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Chapter 5: Functions and Graphs

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5.4 Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
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Prepared by: Kang Kooi Wei

 Learning Outcomes

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(a) Find the relationship of exponential and logarithmic
functions by algebraic and graphical approaches.

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*Highlight the fact that one is the inverse of the other
function.

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𝒈(𝒙)
**To discuss functions of the form 𝒆 and 𝒍𝒏(𝒈 𝒙 )

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where 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 .
(b) State the domain and range of an exponential and
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logarithmic functions.
(c) Compute the composite functions involving exponential and
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logarithmic functions.
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(d) Sketch the graph which involve exponential and logarithmic

functions on the same axes.
𝒎𝒙+𝒄 𝒎𝒙+𝒄
*Such as: 𝒚 = 𝒂 , 𝒚 = 𝒆 and 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄).
KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Understanding
 Exponential Functions

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An exponential function has a
Exponential
variable in an exponent.

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𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙

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Domain: −∞, ∞

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Base Range: 𝟎, ∞
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Some examples of exponential functions are
𝟏 𝒙
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𝒙 𝟐𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑 ,𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟓 ,𝒇 𝒙 = , 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟑−𝒙
𝟐
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 Domain and Range of Exponential
Functions

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Domain: −∞, ∞

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To determine Range:

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Example:
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟓
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒙 Let 𝒆𝒙 > 𝟎
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Let 𝒆 > 𝟎
𝒆𝒙 − 𝟓 ≻ −𝟓
𝒇 𝒙 >𝟎
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𝒇 𝒙 ≻ −𝟓
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∴ 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆: (𝟎, ∞)
∴ 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆: (−𝟓, ∞)
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 Logarithmic Functions

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A logarithmic function is a function of the form

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𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 where 𝒂 > 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏
 Constant 𝒂 is known as the base

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 Variable 𝒙 is any positive real numbers.

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Some examples of logarithmic functions are
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙, 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟑)
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N
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Domain: 𝟎, ∞
Range: −∞, ∞
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 Domain and Range of Logarithmic
Functions

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Range: −∞, ∞

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To determine Domain:

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Example:
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙 2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟑)
Let 𝒙>𝟎 Let 𝒙−𝟑>𝟎
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𝒙>𝟑
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∴ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏: (𝟎, ∞)
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∴ 𝑫𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏: (𝟑, ∞)

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 Relationship between an exponential
function and a logarithmic function

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𝒙
• Exponential function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂 is a one-to-one function, it

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has an inverse function.
• The inverse function of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 is a logarithmic function
𝒇−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 .

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• Therefore, the graph of 𝒇−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 is obtained by

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reflecting the graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 in the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 .
𝒚
G
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𝒇 𝟏 𝒇−𝟏
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𝒙
𝟎 𝟏

𝒚=𝒙 Bloom: Remembering

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 Example

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1. Sketch the graphs of the following functions:
(a) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙

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(b) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟑

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(c) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟑

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2. Sketch the following graphs:
(a) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙
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(b) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟑)
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(c) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 − 𝟐)

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 Solution

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1(a). Steps for sketching the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 : 𝒚
Step 1: Find the domain:

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𝑫𝒇 = −∞, ∞
Step 2: Find the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 and 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙

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𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 :
When 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏

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When 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 is undefined.
Step 3: When 𝒙 → −∞, 𝒚 → 𝟎
Implies that 𝒚 = 𝟎 is the
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horizontal asymptote. 𝒙
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When 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒚 → +∞
KA

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 Solution

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1(b). Steps for sketching the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟑 : 𝒚
Step 1: Find the domain:

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𝑫𝒇 = −∞, ∞
Step 2: Find the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 and

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𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 : 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟑
When 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝟑 = 𝟒

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When 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 is undefined. 𝟑 𝒚=𝟑
Step 3: When 𝒙 → −∞, 𝒚 → 𝟑
Implies that 𝒚 = 𝟑 is the
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horizontal asymptote.
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When 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒚 → +∞
𝒙
KA

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 Solution

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1(c). Steps for sketching the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟑 : 𝒚
Step 1: Find the domain:

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𝑫𝒇 = −∞, ∞
Step 2: Find the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 and
𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟑

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𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 :
When 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏 − 𝟑 = −𝟐

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When 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 is undefined.
Step 3: When 𝒙 → −∞, 𝒚 → −𝟑 𝒙
Implies that 𝒚 = −𝟑 is the
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horizontal asymptote.
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When 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒚 → +∞ 𝒚 = −𝟑
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−𝟑

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 Solution

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2(a). Steps for sketching the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 :
Step 1: Find the domain:

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𝑫𝒇 = 𝟎, ∞ 𝒚
Step 2: Find the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 and

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𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 :
When 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 is undefined. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙

KO
When 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 = 𝟏
Step 3: When 𝒙 → 𝟎, 𝒚 → −∞
Implies that 𝒙 = 𝟎 is the
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vertical asymptote. 𝒙
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When 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒚 → +∞
KA

