ABSTRACT

Title of Thesis: REIMAGING PUBLIC LIBRARY AS PUBLIC

SPACE

Christopher Joon Pho Lee, Master’s of

Architecture, 2016

Thesis Directed By: Professor Brent White, School of Architecture,

Planning and Preservation

Once regarded as the public’s center of knowledge and information, public

libraries today are challenged by the rise of mobile technology and the Internet.

Information behavior of everyday library patrons have transformed to rely on instant

access of information through Google search instead of the resources housed in their

local libraries. The focus of public library design is shifting from storing & protecting

valuable resources (books) to the experience of an active public space of learning,

engaging and reading.

This thesis reimagines a public library branch in East Baltimore City by

evaluating the architecture of public library examples of the past and of today. By

understanding the user experience of the three key elements of public library design –

procession, services & flexible space - a new public library design that engages and

responds to the local community can be proposed.

 REIMAGINIG THE PUBLIC LIBRARY AS PUBLIC SPACE

by

Christopher Joon Pho Lee

Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the

University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Masters of Architecture
2016

Advisory Committee:
Lecturer Brent White, Thesis Chair
Professor Brian Kelly
Professor James Tilghman
 © Copyright by
Christopher Joon Pho Lee
2016
 Dedication

I like to dedicate this research to the friends and family that always challenge me to

think bigger and to always think of others.

ii
 Table of Contents

Dedication ..................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures .............................................................................................................. iv
Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 2: The Public Library ...................................................................................... 3
History....................................................................................................................... 3
Carnegie Libraries..................................................................................................... 5
Carnegie Library Example: Coshoctan Public Library ......................................... 7
The Struggles of Public Libraries ........................................................................... 10
Young People and the Public Library ..................................................................... 11
Chapter 3: Contemporary Trends of Public Libraries................................................. 16
User Centered.......................................................................................................... 17
Immigrant Population & Public Libraries............................................................... 18
Young People & Public Libraries ........................................................................... 18
Technology Access ................................................................................................. 19
The Library & the Internet ...................................................................................... 20
Technology Support ................................................................................................ 21
The Public Library and Librarians .......................................................................... 22
Spaces Designed for Discovery .............................................................................. 23
Collaborative Spaces ........................................................................................... 23
Public Space ........................................................................................................ 24
Flexible Spaces ................................................................................................... 25
Chapter 4: Precedent Studies ...................................................................................... 27
Seattle Public Library ............................................................................................. 27
Anacostia Public Library ........................................................................................ 28
Tenley Friendship Library ...................................................................................... 33
Watha T. Shaw Public Library................................................................................ 35
Chapter 5: Site Selection............................................................................................. 38
Patterson Park Branch ............................................................................................. 38
History................................................................................................................. 38
Architecture......................................................................................................... 39
Site Study ................................................................................................................ 42
Demographics ..................................................................................................... 43
Community Activity ........................................................................................... 46
Site Features ........................................................................................................ 47
Chapter 6: Design Methods ........................................................................................ 50
Preserve ................................................................................................................... 50
Relocate................................................................................................................... 50
Activate ................................................................................................................... 54
Chapter 7: Conclusions ............................................................................................... 58
Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 59

iii
List of Figures

Figure 1 Boston Public Library..................................................................................... 4

