EXPERIMENT NO.

ORIFICE AND FREE JET FLOW

I. OBJECTIVE
To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices.

II. SKETCH OF APPARATUS

Hydraulics Bench - used to provide a Orifice and jet apparatus – is an opening

variable supply of water to a series of in a vessel through which the liquid flows
interchangeable bench-mounting or floor- out.
standing hydraulic and fluid mechanics
experiments.

Stopwatch – it is a handheld timepiece

designed to measure the amount of time
elapsed from a particular time.
III. DERIVATION

From the application Bernoulli’s Equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a steady,
incompressible frictionless flow):
The ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta (narrowest diameter is

𝑣𝑖 = (2𝑔ℎ)1/2

Where h is the height of the fluid above the orifice.

The actual velocity is

𝑣 = 𝐶𝑣 (2𝑔ℎ)1/2 ------------------- (1)

Cv is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and, therefore Cv < 1

Cv can be determined from the trajectory of the jet using the following argument:

Neglecting the effect of the air resistance, the horizontal component of the jet velocity can be
assumed to remain constant so that in time, t, the horizontal distance traveled,

x = vt ----------------- (2)

Becausee of the action of gravity, the fluid also acquires a downward vertical (y-direction)
component of velocity. Hence, after the same time, t, (ie. After travelling a distance x) the jet
will have a y displacement give by

y = gt2/2

which can be rearranged to give:

t = (2y/g)1/2 ---------------- (3)

Substitution for t from (3) into (2) and for v from (1) into (2) yield the result:

𝑥
𝐶𝑣 = 2(𝑦ℎ)1/2

Hence, for steady flow condition, ie. Constant h, C, can be determined from the x, y
coordinates of the jet. A graph of x plotted against (yh)1/2 will have a slope of 2Cv
IV. LABORATORY PROCEDURE
TECHNICAL DATA:

Diameter of small orifice 0.003m

Diameter of large orifice 0.006m
Surface Area of Reservoir Ag = 1.812 x 10-3 m2

FOR EQUIPMENT SET-UP

1. Position the reservoir across the channel on the top of the hydraulic bench and level the
reservoir by the adjustable feet using a spirit level on the base. Remove the orifice
diameter, take care not to lose the O-ring seal. Replace the orifice and connect the
reservoir inflow tube to the bench flow connector.
2. Position the overflow connecting tube so that it will discharge into the volumetric tank;
make sure that this tube will not interfere with the trajectory of the jet flowing from the
orifice.
3. Turn on the pump and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level rises in the
reservoir towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the bench valve to give a water
level of 2 to 3 mm above the overflow level. This will ensure a constant head and produce
a steady flow through the orifice.

EXERCISE 1
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY FROM THE TRAJECTORY OF A JET

Column
Unit Nom. Type Description
Heading
Orifice Orifice diameter: The diameter is measured
m d Measured
Diameter in mm. Convert to meters in calculation
Head in reservoir for which trajectory data
Head m h Measured has been taken. The head is entered in mm.
Convert to meters in calculation.
Distance from the orifice of the measuring
Horizontal
m x Measured needle. The values is entered in mm.
distance
Convert to meters for the calculation.
Distance the jet gas fallen from the level of
Vertical
m y Measured the orifice. The value is entered in mm.
distance
Convert to meters for the calculation.
Allows the plotting of a straight line
relationship between coefficient of Velocity
(yh)0.5 m Calculated Cv and the horizontal distance for the jet. A
graph of x plotted against (yh)1/2 will have a
slope of 2Cv
 Slope S Calculated Slope of x vs (yh)1/2 for each point
Velocity
Coefficient Calculated Cv = Average Slope/2
Cv

PROCEDURE – DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY FROM THE

TRAJECTORY OF A JET

1. Position the overflow tube to give a high head. Note the value of the head. The jet trajectory
is obtained by using the needles mounted on the vertical backboard to follow the profile of
the jet. Release the securing screw for each needle in turn and move the needle until its point
is just immediately above the jet and re-tighten the screw. Attach a sheet of paper to the
backboard between the needle and board and secure it in place with the clamp provided so
that is upper edge is horizontal. Mark the location of the top of each orifice (taken as x=0) to
the coordinate point marking the position of the first needle. This first coordinate point should
be close enough to the orifice to treat it as having the value y=0, thus y displacement is
measured relative to this position. Estimate the likely experimental errors in each of the
quantities measured.
2. Repeat this test for a low reservoir head.
3. Then repeat the above procedure for the second orifice.

