoke Yiddish around the house for
years, occasionally to each other (to tell secrets), and constantly to my grandparents.
Nevertheless, my sister and I failed to acquire Yiddish, with the exception of a few phrases
and routines. On the other hand, in many families children do grow up speaking the family
language as well as the language of the community. What appears to be crucial is whether the
family language is directed at the child, in other words, whether an attempt is made to make
the language comprehensible. What we heard via eavesdropping was not comprehensible. It
dealt with topics that were not easily identified and that were also often beyond our range of
experience.

Kasus saya sendiri, saya pikir, sangat khas. Orang tua saya berbicara bahasa Yiddish
di rumah selama bertahun-tahun, sesekali satu sama lain (untuk menceritakan
rahasia), dan terus-menerus kepada kakek-nenek saya. Meskipun demikian, saya dan
saudara perempuan saya gagal mendapatkan Yiddish, dengan pengecualian beberapa
frasa dan rutinitas. Di sisi lain, di banyak keluarga, anak-anak tumbuh berbicara
dalam bahasa keluarga dan bahasa komunitas. Apa yang tampaknya penting adalah
apakah bahasa keluarga diarahkan pada anak, dengan kata lain, apakah suatu upaya
dilakukan untuk membuat bahasa dapat dipahami. Apa yang kami dengar melalui
penyadapan tidak bisa dipahami. Itu berurusan dengan topik yang tidak mudah
diidentifikasi dan yang juga sering di luar jangkauan pengalaman kami.

Language directed at us in Yiddish would have been simplified, and more relevant to
us, and hence more comprehensible. Another prediction that the comprehensibility
requirement makes is that "just talking", or "free conversation", is not language teaching.
In other words, simply being a native speaker of a language does not in of itself
qualify one as a teacher of that language. Conscious and extensive knowledge of grammar
does not make one a language teacher either. Rather, the defining characteristic of a good
teacher is someone who can make input comprehensible to a non-native speaker, regardless
of his or her level of competence in the target language. This leads naturally to another
topic, how teachers make input comprehensible.
Bahasa yang ditujukan kepada kami di Yiddish akan disederhanakan, dan lebih
relevan bagi kami, dan karenanya lebih mudah dipahami. Prediksi lain yang dibuat
oleh persyaratan komprehensif adalah bahwa "hanya berbicara", atau "percakapan
bebas", bukan pengajaran bahasa. Dengan kata lain, sekadar menjadi penutur asli
bahasa tidak dengan sendirinya memenuhi syarat seseorang sebagai guru bahasa itu.
Pengetahuan tata bahasa yang luas dan sadar tidak menjadikannya guru bahasa.
Sebaliknya, karakteristik pendefinisian guru yang baik adalah seseorang yang dapat
membuat input dapat dipahami oleh penutur asing, terlepas dari tingkat
kompetensinya dalam bahasa target. Ini secara alami mengarah ke topik lain,
bagaimana guru membuat input dapat dipahami.

(a) How to aid comprehension

If we are correct in positing comprehensibility as a crucial requirement for optimal input for
acquisition, the question of how to aid comprehension is a very central one for second
language pedagogy. Indeed, the comprehension requirement suggests that the main function
of the second language teacher is to help make input comprehensible,to do for the adult what
the "outside world" cannot or will not do.

There are basically two ways in which the teacher can aid comprehension, linguistic and non-
linguistic. Studies have shown that there are many things speakers do linguistically to make
their speech more comprehensible to less competent speakers. Hatch (1979) has summarized
the linguistic aspect of simplified input which appear to promote comprehension.

Jika kita benar dalam menempatkan kelengkapan sebagai persyaratan penting untuk
input yang optimal untuk akuisisi, pertanyaan tentang bagaimana membantu
pemahaman adalah yang sangat sentral untuk pedagogi bahasa kedua. Memang,
persyaratan pemahaman menunjukkan bahwa fungsi utama guru bahasa kedua adalah
membantu membuat input dapat dipahami, untuk melakukan bagi orang dewasa apa
yang tidak bisa atau tidak akan dilakukan "dunia luar".