Figure 2 Andrew Carnegie ............................................................................................ 6
Figure 3 Library Patrons in Carnegie Library Reading Room in Munhall, PA (1900) 7
Figure 4 Coshoctan Public Library Façade (Image by Owner) .................................... 8
Figure 5 Coshoctan Public Library Plan ....................................................................... 9
Figure 6 Public Library Elements (Image by Author) .................................................. 9
Figure 7 Library Resources (Image by Author) .......................................................... 13
Figure 8 Interior View of Seattle Public Library ........................................................ 28
Figure 9 Front Public Space (Image by Author) ......................................................... 29
Figure 10 Urban Context & Lighting Design (Image by Author) .............................. 30
Figure 11 Flexible Space Anacostia Library (Image by Author) ............................... 31
Figure 12 Elements of Anacostia Public Library (Image by Owner) ......................... 32
Figure 13 Tenley Friendship Library Section (Image by Author) .............................. 33
Figure 14 Lighting Control Design (Image by Author) .............................................. 34
Figure 15 Tenley Friendship Library Elements .......................................................... 35
Figure 16 Shaw Public Library Plan Elements ........................................................... 36
Figure 17 Watha T. Shaw Public Library at Night ..................................................... 37
Figure 18 Inside of the Patterson Park Branch (1954) ................................................ 39
Figure 19 Entry Facade (Image by Author) ................................................................ 40
Figure 20 Extension Entry Lobby (Image by Author) ................................................ 41
Figure 21 Old & New Entrances of Patterson Park Branch (Image by Author)......... 41
Figure 22 Baltimore City Figure Ground (Image by Author)..................................... 42
Figure 23 Income Per Capita in Baltimore City (Image by Author) .......................... 43
Figure 24 Average Unemployment in Baltimore City (Image by Author) ................. 44
Figure 25 Minority Population in the City (Image by Author) ................................... 44
Figure 26 Baltimore City Demographics (Image by Author) ..................................... 45
Figure 27 Local Schools in East Baltimore City (Image by Author) ......................... 46
Figure 28 Commercial Activity in East Baltimore City (Image by Author) .............. 47
Figure 29 Local Religious Buildings in East Baltimore City (Image by Author) ...... 47
Figure 30 Public Space facing Carnegie Library (Image by Author) ......................... 48
Figure 31 Site Plan ...................................................................................................... 48
Figure 32 Spanish American War Statue (Image by Author) ..................................... 49
Figure 33 Street Mural (Image by Author) ................................................................. 49
Figure 34 The Carnegie Library Archives Reimagined (Image by Author) ............... 50
Figure 35 Site Division & New Library Location (Image by Author) ....................... 51
Figure 36 New Library East Façade (Image by Author) ............................................ 52
Figure 37 Lighting Design (Image by Author) ........................................................... 53
Figure 38 Typical South Wall Section & Details (Image by Author) ........................ 53
Figure 39 Interactive South Facade (Image by Author) ............................................. 54
Figure 40 Designing in Context (Image by Author) ................................................... 55
Figure 41 Benlord Avenue Existing View (Image by Author) ................................... 56
Figure 42 Benlord Avenue New Elevation View (Image by Author) ........................ 56
Figure 43 Existing West Wedge & Wall Mural (Image by Author)........................... 57

iv
Figure 44 New West Entry Tower and Private Reading Garden (Image by Author) . 57

v
Chapter 1: Introduction

Representing the American ideal of information democracy, public libraries

today face unprecedented change in purpose and usage due to great shifts in user

information behaviors. Technology today is changing the fundamental forms of

information while the Internet has revolutionized how users’ access and use

information and show no signs of slowing down as the growing numbers of mobile

devices are projected to triple the number of people by 2017. 1 Does the public

library, especially local branch libraries,

Frequent visits to the library were important to my lifelong learning and for

my involvement in my local community. The convenient five minute walk to the

Baltimore County Public Library in Timonium, MD allowed local patrons such as my

parents and myself to engage in community activities while discovering new books.

As first generation immigrants, my parents found the library as a rare and valuable

resource. The library did not only provide leisure reading materials, but important

informative materials in multiple languages to answer the needs of a diverse local

community. The library was viewed as a public space that provided high school

students, such as myself, a quiet place to study and a safe place to gather. Every day

community activities such as music performances, face painting and annual summer

reading challenges activated the public space. Over time the introduction of desktop

computers changed how patrons used the library spaces. So with the exponential rise

1
"Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2015–2020 White
Paper." Cisco. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2016.
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-
vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862 html

1
of portable information technology, will libraries be able to remain relevant in a

culture that relies on Google to answer its everyday questions?

