Chapter 4: Matrices and Systems

of Linear Equations

4.1 Matrices

Prepared by: kwkang

 Learning Outcomes
(a) Identify the different types of matrices.
(b) Perform operations on matrices.
(c) Find the transpose of a matrix.

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding

 Matrices
3 is the 𝟑 𝟕 𝟖 Row 1
element in 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏 Row 2
the 1st row Column 1
1st column
Column 2
Column 3
Matrix 𝟐 × 𝟑 since it has 2 rows and 3 columns.

𝒂𝒊𝒋 Example: 𝒂𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕

Row
Column 𝒂𝟐𝟏 = 𝟓

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Types of matrices
1. Row matrix: 𝟐 𝟑 𝟖
𝟓
2. Column matrix: 𝟖
𝟗

𝟎 𝟎
3. Zero matrix: 𝟎 𝟎

𝟏 𝟒 𝟐 × 𝟐 square matrix
4. Square matrix: 𝟔 𝟏
𝟑 𝟗 𝟎
𝟒 𝟔 𝟖 𝟑×𝟑 square matrix
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟎
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering
 Types of matrices
𝟐 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟎
5. Diagonal matrix: 𝟎 𝟓
, 𝟎 𝟔 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟎

6. Upper triangular matrix: 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏

𝟎 𝟔 −𝟐
𝟎 𝟎 𝟖

7. Lower triangular matrix:

𝟑 𝟎 𝟎
𝟕 𝟔 𝟎
𝟗 𝟒 𝟖

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Types of matrices
8. Identity matrix:
𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐×𝟐 identity matrix

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟑×𝟑 identity matrix
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Operations with matrices
1. Addition
Example:
𝟒 𝟕 −𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟖
Given that 𝑨 = and 𝑩 = ,
−𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 −𝟕 −𝟔 −𝟑
find 𝑨 + 𝑩 .
Solution:
𝟒 𝟕 −𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟖
𝑨+𝑩= +
−𝟑 𝟓 𝟏 −𝟕 −𝟔 −𝟑
Adding the
𝟒+𝟔 𝟕+𝟐 −𝟐 + 𝟖
= corresponding
−𝟑 + (−𝟕) 𝟓 + (−𝟔) 𝟏 + (−𝟑) elements.
𝟏𝟎 𝟗 𝟔
=
−𝟏𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟐
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering
 Operations with matrices
2. Subtraction
Example: 𝟐 𝟓 −𝟒 𝟐
Given that 𝑨 = 𝟔 𝟏 and 𝑩 = 𝟑 −𝟏
𝟒 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟖
find 𝑨 − 𝑩 .
Solution: 𝟐 𝟓 −𝟒 𝟐
subtracting the corresponding
𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝟔 𝟏 − 𝟑 −𝟏 elements.
𝟒 −𝟏 𝟏 −𝟖
= 𝟐 − (−𝟒) 𝟓−𝟐 𝟔 𝟑
𝟔−𝟑 𝟏 − (−𝟏) = 𝟑 𝟐
𝟒−𝟏 −𝟏 − (−𝟖) 𝟑 𝟕

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Operations with matrices
3. Scalar multiplication
Example:
If 𝑨 = 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟓 , find 2𝑨.
−𝟒 𝟗 𝟐
Solution:
2𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏 𝟓
−𝟒 𝟗 𝟐
𝟐(𝟑) 𝟐(−𝟏) 𝟐(𝟓)
= Multiplying each element of A by 2.
𝟐(−𝟒) 𝟐(𝟗) 𝟐(𝟐)
𝟔 −𝟐 𝟏𝟎
=
−𝟖 𝟏𝟖 𝟒

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Operations with matrices
4. Multiplication of matrices

