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4.4 System of Linear Equations With Three Variables

This document discusses solving systems of linear equations with three variables. It presents two methods: using the inverse matrix and using Gauss-Jordan elimination. The inverse matrix method involves multiplying both sides of the equation AX=B by the inverse of A. The Gauss-Jordan method involves forming an augmented matrix and using elementary row operations to reduce it to reduced row echelon form. Examples are provided to illustrate both methods.

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197 views

4.4 System of Linear Equations With Three Variables

This document discusses solving systems of linear equations with three variables. It presents two methods: using the inverse matrix and using Gauss-Jordan elimination. The inverse matrix method involves multiplying both sides of the equation AX=B by the inverse of A. The Gauss-Jordan method involves forming an augmented matrix and using elementary row operations to reduce it to reduced row echelon form. Examples are provided to illustrate both methods.

Uploaded by

jokydin92
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Matrices and Systems

of Linear Equations

4.4 System of Linear


Equations with Three
Variables

Prepared by: kwkang


Learning Outcomes
(a) Write a system of linear equations in the
form of 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
*Up to 3x3 matrices.
** Apply to some practical problems.
(b) Solve the unique solution of 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩 using:
(i) Inverse Matrix;
(ii) Elimination Method,
* Introduce Gauss-Jordan
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding
Matrix Equation
The system of linear equations
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒛 = 𝒃𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒛 = 𝒃𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒛 = 𝒃𝟑
Can be written in the form 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒙 𝒃𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒚 = 𝒃𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒛 𝒃𝟑
Where 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒃𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝒙
𝑨 = 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝑿= 𝒚 𝑩 = 𝒃𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒛 𝒃𝟑

Matrix of coefficients Matrix of variables Matrix of constants


kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering
Example
(1) Write the following system of linear
equations in the form 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩 .
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟔𝒛 = 𝟏𝟏
2𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟑
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟗
Solution:
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟏
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟑
𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟐 𝒛 𝟗

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Methods of solving
Methods of solving 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩

1. Using inverse matrix


𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
𝑨−𝟏 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩 Multiplying each side on the left by 𝑨−𝟏

𝑰𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩 𝑨−𝟏 𝑨 = 𝑰

𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩 𝑰𝑿 = 𝑿

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Methods of solving
Methods of solving 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩

2. Gauss-Jordan elimination method


Step 1: Write in the form of 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩 .
Step 2: Form an augmented matrix 𝑨 𝑩 .
Step 3: Use elementary row operations (ERO) to reduce
the augmented matrix 𝑨 𝑩 to a reduced
augmented form 𝑰 𝑪 .

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Example
(1) By using the inverse matrix, solve the following system of
linear equations
𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟑
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = −𝟑
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 − 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑

(2) By using the Gauss-Jordan elimination method, solve the


following system of linear equations.
𝒙+𝒚=𝟎
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏
−𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Solution
(1) By using inverse matrix
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 𝟑
−𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝒚 = −𝟑 Writing the system of equations in the form 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
𝟓 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝒛 𝟏𝟑
𝑨 𝑿 𝑩
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟑 Expanding about
𝑨 = (+)(𝟏) (−)(𝟏) (+)(𝟐)
−𝟒 −𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏 𝟓 −𝟒 the first row.
= −𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟐(𝟖 − 𝟏𝟓) + − +
= 𝟏𝟕 − + −
+ − +
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟑
+ − +
−𝟒 −𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏 𝟓 −𝟒 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟖 −𝟕
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑪𝑨 = − + − = −𝟕 −𝟏𝟏 𝟗
−𝟒 −𝟏 𝟓 −𝟏 𝟓 −𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟖 𝟓
+ − +
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟑
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding
Solution
(1) By using inverse matrix (Continue…)
𝟏𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟑𝟗 + 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐𝟔
𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑨 = 𝑪𝑨 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟖 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟖 𝑿= 𝟓𝟒 + 𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝟏𝟕
−𝟕 𝟗 𝟓 −𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐𝟕 + 𝟔𝟓
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨𝒅𝒋 𝑨 𝟏 𝟑𝟒
𝑨 = −𝟏𝟕
𝟏𝟕
𝟏𝟕
𝟏 𝟏𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟐
𝟐
𝑨−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟖
𝟏𝟕 = −𝟏
−𝟕 𝟗 𝟓
𝟏
𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒛=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟐 𝟑
= 𝟏𝟖 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟖 −𝟑
𝟏𝟕
−𝟕 𝟗 𝟓 𝟏𝟑

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Solution
(2) By using Gauss-Jordan elimination method
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝒚 = 𝟏 Writing the system of equations in the form 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑩
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎𝟎
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑𝟏 Forming the augmented matrix 𝑨 𝑩
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏

𝑹𝟐 ∗ = −𝟐𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

𝑹𝟑 ∗ = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟎𝟎 Changing the elements in the 2nd and 3rd rows


𝟎 𝟏 𝟑𝟏 of the 1st column to 0.
𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟏

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Solution
(2) By using Gauss-Jordan elimination method (Continue…)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟑𝟏
𝟎 𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝑹𝟑 ∗ = −𝟐𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 Changing the element in the 3rd row of


𝟎 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 the 2nd column to 0.
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟓 −𝟏
𝟏
𝑹𝟑 ∗ = − 𝑹𝟑
𝟓

𝟏 𝟏 𝟎𝟎 Changing the element in the 3rd row of


𝟎 𝟏 𝟑𝟏 the 3rd column to 0.
𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟓

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Solution
(2) By using Gauss-Jordan elimination method (Continue…)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟓

𝑹𝟐 ∗ = −𝟑𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟐

𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎𝟐
Changing the element in the 2nd row
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎𝟓
of the 3rd column to 0.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝟓

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Solution
(2) By using Gauss-Jordan elimination method (Continue…)
𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎𝟐
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎𝟓
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟏
𝟓

𝑹𝟏 ∗ = −𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟏

𝟐
−
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟓
𝟐 Changing the element in the 1st row of
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟓 the 2nd column to 0.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟓
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
∴𝒙=− , 𝒚= , 𝒛=
𝟓 𝟓 𝟓

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Self-check
(1) By using the inverse matrix, solve the following system of
linear equations
𝟒𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = −𝟗
−𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒛 = −𝟕

(2) By using the Gauss-Jordan elimination method, solve the


following system of linear equations.
𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏𝟑
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = −𝟏
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟔

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Applying


Answer Self-check
(1) 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟑, 𝒛=𝟒

(2) 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = −𝟐, 𝒛=𝟏

Bloom: Applying
kwkang@KMK
Summary

System of linear
equations with
three variables

Gauss-Jordan
Using inverse
elimination
matrix
method

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Key Terms
• Inverse matrix method
• Gauss-Jordan elimination method
• Augmented matrix
• Matrix of coefficients
• Matrix of variables
• Matrix of constants

kwkang@KMK

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