Pada dasarnya ada dua cara di mana guru dapat membantu pemahaman, linguistik
dan non-linguistik. Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa ada banyak hal yang
dilakukan oleh penutur linguistik untuk membuat pembicaraan mereka lebih
komprehensif untuk penutur yang kurang kompeten. Hatch (1979) telah merangkum
aspek linguistik dari input yang disederhanakan yang muncul untuk meningkatkan
pemahaman.
Among these characteristics are:

(1) slower rate and clearer articulation, which helps acquirers to identify word boundaries
more easily, and allows more processing time;

(2) more use of high frequency vocabulary, less slang, fewer idioms;

(3) syntactic simplification, shorter sentences.

Such characteristics and others appear to be more or less common to different types of simple
codes, such as caretaker speech, foreigner-talk, and teacher-talk (see also Krashen, 1980), and
clearly help make input language more comprehensible. There is considerable empirical
evidence that these codes are significantly "simpler" than native speaker-native speaker
language, and, as mentioned in Chapter II, there is evidence of some correlation between the
linguistic level of the acquirer and the complexity of the input language: more advanced
acquirers tend to get more complex input.

Karakteristik seperti itu dan lainnya tampaknya lebih atau kurang umum untuk
berbagai jenis kode sederhana, seperti pidato juru kunci, pembicaraan orang asing, dan
pembicaraan guru (lihat juga Krashen, 1980), dan jelas membantu membuat bahasa
input lebih mudah dipahami. Ada banyak bukti empiris bahwa kode-kode ini secara
signifikan "lebih sederhana" daripada bahasa penutur asli-penutur asli, dan,
sebagaimana disebutkan dalam Bab II, ada bukti beberapa korelasi antara tingkat
linguistik pengakuisisi dan kompleksitas bahasa input: pengakuisisi yang lebih maju
cenderung mendapatkan input yang lebih kompleks.

Does this mean that teachers should consciously try to simplify their speech when they talk to
students? Should they think about slowing down, using more common vocabulary, using
shorter sentences, less complex syntax with less embedding, etc.? Consciously referring
to these "rules" might be helpful on occasion, but it appears to be the case that we make
these adjustments automatically when we focus on trying to make ourselves
understood. Roger Brown, commenting on studies of caretaker speech in first
languageacquisition, comes to a similar conclusion. He gives the following advice to parents
wanting to know how to "teach" their children language in the least amount of time:

Apakah ini berarti bahwa guru harus secara sadar mencoba menyederhanakan
pembicaraan mereka ketika mereka berbicara dengan siswa? Haruskah mereka
berpikir tentang melambat, menggunakan kosakata yang lebih umum, menggunakan
kalimat yang lebih pendek, sintaksis yang kurang kompleks dengan embedding yang
lebih sedikit, dll.? Secara sadar merujuk pada "aturan" ini mungkin bisa membantu
kadang-kadang, tetapi tampaknya kita membuat penyesuaian ini secara otomatis
ketika kita fokus pada upaya membuat diri kita dipahami. Roger Brown,
mengomentari studi tentang pidato juru kunci dalam akuisisi bahasa pertama, sampai
pada kesimpulan yang sama. Dia memberikan saran berikut kepada orang tua yang
ingin tahu bagaimana "mengajar" bahasa anak-anak mereka dalam waktu paling
sedikit:

Believe that your child can understand more than he or she can say, and seek, above all, to
communicate.... There is no set of rules of how to talk to a child that can even approach what
you unconsciously know. If you concentrate on communicating, everything else will follow.
(Brown, 1977, p. 26.)

As I have argued in several places (Krashen, 1980, 1981), the same situation may hold for the
language teacher. If we focus on comprehension and communication, we will meet the
syntactic requirements for optimal input. While we free teachers of the responsibility to
consciously control the grammar of their speech, other responsibilities become more
important. One is to make sure that the input is indeed comprehensible. I have nothing
startling to add to the literature on comprehension checking, other than to underscore and
emphasize its importance. Comprehension checking can range from simply asking "Do
you understand?" occasionally, to monitoring comprehension via students' verbal and non-
verbal responses.

