EI

Chapter 5: Functions and Graphs

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O
KO
5.1 Functions
G
N
KA

Prepared by: Kang Kooi Wei

 Learning Outcomes

EI
(a) Define a function.
* Emphasize the concept of one-to-one and onto.

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(b) Identify a function from the graph by using vertical line test.
(c) Identify a one-to-one function by using algebraic approach

O
or horizontal line test.

KO
(d) Sketch the graph of a function.
* Include polynomials up to degree 3, functions such as
G
piecewise, absolute values of linear functions,
reciprocal, square root functions with linear
N

expression.
KA

(e) State the domain and range of a function.

* Use algebraic or graphical approach to find domain
and range.
Bloom: Understanding
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 Functions

EI
A function is a relation where each element of one set is
mapped to exactly one and only one element of another set.

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Consequently, relations which are one-to-one and many-to-one
are functions.

O
KO
X Y X Y

p
G
a p a
b q b q
N

c r c r
KA

One-to-one Many-to-one
onto function function
KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering
 Function notation

EI
Y

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X
f
x y

O
KO
The mapping of x to y under the function f can be written as
G
𝒇: 𝒙 → 𝒚 where 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
N
KA

The set of all elements of X is called the domain of f.

The set of all elements of Y is called the codomain of f.
The set of all the images y is called the range of f.
KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering
 Vertical line test for a function

EI
Any vertical line 𝒙 = 𝒂 intersects the graph of a function at
most one point.

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O
KO
G
N
KA

A vertical line intersects the graph at A vertical line intersects the graph at
one point. two point.
∴ the graph represents a function. ∴ the graph does not represent a
function.
KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering
 One-to-one function test

EI
Algebraic Method (Method 1)

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A function f is one-to-one if
𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) Implies that 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐

O
KO
Horizontal line test (Method 2)
G
Any horizontal line 𝒚 = 𝒃 intersects the graph of a function at
N

most one point, then f is one-to-one function.

KA

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Example

EI
(1) By using the algebraic method, determine

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whether 𝒇 is a one-to-one function or not.
𝒙
(a) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏

O
KO
(b) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟑
(2) Use graphical method to determine whether
G
each of the following functions is a
N

one-to-one function.
KA

(a) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟒)
(b) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏
KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Understanding
 Solution

EI
(1)(a) 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) Let 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ).

IW
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
=
𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏

O
𝒙𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 (𝟐𝒙𝟏 + 𝟏) Cross multiplying.

KO
𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟐𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 Expanding both sides.

𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐
G
N

Since 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) implies 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒇 is a

KA

one-to-one function.

Bloom: Understanding
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 Solution

EI
(1)(b) 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) Let 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ).

IW
𝒙 𝟏 − 𝟑 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
or

O
𝒙𝟏 − 𝟑 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒙𝟏 − 𝟑 = − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟏 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔

KO
Since 𝒇 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ) does not imply 𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒇 is
G
not a one-to-one function.
N
KA

Bloom: Understanding
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Solution

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(2)(a) A horizontal line intersects the graph at

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two points, in particular 𝒇 𝟎 = 𝒇 −𝟒 = 𝟎.
Therefore, 𝒇 is not a one-to-one function.

O
KO
G
𝒇
N
KA

Bloom: Understanding
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Solution

EI
(2)(b) A horizontal line intersects the graph at

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only one point.
Therefore, 𝒇 is a one-to-one function.

O
KO
G
𝒇
N
KA

Bloom: Understanding
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Self-check

EI
(1) By using the algebraic method, determine

IW
whether 𝒇 is a one-to-one function or not.
(a) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙

O
KO
(b) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
(2) Use graphical method to determine whether
G
each of the following functions is a
N

one-to-one function.
KA

(a) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
(b) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑
Bloom: Applying
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Answer Self-check

EI
(1) (a) One-to-one (b) Not one-to-one

IW
O
(2) (a) Not one-to-one (b) One-to-one

KO
G
N
KA

Bloom: Applying
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Domain and Range of a Function

EI
Domain of a function 𝒇 is the set of all real values of 𝒙 for which function 𝒇
is defined as a real number.

