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4.2 Determinant of Matrices

This document discusses matrices and systems of linear equations. It covers determinants of matrices including finding minors and cofactors. It explains how to calculate the determinant of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices using properties such as expanding along rows or columns. Several examples are provided to demonstrate finding minors, cofactors, and evaluating determinants. Properties of determinants are also outlined, such as the determinant being unchanged by row/column operations.

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402 views26 pages

4.2 Determinant of Matrices

This document discusses matrices and systems of linear equations. It covers determinants of matrices including finding minors and cofactors. It explains how to calculate the determinant of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices using properties such as expanding along rows or columns. Several examples are provided to demonstrate finding minors, cofactors, and evaluating determinants. Properties of determinants are also outlined, such as the determinant being unchanged by row/column operations.

Uploaded by

jokydin92
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Matrices and Systems

of Linear Equations

4.2 Determinant of
Matrices

Prepared by: kwkang


Learning Outcomes
(a) Find the minors and cofactors of a matrix
*Up to 3x3 matrices.
(b) Find the determinant of a matrix.
*Use basic properties of determinant.

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Minors
Minors, 𝑴𝒊𝒋

Minors of an element of an 𝟑 × 𝟑 matrix is determinant by


deleting the row and the column containing the element and
then finding the determinant of the resulting 𝟐 × 𝟐 matrix.

Example:
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟒
If 𝑨 = −𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 , find 𝑴𝟏𝟏 and 𝑴𝟐𝟑 .
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Minors
Solution:
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟒
𝑨 = −𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 Deleting the 1st row and the 1st column.
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑
𝟓 𝟐
𝑴𝟏𝟏 =
𝟒 −𝟑 Applying the formula
= 𝟓 −𝟑 − (𝟒)(𝟐) 𝑨 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
= −𝟏𝟓 − 𝟖
= −𝟐𝟑

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Minors
Solution:
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟒
𝑨 = −𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 Deleting the 2nd row and the 3rd column.
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑
𝟑 −𝟏
𝑴𝟐𝟑 =
𝟏 𝟒 Applying the formula
= 𝟑 𝟒 − (𝟏)(−𝟏) 𝑨 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
= 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟑

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Cofactors
Cofactors
If 𝑨 is a square matrix, then the cofactor, denoted by 𝒄𝒊𝒋 ,
of the element 𝒂𝒊𝒋 is given by 𝒄𝒊𝒋 = −𝟏 𝒊+𝒋 𝑴𝒊𝒋 .

Learning Tips:

Instead of calculating −𝟏 𝒊+𝒋 for each of minor, the following


sign convention can be used to find cofactors of matrices.
+ − +
− + −
+ − +

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Cofactors
Example:
𝟒 𝟏 𝟎
If 𝑨 = −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 , find
𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑
(a) 𝒄𝟏𝟐 (b) 𝒄𝟑𝟑

Solution:
(a)
Deleting the 1st row and the 2nd column.

+ − +
𝒄𝟏𝟐 = − 𝑴𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟏𝟐 the sign is
− + − negative
−𝟐 −𝟏 + − +
= (−)
𝟐 −𝟑
= −𝟖 kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering
Cofactors
Solution:
(b)
Deleting the 3rd row and the 3rd column.

+ − +
𝒄𝟑𝟑 = + 𝑴𝟑𝟑 𝒄𝟑𝟑 the sign is
− + − positive
𝟒 𝟏 + − +
= (+)
−𝟐 𝟑
= 𝟏𝟐 − (−𝟐)

= 𝟏𝟒

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Determinant of matrices
Determinant of a 𝟐 × 𝟐 matrix
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
If 𝑨 = 𝒂 𝒂𝟐𝟐 , then 𝑨 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 .
𝟐𝟏

Example:
If 𝑨 = 𝟑 −𝟐 , find 𝑨 .
−𝟒 −𝟏
Solution:
𝟑 −𝟐
𝑨 =
−𝟒 −𝟏
Applying the formula
= 𝟑 −𝟏 − (−𝟒)(−𝟐)
𝑨 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
= −𝟏𝟏
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering
Determinant of matrices
Determinant of a 𝟑 × 𝟑 matrix

𝟒 𝟏 𝟎
If 𝑨 = −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 , then 𝑨 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒄𝟏𝟑.
𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑

Learning Tips:
Step 1: Fix any row or column to find determinant.
Step 2: Label the sign according to the sign convention.
Step 3: Draw a bracket and modulus after each sign.
Step 4: Fill in the value of elements in bracket and the elements
of minor in modulus then calculate to get determinant.
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering
Determinant of matrices
Example:
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐
Evaluate 𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐 .
−𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
Solution:
Hint: Choose row or column contains the most zeroes to
make computation easier.

𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐 = + − +
−𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
+ − +
− + − We expand about the 3rd row with most zeroes. The sign is + - +
+ − +

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Determinant of matrices
Solution: (Continue…)
𝟏 −𝟑 𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟐
−𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 Fill in the
values of
−𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑 elements in
= + −𝟐 − 𝟎 + 𝟎
𝟒 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 bracket and
modulus.
= −𝟐 𝟔 − 𝟖 − 𝟎 + 𝟎

=𝟒

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Properties of determinant
1. If a square matrix B is obtained from a square matrix A by
multiplying each element of any row or any column of
matrix A by a constant 𝒌 , then 𝑩 = 𝒌 𝑨 .