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 Solution

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2(b). Steps for sketching the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟑) : 𝒚
Step 1: Find the domain:

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𝑫𝒇 = −𝟑, ∞
Step 2: Find the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 and

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𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 : 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 + 𝟑)
When 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝟑

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When 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 = −𝟐
Step 3: When 𝒙 → −𝟑, 𝒚 → −∞ 𝒙
Implies that 𝒙 = −𝟑 is the
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vertical asymptote.
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When 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒚 → +∞
KA

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 Solution

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2(c). Steps for sketching the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 − 𝟐):
Step 1: Find the domain:

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𝒚
𝑫𝒇 = 𝟐, ∞
Step 2: Find the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 and 𝒙=𝟐

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𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 :
When 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 is undefined. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 − 𝟐)

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When 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒙 = 𝟑
Step 3: When 𝒙 → 𝟐, 𝒚 → −∞
𝒙
Implies that 𝒙 = 𝟐 is the
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𝟐
vertical asymptote.
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When 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒚 → +∞
KA

Bloom: Understanding
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 Example

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1. The function 𝒇 is defined as 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝟏 .
(a) State the domain for 𝒇.

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(b) State the range for 𝒇.
(c) Show that 𝒇−𝟏 exists.

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(d) Find 𝒇−𝟏 .

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−𝟏
(e) Sketch the graphs of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒚 = 𝒇 (𝒙) on the
same axes.
G
N
KA

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 Solution

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1. (a) 𝑫𝒇 = 𝟎, ∞ For 𝒙 > 𝟎 .

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(b) 𝑹𝒇 = −∞, ∞
(c) Let 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 and when 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇 𝒙𝟐

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𝟐𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟏 − 𝟏 = 𝟐𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏

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𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐
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Hence 𝒇 is a one-to-one function and 𝒇−𝟏 exists.

KA

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 Solution (Continue…)

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1. (d) 𝒇 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝒙

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𝟐𝒍𝒏 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) − 𝟏 = 𝒙
𝒙+𝟏

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−𝟏
𝒍𝒏 𝒇 (𝒙) =
𝟐

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𝒙+𝟏
𝒇−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒆 𝟐
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N
KA

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 Solution (Continue…)

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1. (e) Steps for sketching the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝟏 :
Step 1: Find the domain: 𝒚

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𝑫𝒇 = 𝟎, ∞
Step 2: Find the 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 :
𝒇−𝟏

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𝟏
When 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓

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Step 3: When 𝒙 → 𝟎, 𝒚 → −∞ 𝒇
Implies that 𝒙 = 𝟎 is the
𝒙
vertical asymptote. 𝟎
G
When 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒚 → +∞
N

−𝟏
The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 (𝒙) is a
KA

reflection of the graph 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒚=𝒙

in the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 .

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 Self-check

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1. Sketch the graphs of the following functions:
(a) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙

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(b) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟑

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(c) 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙−𝟑

KO
2. Sketch the following graphs:
(a) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙
G
N
(b) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝟑
KA

(c) 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝟐

Bloom: Applying
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 Self-check

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𝒙
3. The function 𝒇 is defined as 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒆 − 𝟏 .
(a) State the domain for 𝒇.

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(b) State the range for 𝒇.
(c) Show that 𝒇−𝟏 exists.

O
(d) Find 𝒇−𝟏 .

KO
−𝟏
(e) Sketch the graphs of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒚 = 𝒇 (𝒙) on the
same axes.
G
N
KA

Bloom: Applying
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 Answer Self-check

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𝒚
1(a) 1(c)
𝒚

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𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙

O
𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙−𝟑

KO
𝒙

𝒚
G
1(b) 𝑒 −3
𝒙
N
KA

𝑒3

𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟑

𝒙
KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Applying
 Answer Self-check
𝒚

EI
2(a) 2(c) 𝒚

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𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒙

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𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝟐

2(b) 𝒚
KO
G
N

𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝟑
KA

Bloom: Applying
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 Answer Self-check

EI
3. (a) 𝑫𝒇 = −∞, ∞

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(b) 𝑹𝒇 = −𝟏, ∞
−𝟏
𝒙+𝟏
(d) 𝒇

O
𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏
𝟐

KO
(e) G 𝒚

𝒇−𝟏 𝒇
N

𝒙
𝟎
KA

𝒚=𝒙

Bloom: Applying
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 Summary

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Domain of exponential function Range of logarithmic function

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always same: −∞, ∞ always same: −∞, ∞

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KO
Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions
G
N

Inverse of exponential The graph of exponential function is a

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function is logarithmic reflection of the graph of its inverse

function and vice versa. (logarithmic function) in the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 .

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Key Terms

EI
• Exponential Functions

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• Logarithmic Functions
•

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Inverse Functions

KO
• Domain
• Range
G
•
N

Composite Functions
KA

• Sketching graph

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