Column
Units Nom. Type Description
Heading
Orifice Orifice diameter. The diameter is entered in
m d Measured
Diameter mm. Convert to meters for the calculation.
Head in reservoir which trajectory data has
Head m h Measured been taken. The head is entered in mm.
Convert to meters for the calculation.
Taken from scale on hydraulics bench. The
Volume m3 V Measured volume collected is measured in liters.
Convert to cubic meters for the calculation.
Time taken to collect the known volume of
Time S t Measured
water.
Allows the plotting of a straight line
(h)0.5 (m)1/2 Calculated relationship between coefficient of velocity,
Cv, and the flow rate for the jet, Qt
Slope S Calculated Slope of flow rate vs. (h)1/2 for each point
Discharge
Coefficient Cd Calculated Cd = S/(A0)(2g)1/2
Cd
 Column
Units Nom. Type Description
Heading
Orifice Orifice diameter. The diameter is entered in
m d Measured
Diameter mm. Convert to meters for the calculation.
Area of Orifice area, calculated from the orifice
m2 Ao Calculated
Orifice diameter.
Area of Surface area of the reservoir including area of
m2 Ar Given
Reservoir constant head tank.
Head in reservoir at time t. The head is
Head m h Measured entered in mm. Convert to meters for
calculation.
Head in reservoir at time t=0. The head is
Head at
m h1 Measured entered in mm. Convert to meters for the
Start
calculation.
Time s t Measured Time since start of run
Allows the plotting of a straight line
h0.5 Calculated relationship between coefficient of discharge,
Cd, and the head loss.
Slope S Calculated Slope of t vs (h1)1/2 – (h2)1/2 for each point
Discharge
𝐴𝑟 2𝑆 1/2
Coefficient Cd Calculated 𝐶𝑑 = ( )
𝐴𝑂 𝑔
Cd

For unsteady flow, the time t, for the head to drop from h1 to h given by

t = (Ar/CdAo)(2/g)1/2((h1)1/2-(h2)1/2)

Where:
Ar is the cross sectional area of the reservoir (including the secondary chamber).

PROCEDURE:

1. For flow under a varying head, the overflow pipe is raised to obtain the maximum head, the
header tank is filled to just below the top and the bench flow control valve closed and the
pump stopped. Start a stopwatch when the level reaches the first convenient scale mark
(noted as h1). You will need to take readings of the falling head (h) at 20-second intervals.
You may find the easiest way of doing this to attach a piece of masking tape immediately
adjacent to the scale on the reservoir and at 20 second intervals mark the position of the
falling level. At the end of this procedure, you can read off the head position corresponding
to the known time.
IV. RESULTS

Group 1
Part A.

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head
Diameter Distance Distance (yh)^0.5 Average Cv
h
d x y (m)^0.5 Slope
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.006 0.391 0.0135 0 0
2 0.006 0.391 0.0635 0.0040 0.040
3 0.006 0.391 0.1135 0.0012 0.022
4 0.006 0.391 0.1635 0.0280 0.105 0.277 0.1385
5 0.006 0.391 0.2135 0.0370 0.120
6 0.006 0.391 0.2635 0.0500 0.140
7 0.006 0.391 0.3135 0.0740 0.170
8 0.006 0.391 0.3635 0.0960 0.194

Part B.

Orifice
Head Volume Time Flow Rate
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
h V t Qt
d (m^0.5)
(m) (m^3) (secs) (m^3 / s)
(m)
1 0.006 0.408 0.002 40.82 4.900x10^-5 0.639
2 0.006 0.404 0.002 37.38 5.350x10^-5 0.636 0.654
3 0.006 0.400 0.002 36.90 5.420x10^-5 0.632
4 0.006 0.394 0.002 39.30 5.089x10^-5 0.628

Part C.

Orifice
Area of Head Time
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
Reservoir h t
d (m^0.5)
(m^2) (m) (secs)
(m)
1 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.362 5 0.602
2 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.323 5 0.568
2.082
3 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.290 5 0.539
4 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.252 5 0.502
5 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.212 5 0.460
 Group 2
Part A.