Seperti yang saya katakan di beberapa tempat (Krashen, 1980, 1981), situasi yang sama
mungkin berlaku untuk guru bahasa. Jika kita fokus pada pemahaman dan
komunikasi, kita akan memenuhi persyaratan sintaksis untuk input optimal. Sementara
kami membebaskan guru dari tanggung jawab untuk secara sadar mengendalikan tata
bahasa pidato mereka, tanggung jawab lain menjadi lebih penting. Salah satunya
adalah memastikan bahwa input tersebut memang dapat dipahami. Saya tidak
memiliki sesuatu yang mengejutkan untuk ditambahkan ke literatur tentang
pemeriksaan pemahaman, selain menggarisbawahi dan menekankan pentingnya.
Pemeriksaan pemahaman dapat berkisar dari hanya bertanya, "Apakah Anda
mengerti?" sesekali, untuk memantau pemahaman melalui tanggapan verbal dan non-
verbal siswa.
Another main task of the teacher is to provide non-linguistic means of encouraging
comprehension. In my view, providing extra-linguistic support in the form of realia
and pictures for beginning classes is not a frill, but a very important part of the tools the
teacher has to encourage language acquisition. The use of objects and pictures in early second
language instruction corresponds to the caretaker's use of the "here and now" in encouraging
first language acquisition, in that they all help the acquirer understand messages containing
structures that are "a little beyond" them. Good teachers also take advantage of the student's
knowledge of the world in helping comprehension by discussing topics that are familiar to the
student. Certainly, discussing or reading about a topic that is totally unknown will make the
message harder to understand. There is a danger, however, in making the input too "familiar".
If the message is completely known, it will be of no interest, and the student will probably
not attend. We want the student to focus on the message, and there must be some message,
something that the student really wants to hear or read about. This requirement is perhaps the
hardest one to meet, and we shall have more to say about it below, in our discussion of
characteristic II.

Tugas utama guru lainnya adalah menyediakan sarana non-linguistik untuk


mendorong pemahaman. Dalam pandangan saya, memberikan dukungan ekstra-
linguistik dalam bentuk realia dan gambar-gambar untuk kelas-kelas awal bukanlah
hal yang mudah, tetapi merupakan bagian yang sangat penting dari alat yang harus
didorong oleh guru untuk mendorong penguasaan bahasa. Penggunaan objek dan
gambar dalam instruksi bahasa kedua awal sesuai dengan penggunaan "di sini dan
sekarang" oleh pengasuh dalam mendorong penguasaan bahasa pertama, karena
semua membantu pengakuisisi memahami pesan yang mengandung struktur yang
"sedikit di luar" mereka. Guru yang baik juga memanfaatkan pengetahuan siswa
tentang dunia dalam membantu pemahaman dengan mendiskusikan topik yang akrab
bagi siswa. Tentu saja, mendiskusikan atau membaca tentang suatu topik yang sama
sekali tidak dikenal akan membuat pesan lebih sulit untuk dipahami. Namun, ada
bahaya dalam membuat input terlalu "akrab". Jika pesannya benar-benar diketahui,
itu tidak akan menarik, dan siswa mungkin tidak akan hadir. Kami ingin siswa untuk
fokus pada pesan, dan harus ada beberapa pesan, sesuatu yang siswa benar-benar ingin
dengar atau baca. Persyaratan ini mungkin yang paling sulit dipenuhi, dan kita akan
memiliki lebih banyak untuk mengatakan tentang hal ini di bawah, dalam diskusi kita
tentang karakteristik II.
As pointed out just a moment ago, comprehension is a necessarycondition for language
acquisition, but it is not sufficient.It is quite possible to understand input language, and yet
not acquire. This can happen in several different ways: First, it is quite possible that the input
simply does not contain i+ 1, that it does not include structures that are "a bit beyond" the
student. Second, in many cases we do not utilize syntax in understanding—we can often get
the message with a combination of vocabulary, or lexical information, plus extralinguistic
information. Finally, the "affective filter" may be "up", which can result in the acquirer
understanding input, even input with i+ 1, but not utilizing it for further acquisition.

Seperti yang ditunjukkan beberapa saat yang lalu, pemahaman adalah syarat yang
diperlukan untuk penguasaan bahasa, tetapi itu tidak cukup. Sangat mungkin untuk
memahami bahasa input, namun tidak memperolehnya. Ini dapat terjadi dalam
beberapa cara berbeda: Pertama, sangat mungkin bahwa input tidak mengandung i +1,
bahwa itu tidak termasuk struktur yang "sedikit melampaui" siswa. Kedua, dalam
banyak kasus kita tidak menggunakan sintaksis dalam memahami — kita sering dapat
menerima pesan dengan kombinasi kosa kata, atau informasi leksikal, ditambah
informasi ekstralinguistik. Akhirnya, "filter afektif" mungkin "naik", yang dapat
menghasilkan input pemahaman pihak pengakuisisi, bahkan input dengan +1, tetapi
tidak menggunakannya untuk akuisisi lebih lanjut.

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