Matrix Matrix
𝑨 X B
Order of
𝒎×𝒓 𝒓×𝒏 Order of
matrix A matrix B
Equal

Order of 𝑨B
is 𝒎 × 𝒏

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Operations with matrices
4. Multiplication of matrices
Example: 𝟏 𝟑
𝟒 𝟐 −𝟏
Given that 𝑨 = and 𝑩 = 𝟐 −𝟏 ,
−𝟑 𝟎 −𝟐
𝟒 𝟓
find 𝑨𝑩 .
Solution:
𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
−𝟏
𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐 −𝟏 Multiplying the two matrices.
−𝟑 𝟎 −𝟐
𝟒 𝟓
𝟒 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝟐 + (−𝟏)(𝟒) 𝟒 𝟑 + 𝟐 −𝟏 + (−𝟏)(𝟓)
=
−𝟑 𝟏 + 𝟎 𝟐 + (−𝟐)(𝟒) −𝟑 𝟑 + 𝟎 −𝟏 + (−𝟐)(𝟓)
𝟒 𝟓
=
−𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟗
kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering
 Transpose of a matrix
Examples:
𝟓 𝟏
If 𝑨 = 𝟓 𝟒 −𝟐 , then 𝑨𝑻 =
𝟒 −𝟔 .
𝟏 −𝟔 𝟖
−𝟐 𝟖

𝟑 𝟏 −𝟕 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟕
If 𝑩 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟖 , then 𝑩𝑻 = 𝟏 𝟒 𝟖
−𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓 −𝟕 𝟖 −𝟓

kwkang@KMK
Bloom: Remembering
 Properties of matrix transpose
1. 𝑻 𝑻
𝑨 =𝐀
𝑻
2. 𝒌𝑨 = 𝒌𝑨𝑻 , 𝒌 is a scalar

𝑻
3. 𝑨±𝑩 = 𝑨𝑻 ± 𝑩𝑻
𝑻
4. 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻

kwkang@KMK
Bloom: Remembering
 Symmetric matrix

A symmetric matrix is a square matrix whose elements about

the leading diagonal are the same.

Leading
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟔 𝟓
, diagonal
Leading
𝟑 𝟓 −𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟎
diagonal

kwkang@KMK
Bloom: Remembering
 Skew-symmetric matrix
A skew-symmetric matrix is a square matrix whose elements on
the leading diagonal are the zeroes whereas the elements
about leading diagonal are different in signs.

Leading Leading
diagonal diagonal 𝟎 𝟒 −𝟑
𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟒 𝟎 −𝟓
,
𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟓 𝟎

kwkang@KMK
Bloom: Remembering
 Example
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟒
1. If 𝑨= 𝟎 𝟓 𝟐 and 𝑩= 𝟓 𝟕 𝟖 .
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓

Find (a) 𝑨+𝑩 (b) 𝑨−𝑩

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
2. If 𝑷= 𝟑 𝟎 and 𝑸 = −𝟐 𝟒 . Find
−𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔

(a) 𝟐𝑷 + 𝑸 (b) 𝟐𝑷 − 𝟑𝑸

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding

 Example
𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
3. If 𝑨 = −𝟏 𝟎
and 𝑩 = 𝟑 −𝟒
.
Calculate 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑩𝑨 .
𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
4. If 𝑨 = −𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 and 𝑩 = −𝟓 𝟐 𝟔 .
𝟓 𝟕 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
Calculate 𝑨𝑩 .

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding

 Solution
𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟒
1. (a) 𝑨+𝑩= 𝟎 𝟓 𝟐 + 𝟓 𝟕 𝟖
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 𝟔 −𝟕
= 𝟓 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟎
𝟒 𝟔 𝟔

𝟏 𝟒 −𝟑 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟒
(b) 𝑨−𝑩= 𝟎 𝟓 𝟐 − 𝟓 𝟕 𝟖
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= −𝟓 −𝟐 −𝟔
−𝟐 𝟒 −𝟒

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding

 Solution (continue…)
2. (a) 𝟐𝑷 + 𝑸 (b) 𝟐𝑷 − 𝟑𝑸

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
=𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 + −𝟐 𝟒 = 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 − 𝟑 −𝟐 𝟒
−𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔 −𝟒 𝟓 𝟕 𝟔

𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 𝟑 𝟎
= 𝟔 𝟎 + −𝟐 𝟒 = 𝟔 𝟎 − −𝟔 𝟏𝟐
−𝟖 𝟏𝟎 𝟕 𝟔 −𝟖 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟖
𝟑 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟒
= 𝟒 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐 −𝟏𝟐
−𝟏 𝟏𝟔 −𝟐𝟗 −𝟖