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head
Diameter Distance Distance (yh)^0.5 Average CV
h
d x y (m)^0.5 Slope
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.003 0.397 0.0135 0.174 0.263
2 0.003 0.364 0.0635 0.162 0.243
3 0.003 0.338 0.1135 0.161 0.233
4 0.003 0.316 0.1635 0.150 0.218
5 0.003 0.296 0.2135 0.137 0.254
6 0.003 0.275 0.2635 0.110 0.174
7 0.003 0.247 0.3135 0.093 0.152
8 0.003 0.224 0.3635 0.074 0.129

Part B.

Orifice
Head Volume Time Flow Rate
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
h V t Qt
d (m^0.5)
(m) (m^3) (secs) (m^3 / s)
(m)
1 0.006 0.408 0.002 35.56 5.500x10^-5 0.639
2 0.006 0.395 0.002 41.20 4.900x10^-5 0.628
3 0.006 0.387 0.002 42.80 4.700x10^-5 0.622
4 0.006 0.383 0.002 35.81 5.600x10^-5 0.619

Part C.

Orifice
Area of Head Time
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
Reservoir h t
d (m^0.5)
(m^2) (m) (secs)
(m)
1 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.334 5 0.578
2 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.2915 5 0.540
3 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.254 5 0.504
4 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.216 5 0.465
5 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.193 5 0.416
 Group 3
Part A.

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head
Diameter Distance Distance (yh)^0.5 Average Cv
h
d x y (m)^0.5 Slope
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.006 0.397 0.0135 0.174 0.263
2 0.006 0.364 0.0635 0.169 0.248
3 0.006 0.338 0.1135 0.163 0.235
4 0.006 0.316 0.1635 0.152 0.219
5 0.006 0.296 0.2135 0.138 0.202
6 0.006 0.275 0.2635 0.119 0.181
7 0.006 0.247 0.3135 0.097 0.155
8 0.006 0.224 0.3635 0.073 0.128

Part B.

Orifice
Head Volume Time Flow Rate
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
h V t Qt
d (m^0.5)
(m) (m^3) (secs) (m^3 / s)
(m)
1 0.006 0.397 0.002 40.61 16.670x10^-4 0.630
2 0.006 0.364 0.002 39.56 8.330x10^-4 0.603
3 0.006 0.338 0.002 38.42 5.560x10^-4 0.581
4 0.006 0.316 0.002 37.23 4.170x10^-4 0.562

Part C.

Orifice
Area of Head Time
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
Reservoir h t
d (m^0.5)
(m^2) (m) (secs)
(m)
1 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.397 5 0.630
2 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.364 5 0.603
3 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.338 5 0.581
4 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.316 5 0.562
5 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.296 5 0.544
 Group 4
Part A.

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head
Diameter Distance Distance (yh)^0.5 Average CV
h
d x y (m)^0.5 Slope
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.003 0.358 0.0135 0.173 0.249
2 0.003 0.342 0.0635 0.168 0.240
3 0.003 0.325 0.1135 0.160 0.228
4 0.003 0.305 0.1635 0.148 0.212
5 0.003 0.291 0.2135 0.131 0.195
6 0.003 0.275 0.2635 0.114 0.177
7 0.003 0.259 0.3135 0.087 0.150
8 0.003 0.227 0.3635 0.064 0.121

Part B.

Orifice
Head Volume Time Flow Rate
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
h V t Qt
d (m^0.5)
(m) (m^3) (secs) (m^3 / s)
(m)
1 0.006 0.358 0.005 3 1.667x10^-3 0.598
2 0.006 0.342 0.005 6 8.333x10^-4 0.585
3 0.006 0.325 0.005 9 5.556x10^-4 0.570
4 0.006 0.305 0.005 12 4.167x10^-4 0.552

Part C.

Orifice
Area of Head Time
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
Reservoir h t
d (m^0.5)
(m^2) (m) (secs)
(m)
1 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.358 3 0.598
2 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.342 6 0.585
3 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.325 9 0.570
4 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.305 12 0.552
5 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.291 15 0.539
 Group 5
Part A.

Orifice Horizontal Vertical

Head
Diameter Distance Distance (yh)^0.5 Average Cv
h
d x y (m)^0.5 Slope
(m)
(m) (m) (m)
1 0.006 0.400 0.0135 0 0
2 0.006 0.400 0.0635 0.0045 0.0424
3 0.006 0.400 0.1135 0.0115 0.0678
4 0.006 0.400 0.1635 0.0205 0.0906 0.1476 0.0738
5 0.006 0.400 0.2135 0.0355 0.1192
6 0.006 0.400 0.2635 0.0535 0.1463
7 0.006 0.400 0.3135 0.0755 0.1738
8 0.006 0.400 0.3635 0.09925 0.1992

Part B.