Example:
𝟐 𝟒 𝟎
If 𝑨 = 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 and 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟔 .
𝟓 𝟐 𝟎
𝟐 𝟒 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 𝟎
𝑩 = 𝟑 −𝟗 𝟑 = 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 = 𝟑 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟒𝟖
𝟓 𝟐 𝟎 𝟓 𝟐 𝟎

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Properties of determinant
2. If all the elements in a row or a column of a square matrix
A are zeroes, then 𝑨 = 𝟎

Example:
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
𝑨= 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 ∴ 𝑨 =𝟎 All elements in 2nd row are zeroes.
𝟓 𝟐 𝟏

𝟔 𝟖 𝟎
𝑩= 𝟐 𝟕 𝟎 ∴ 𝑩 =𝟎 All elements in 3rd column are zeroes.
𝟓 𝟏 𝟎

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Properties of determinant
3. If any two rows or two columns of a square matrix A are
identical, then 𝑨 = 𝟎 .

Example:

𝟐 𝟓 𝟖
𝑨= 𝟓 𝟑 𝟗 ∴ 𝑨 =𝟎 The 1st and 3rd rows are identical.
𝟐 𝟓 𝟖

𝟒 𝟒 𝟑
𝑩= 𝟐 𝟐 𝟕 ∴ 𝑩 =𝟎 The 1st and 2nd columns are identical.
𝟔 𝟔 𝟗

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Properties of determinant
4. If A is a square matrix, then 𝑨 = 𝑨𝑻 .

Example:
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
If 𝑨 = 𝟎 𝟑 −𝟏 and 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐 .
−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐
𝑨𝑻 = −𝟏 𝟑 −𝟏 ∴ 𝑨𝑻 = 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Properties of determinant
5. If a square matrix B is obtained from a square matrix A by
interchanging any two rows or any two columns, then
𝑩 =−𝑨 .

Example:
𝒂 𝒌 𝒑
Given 𝒃 𝒍 𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎 .
𝒄 𝒎 𝒓
𝒄 𝒎 𝒓 𝒂 𝒌 𝒑
𝒃 𝒍 𝒒 = − 𝒃 𝒍 𝒒 = −𝟏𝟎 Interchanging the 1st
𝒂 𝒌 𝒑 row with the 3rd row.
𝒄 𝒎 𝒓

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Properties of determinant
6. If A is an upper triangular or a lower triangular matrix,
then 𝑨 can be obtained by multiplying the elements on
the leading diagonal.

Example:
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑
𝑨= 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟓 Upper triangular matrix.
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏
𝑨 = (𝟏)(−𝟐)(−𝟏) Multiplying the elements on the leading diagonal.

=𝟐

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Properties of determinant
7. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨 × 𝑩 .

Example:
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟒
Given that 𝑨 = 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 and
𝟓 𝟑 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟓 𝟑
𝑩 = 𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟒 = −𝟐.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐
∴ 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 −𝟐 = −𝟐𝟎

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Example
(1) Find the determinant of 𝟑 𝟐 .
𝑨=
𝟒 −𝟏
𝟑 𝟓 𝟒
(2) Evaluate 𝑨 if 𝑨= 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐 .
−𝟐 −𝟒 𝟓
𝟐 𝒚 −𝟏
(3) Given 𝑨= 𝒚 𝟐 𝟏 . Find 𝒚 if 𝑨 = 𝟎 .
−𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Solution
(1) 𝑨 = 𝟑 −𝟏 − (𝟐)(𝟒)
= −𝟏𝟏

(2) Expand about the 1st row.


𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
𝑨 =+ 𝟑 − 𝟓 + 𝟒
−𝟒 𝟓 −𝟐 𝟓 −𝟐 −𝟒
= 𝟑 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟖 − 𝟓 𝟓 + 𝟒 + 𝟒(−𝟒 + 𝟔)

= 𝟑𝟐

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Solution (Continue…)
(3) Expand about the 1st row.
𝟐 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 𝒚 𝟐
𝑨 =+ 𝟐 − 𝒚 + −𝟏 =𝟎
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟑 𝟏 −𝟑 −𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 − (−𝟏) − 𝒚 𝒚 + 𝟑 − −𝒚 + 𝟔 = 𝟎

𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒚 𝒚+𝟐 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = −𝟐

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding


Self-check
(1) Find the determinant of −𝟏 𝟐 .
𝑨=
−𝟑 −𝟒

𝟐 𝟎 𝟑
(2) Evaluate 𝑨 if 𝑨 = −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 .
𝟐 𝟓 𝟎
𝟏 𝟑 −𝟐
(3) Given 𝑨= 𝟐 𝟎 𝒌 . Find 𝒌 if 𝑨 = 𝟎.
−𝟏 𝒌 𝟏

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Applying


Answer Self-check
(1) 10

(2) -41

(3) 𝒌 = −𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝒌 = −𝟏

Bloom: Applying
kwkang@KMK
Summary

Minor of matrix Cofactor of matrix

Determinant of
matrices

Determinant of 2X2 and 3X3 Properties of


matrix determinant

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering


Key Terms
• Minor
• Cofactor
• Determinant

kwkang@KMK

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