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Lesson 13 Structured Analysis

Structured Analysis is a development method that allows the analyst to understand the
system and its activities in a logical way.
It is a systematic approach, which uses graphical tools that analyze and refine the
objectives of an existing system and develop a new system specification which can be
easily understandable by user.
It has following attributes −
 It is graphic which specifies the presentation of application.
 It divides the processes so that it gives a clear picture of system flow.
 It is logical rather than physical i.e., the elements of system do not depend on
vendor or hardware.
 It is an approach that works from high-level overviews to lower-level details.

Structured Analysis Tools

During Structured Analysis, various tools and techniques are used for system
development. They are −
 Data Flow Diagrams
 Data Dictionary
 Decision Trees
 Decision Tables
 Structured English
 Pseudocode

Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) or Bubble Chart

It is a technique developed by Larry Constantine to express the requirements of
system in a graphical form.
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 It shows the flow of data between various functions of system and specifies how
the current system is implemented.
 It is an initial stage of design phase that functionally divides the requirement
specifications down to the lowest level of detail.
 Its graphical nature makes it a good communication tool between user and
analyst or analyst and system designer.
 It gives an overview of what data a system processes, what transformations are
performed, what data are stored, what results are produced and where they
flow.

Basic Elements of DFD

DFD is easy to understand and quite effective when the required design is not clear
and the user wants a notational language for communication. However, it requires a
large number of iterations for obtaining the most accurate and complete solution.
The following table shows the symbols used in designing a DFD and their significance
−
Symbol Symbol Meaning
Name
Square Source or Destination
of Data
Arrow Data flow

Circle Process transforming

data flow
Open Data Store
Rectangle

Types of DFD
DFDs are of two types: Physical DFD and Logical DFD. The following table lists the
points that differentiate a physical DFD from a logical DFD.
Physical DFD Logical DFD
It is implementation It is implementation
dependent. It shows which independent. It focuses only
functions are performed. on the flow of data between
processes.
It provides low level details It explains events of
of hardware, software, systems and data required
files, and people. by each event.
It depicts how the current It shows how business
system operates and how operates; not how the
a system will be system can be
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implemented. implemented.

Context Diagram
A context diagram helps in understanding the entire system by one DFD which gives
the overview of a system. It starts with mentioning major processes with little details
and then goes onto giving more details of the processes with the top-down approach.
The context diagram of mess management is shown below.

Data Dictionary
A data dictionary is a structured repository of data elements in the system. It stores the
descriptions of all DFD data elements that is, details and definitions of data flows, data
stores, data stored in data stores, and the processes.

A data dictionary improves the communication between the analyst and the user. It
plays an important role in building a database. Most DBMSs have a data dictionary as
a standard feature. For example, refer the following table –

Sr.No. Data Name Description No. of Characters

1 ISBN ISBN Number 10
2 TITLE title 60
3 SUB Book Subjects 80
4 ANAME Author Name 15

Decision Trees
Decision trees are a method for defining complex relationships by describing decisions
and avoiding the problems in communication. A decision tree is a diagram that shows
alternative actions and conditions within horizontal tree framework. Thus, it depicts
which conditions to consider first, second, and so on.
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Decision trees depict the relationship of each condition and their permissible actions. A
square node indicates an action and a circle indicates a condition. It forces analysts to
consider the sequence of decisions and identifies the actual decision that must be
made.

The major limitation of a decision tree is that it lacks information in its format to
describe what other combinations of conditions you can take for testing. It is a single
representation of the relationships between conditions and actions.
For example, refer the following decision tree −

Decision Tables
Decision tables are a method of describing the complex logical relationship in a precise
manner which is easily understandable.
 It is useful in situations where the resulting actions depend on the occurrence of
one or several combinations of independent conditions.
 It is a matrix containing row or columns for defining a problem and the actions.

Components of a Decision Table

 Condition Stub − It is in the upper left quadrant which lists all the condition to
be checked.
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 Action Stub − It is in the lower left quadrant which outlines all the action to be
carried out to meet such condition.
 Condition Entry − It is in upper right quadrant which provides answers to
questions asked in condition stub quadrant.
 Action Entry − It is in lower right quadrant which indicates the appropriate
action resulting from the answers to the conditions in the condition entry
quadrant.

The entries in decision table are given by Decision Rules which define the relationships
between combinations of conditions and courses of action. In rules section,
 Y shows the existence of a condition.
 N represents the condition, which is not satisfied.
 A blank - against action states it is to be ignored.
 X (or a check mark will do) against action states it is to be carried out.

For example, refer the following table −

CONDITIONS Rule Rule Rule Rule
1 2 3 4
Advance payment made Y N N N
Purchase amount = Rs - Y Y N
10,000/-
Regular Customer - Y N -
ACTIONS
Give 5% discount X X - -
Give no discount - - X X

Structured English
Structure English is derived from structured programming language which gives more
understandable and precise description of process. It is based on procedural logic that
uses construction and imperative sentences designed to perform operation for action.
 It is best used when sequences and loops in a program must be considered and
the problem needs sequences of actions with decisions.
 It does not have strict syntax rule. It expresses all logic in terms of sequential
decision structures and iterations.

For example, see the following sequence of actions −

if customer pays advance
then
Give 5% Discount
else
if purchase amount >=10,000
then
if the customer is a regular customer
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then Give 5% Discount

else No Discount
end if
else No Discount
end if
end if

Pseudocode
A pseudocode does not conform to any programming language and expresses logic in
plain English.
 It may specify the physical programming logic without actual coding during and
after the physical design.
 It is used in conjunction with structured programming.
 It replaces the flowcharts of a program.

Guidelines for Selecting Appropriate Tools

Use the following guidelines for selecting the most appropriate tool that would suit your
requirements −
 Use DFD at high or low level analysis for providing good system
documentations.
 Use data dictionary to simplify the structure for meeting the data requirement of
the system.
 Use structured English if there are many loops and actions are complex.
 Use decision tables when there are a large number of conditions to check and
logic is complex.
 Use decision trees when sequencing of conditions is important and if there are
few conditions to be tested.