Orifice
Head Volume Time Flow Rate
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
h V t Qt
d (m^0.5)
(m) (m^3) (secs) (m^3 / s)
(m)
1 0.006 0.394 0.002 37.29 5.363x10^-5 0.628
2 0.006 0.390 0.002 43.32 4.617x10^-5 0.624 0.601
3 0.006 0.380 0.002 44.85 4.459x10^-5 0.616
4 0.006 0.370 0.002 47.57 4.204x10^-5 0.608

Part C.

Orifice
Area of Head Time
Diameter h^0.5 Cd
Reservoir h t
d (m^0.5)
(m^2) (m) (secs)
(m)
1 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.358 5 0.598
2 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.342 5 0.566
2.133
3 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.325 5 0.529
4 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.305 5 0.495
5 0.006 1.812x10^-3 0.291 5 0.456
 V. SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Table 1
Given:
d= 0.006 m
h= 0.400 m
x= 0.0635 m
y= 0.0045 m
Solution:
(𝑦ℎ)0.5 (𝑚)0.5 = √(0.0424)(0.358) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟗
Table 2
Given:
d= 0.006 m
h= 0.394 m
V= 0.002 m3
t= 37.29 s
Solution:
𝑉 0.002𝑚3 𝟑
𝑄𝑡 = = = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟔𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 ⁄𝒔
𝑡 37.29𝑠
ℎ0.5 = √(0.394𝑚) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟖
Table 3
Given:
d= 0.006 m
A= 1.812 x 10-3 m
h= 0.358 m
t= 5 s
Solution:
ℎ0.5 = √(0.358𝑚) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟖

VI. CONCLUSION
Bernoulli’s principle is an increase in the velocity of a fluid occurs instantaneously with
a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy. Its relation is among the
pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid, either liquid or gas, the compressibility and
viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar.
In this experiment, we need to determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices.
On the first part of the experiment, we determine the coefficient of velocity of a flowing
water who’s in a trajectory path. First, we calculate the slope of every points in the marked
paper. Then we get the average velocity of all the data to calculate the coefficient of velocity.
For part B, we determine the coefficient of discharge with the use of the volume flow rate in
 the hydraulic bench, the area of the orifice as well as the head reading. As the area of the
orifice increases, the coefficient of discharge will decrease also. Therefore, the coefficient of
discharge is inversely proportional to the area of the orifice. Furthermore, as the volume flow
rate increases, the discharge’s coefficient will increase as well. Hence, the volume flow rate
that is being calculated in the hydraulic bench is directly proportional to the coefficient of
discharge. On the last part of the experiment, we determine the coefficient of discharge by
turning off the hydraulic bench and record the change in height in the orifice meter every a
given seconds. As the head reading increases, the coefficient will increase as well. Thus, the
coefficient of discharge is directly proportional to the orifice head reading.
Potential error that can be attained in this experiment is human error. Human error can
include the inaccuracy of measuring the time as well as the recording of the orifice head. With
the assistance of the group, it must be observed well to record and compute a correct data.
In addition, calculations can also be included in human error.

VIII. APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING

The Bernoulli’s theorem has a wide-ranging diversity of presentations in engineering
fluid mechanics specifically in designing pipes for hydroelectric plants and aerospace wing
design. In the situation of hydroelectric plants, it works water flow from a certain reservoir to
know the change in elevation of the reservoir for the engineers to identify on how fast the
water will be flowing through the energy-generating turbines. In the case of air flight, the main
way that the Bernoulli’s principle works in air flight has to do with the architecture of the wings
of the plane. In an airplane wing, the top of the wing is a bit curved, while the bottom of the
wing is totally flat. While in the sky, air travel across both the top and the bottom
contemporaneously. Because both the top part and the bottom part of the plane are designed
differently, this allows the air on the bottom to move slower, which creates more pressure at
the bottom and allows for the air on the top to move faster, which creates less pressure.

IX. REFERENCE
A. Uy, F. A., Tan, F., & Monjardin, C. E. (2015). Laboratory Manual in Fluid Mechanics.
B. Bernoullisprinciple.weebly.com
C. https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_surg_lesson03
D. www.brookfieldengineering.com/education.asp