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding

 Solution (continue…)
3. (a) 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 (b) 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 =
−𝟏 𝟎 𝟑 −𝟒 𝟑 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎

𝟑+𝟔 𝟔 + (−𝟖) 𝟑 + (−𝟐) 𝟐+𝟎

= =
−𝟏 + 𝟎 −𝟐 + 𝟎 𝟗+𝟒 𝟔+𝟎

𝟗 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= =
−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏𝟑 𝟔

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding

 Solution (continue…)
4. 𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝑨𝑩 = −𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 −𝟓 𝟐 𝟔
𝟓 𝟕 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑

𝟑−𝟓+𝟎 𝟎+𝟐−𝟎 𝟑+𝟔+𝟎

= −𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟒 𝟎 + 𝟒 − 𝟒 −𝟏 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐
𝟓 − 𝟑𝟓 + 𝟐 𝟎 + 𝟏𝟒 − 𝟐 𝟓 + 𝟒𝟐 + 𝟔

−𝟐 𝟐 𝟗
= −𝟕 𝟎 𝟐𝟑
−𝟐𝟖 𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟑

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Understanding

 Self-check
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟔 𝟑
1. If 𝑨= 𝟎 𝟒 𝟓 and 𝑩= 𝟒 −𝟏 𝟎 .
𝟔 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 𝟕

Find (a) 𝑨+𝑩 (b) 𝑨−𝑩

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟏
2. If 𝑴= 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏 and 𝑵= 𝟓 𝟔 𝟑 . Find
𝟎 −𝟑 𝟔 𝟐 −𝟒 𝟏

(a) 𝑴 + 𝟑𝑵 (b) 𝟑𝑴 − 𝟐𝑵

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Applying

 Self-check
𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 𝟏
3. If 𝑨 = −𝟐 𝟑
and 𝑩 = −𝟏 𝟐
.
Calculate 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑩𝑨 − 𝟐𝑰 .
𝟑 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
4. If 𝑨 = −𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 and 𝑩 = −𝟓 𝟐 𝟔 .
𝟓 𝟕 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟑
Calculate 𝑩𝑨 .

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Applying

 Answer Self-check
𝟕 𝟓 𝟔 −𝟑 −𝟕 𝟎
1. (a) 𝑨+𝑩= 𝟒 𝟑 𝟓 (b) 𝑨 − 𝑩 = −𝟒 𝟓 𝟓
𝟖 𝟑 𝟖 𝟒 −𝟕 −𝟔

𝟏 −𝟒 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟕
2. (a) 𝑴 + 𝟑𝑵 = 𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎 (b) 𝟑𝑴 − 𝟐𝑵 = 𝟐 −𝟔 −𝟑
𝟔 −𝟏𝟓 𝟗 −𝟒 −𝟏 𝟏𝟔

−𝟒 𝟗 −𝟒 𝟑
3. 𝑨𝑩 =
−𝟑 𝟒
, 𝑩𝑨 − 𝟐𝑰 =
−𝟓 𝟎

𝟖 𝟖 𝟐
4. 𝑩𝑨 = 𝟏𝟑 𝟒𝟏 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟎 𝟐

Bloom: Applying
kwkang@KMK
 Summary
Types of matrices Operations on matrices
• Row matrix • Addition
• Column matrix • Subtraction
• Zero matrix • Scalar multiplication
• Square matrix • Multiplication for 2
• Diagonal matrix matrices
• Upper triangular matrix
• Lower triangular matrix
• Identity matrix
Matrices
Transpose of a matrix
Properties of transpose
Skew-symmetric matrix 𝑻
𝑨𝑻 =𝐀
𝑻
𝒌𝑨 = 𝒌𝑨𝑻
Symmetric matrix 𝑨±𝑩 𝑻
= 𝑨𝑻 ± 𝑩𝑻
𝑻
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝑻

kwkang@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Key Terms
• Row matrix
• Column matrix
• Zero matrix
• Square matrix
• Upper triangular matrix
• Lower triangular matrix
• Identity matrix
• Transpose matrix
• Symmetric matrix
• Skew-symmetric matrix

kwkang@KMK