IW
In a graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) , the domain is shown on the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 .

O
Domain of a function 𝒇 is the set of all real values of 𝒚 for which function 𝒇
is defined as a real number.

KO
In a graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙), the domain is shown on the 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
G
Two methods to determine domain and range.
N

Method 1: Graphical method

KA

Method 2: Algebraic method

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Linear Graph
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙

EI
IW
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚 = 𝟎 Method 1: Graphical method to determine
domain and range.
𝒙=𝟏

O
𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎

KO
𝒚=𝟑
G
f
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Domain of 𝒇 = (−∞, ∞)
KA

Range of 𝒇 = (−∞, ∞)

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Quadratic Graph
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑

EI
Method 1: Graphical method to determine
𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎 domain and range.

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𝒚 = −𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑

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𝟐 Completing the squares to get minimum point.

KO
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟏 −𝟒

∴ 𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝟏, −𝟒 .
G
f
N

Domain of 𝒇 = (−∞, ∞)
KA

Range of 𝒇 = ሾ−𝟒, ∞)

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Cubic Graph
𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙+𝟏

EI
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒚 = 𝟎

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Method 1: Graphical method to determine
𝒙 = −𝟏 domain and range.
𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎

O
𝒚=𝟏

KO
f
G
N

Domain of 𝒇 = (−∞, ∞)
KA

Range of 𝒇 = (−∞, ∞)

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Piecewise Functions Graph

EI
𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙≥𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 =ቊ Method 1: Graphical method to determine
𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝒙<𝟎

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domain and range.

O
KO
f
G
N

Domain of 𝒇 = (−∞, ∞)
KA

Range of 𝒇 = (−∞, ∞)

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Absolute Value Functions Graph
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐−𝒙 +𝟐

EI
𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝟐−𝒙≥𝟎

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𝒇 𝒙 =ቊ
− 𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟐, 𝟐−𝒙< 𝟎
𝟒 − 𝒙, 𝒙≤𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 =ቊ

O
𝒙, 𝒙>𝟐 Method 1: Graphical method to determine

KO
domain and range.
G
f
N

Domain of 𝒇 = (−∞, ∞)
KA

Range of 𝒇 = ሾ𝟐, ∞)

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Rational Functions Graph
𝟏 Method 2: Algebraic method to determine

EI
𝒇 𝒙 = +𝟑 domain and range.
𝒙

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To determine domain:

𝒙≠𝟎 For f(x) to be defined.

O
To determine range:

KO
𝟏
𝒚= +𝟑 Letting 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) .
𝒙
G
𝟏
𝒚−𝟑=
N

𝒙
KA

𝟏 Solving for x in terms of y.

𝒙=
𝒚−𝟑 Domain of 𝒇 = (−∞, 𝟎) ∪ 𝟎, ∞
For
𝟏
to be defined. Range of 𝒇 = (−∞, 𝟑) ∪ 𝟑, ∞
𝒚≠𝟑 𝒚−𝟑

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Square Root Functions Graph
Method 2: Algebraic method to determine

EI
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟐
domain and range.

IW
To determine domain:
𝒙−𝟐≥𝟎
𝒇

O
𝒙≥𝟐

KO
Domain of 𝒇 = ሾ𝟐, ∞)

To determine range:
G
𝒙−𝟐≥𝟎
N

𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝟎
KA

𝟐
Range of 𝒇 = ሾ𝟎, ∞)

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Example

EI
(1) A function is defined by 𝒇: 𝒙 → 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 , 𝒙𝝐𝑹 .

IW
Find

O
(a) 𝒇(𝟑)

(b) 𝒇(−𝟓) KO
G
N
KA

(c) 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟏)

Bloom: Understanding
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Example

EI
(2) Find the domain and range of the following

IW
functions.

O
(a) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏

(b) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟓 KO
G
N
KA

𝟏
(c) 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙

Bloom: Understanding
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Solution

EI
(1) 𝒇: 𝒙 → 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓

IW
(a) 𝒇 𝟑 = 𝟑 𝟐
+ 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟒

O
(b) 𝒇 −𝟓 = −𝟓 𝟐
+ 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟎

KO
𝟐
(c) 𝒇 𝒙−𝟏 = 𝒙−𝟏 +𝟓
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟓
G
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟔
N
KA

Bloom: Understanding
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Solution
𝟏

EI
𝟐 Completing the square.
(2) (a) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙 + Coefficient of 𝒙𝟐 must 1.
𝟐

IW
𝟏 𝟐
=𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 −𝟏+
𝟐

O
𝟐
𝟏
=𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 −

KO
𝟐
=𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝟐−𝟏 Minimum point is (1,-1).
G
N

𝒇 Real number.
KA

𝑫𝒇 = 𝑹 𝑹𝒇 = ሾ−𝟏, ∞)

(𝟏, −𝟏) Bloom: Understanding

KangKooiWei@KMK
 Solution

EI
(2) (b) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟓

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To determine domain:
𝒇 𝒙 is only defined if 𝒙 − 𝟓 ≥ 𝟎
𝒇

O
∴𝒙≥𝟓

KO
𝑫𝒇 = ሾ𝟓, ∞)

To determine range:
G
𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝟎
N

𝑹𝒇 = ሾ𝟎, ∞)
𝑫𝒇 = ሾ𝟓, ∞)
KA

𝑹𝒇 = ሾ𝟎, ∞)

Bloom: Understanding
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Solution

EI
𝟏
(2) (c) 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙

IW
To determine domain:

O
𝒇 𝒙 is defined for all real numbers except 0. 𝒇

KO
𝑫𝒇 = −∞, 𝟎 ∪ 𝟎, ∞
To determine range:
𝟏
G
𝒚= Let 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 .
𝒙
N

𝟏
𝒙= Rearrange to let x in terms of y. 𝑫𝒇 = −∞, 𝟎 ∪ 𝟎, ∞
KA

𝒚
𝟏 𝑹𝒇 = −∞, 𝟎 ∪ 𝟎, ∞
𝒚≠𝟎 For to be defined.
𝒚

𝑹𝒇 = −∞, 𝟎 ∪ 𝟎, ∞
Bloom: Understanding
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Self-check

EI
(1) The linear function 𝒇 is defined by 𝒇: 𝒙 → 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑, 𝒙𝝐𝑹. Find

IW
𝟏
(a) 𝒇
𝟑

O
(b) the value of 𝒙 for which 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 .

KO
(2) Find the domain and range of the following functions
(a) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟏
G
(b) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
N

𝟏
KA

(c) 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟑

Bloom: Applying
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Answer Self-check

EI
𝟒
(1) (a) − (b) 𝟑

IW
𝟑 𝟒
𝟔𝟏

O
(2) (a) 𝑫𝒇 = 𝑹, 𝑹𝒇 = ൤− , ∞)
𝟏𝟐

KO
𝟏
(b) 𝑫𝒇 = ቈ , ∞), 𝑹𝒇 = ሾ𝟎, ∞)
𝟐
G
(c) 𝑫𝒇 = −∞, 𝟑 ∪ 𝟑, ∞
N
KA

𝑹𝒇 = −∞, 𝟎 ∪ 𝟎, ∞

Bloom: Applying
KangKooiWei@KMK
 Summary

EI
IW
Horizontal line test Identify one-to-one function.

O
Vertical line test Identify a function.

KO
G
Algebraic or Graphical Approach to determine Domain and Range.
Sometime can mix both method to determine Domain and Range.
N
KA

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Summary

EI
IW
Absolute Value Function Graph Rational Function Graph

O
Piecewise Function Graph

KO
Linear Graph

Graph of a Function
G
Square Root Function Graph Quadratic Graph
N
KA

Cubic Graph

KangKooiWei@KMK Bloom: Remembering

 Key Terms

EI
• Functions

IW
• Domain
•

O
Range

KO
• One-to-one function
• Horizontal line test
G
•
N

Vertical line test

KA

• Graph

KangKooiWei@KMK