A 2009 report from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, describes

how essential it is “for museums and libraries to take a proactive and positive stance

in facing the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.” 2 The report continues

to remind librarians and the communities they serve that effective and relevant library

services are driven by user needs, not by technological advances alone. As the

progression of digitizing existing material continues to empty shelves and make more

information available to more people outside the confines of a physical location, how

does the library of the future answer the needs of a changing information culture?

2
Hendrix, Jennifer C, Checking Out the Future. Perspectives from the Library Community on
Information Technology and 21st-Century Libraries (ALA Office for Information Technology Policy.)
Accessed May 18, 2016,
http://www.ala.org/offices/sites/ala.org.offices/files/content/oitp/publications/policybriefs/ala_checkin
g_out_the.pdf.

2
Chapter 2: The Public Library

History

Over two hundred years, public libraries in North America were designed and

developed as civic spaces that preserved and provided services for its local

communities. Today the role of public libraries are changing due to dissolving

government support, constantly changing user demographics and growing influence

of the Internet and information technology. The history of public libraries reveals

how the institution’s foundations are rooted in democratic ideals and local

community, despite controversies around the purpose of public libraries in today’s

digital age. Social scientist, Robert Putnam, explains the importance of public

libraries as a “network of civic engagement that anchors people to communities and

fosters and sense of fellowship, civic participation and democratic living.” 3

Before libraries became public institutions, libraries began as collection of

material that was strictly circulated amongst the privileged and the wealthy. The

affluent owned the printed materials and were only circulated as donations and/or

were bequeathed to churches, schools and towns. By the 18th century, circulating

libraries were established for those who could afford library memberships. Matthew

Battles, Harvard associate director of metaLABs, explains the reformation of private

library collections to address the needs of the general public during the 19th century:

“It was in these years of class conflict and economic terror that the public library

movement swept through Britain, as the nation's progressive elite recognized that the

3
Redmond Kathleen Molz and Phyllis Dain, Civic Space/cyberspace: The American Public Library in
the Information Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT, C, 1999)

3
light of cultural and intellectual energy was lacking in the lives of commoners.” 4

These early private collections and the rise in democratic values would shape

the public library systems the U.S. use today. Public libraries in North America

developed in the late 18th century as the nation’s interest turned to the publishing and

sharing of knowledge. By the 1870’s there were nearly three hundred public libraries

in the U.S. and almost a thousand by 1900. 5 The first large scale public library in the

United States was the Boston Public Library established in 1848.

Figure 1 Boston Public Library

Willis, Catherine J. Boston Public Library. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2011. Print.

With the support of businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, public

libraries began to appear in the 19th century and were brought into actualization

during the 20th century. The emergence of state and federal programs that financially

supported and promoted library services during the 20th century offered local

libraries money, stimulation and standards for library development. The modern

public library evolved over 150 years and “afforded a multiplicity of viewpoints, a

4
Matthew Battles, Library: An Unquiet History (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2015)
5
Molz and Dain. Civic Space/cyberspace: The American Public Library in the Information Age.

4
voice, and a hearing even in the silence of the stack.” 6 The modern public library

reflects the trends of the society at large and is viewed as microcosms of a

macrocosm of American society. Economic conditions, political currents and societal

trends are reflected through the activity and the material housed in public libraries.

Carnegie Libraries

Public libraries remained an integral part of American society throughout the

1900’s because the support of public library in progressive cities was an understood

and accepted concept in society despite the fluctuating number of library users. Later

in the early twentieth century, an unprecedented relationship between the government

and steel philanthropist and businessman Andrew Carnegie accelerated the support of

public libraries in the United States. By 1929, Andrew Carnegie had donated $41

million dollars to establish more than 2,500 public libraries. 7

6
Molz and Dain. Civic Space/cyberspace: The American Public Library in the Information Age.
7
Susan Stamberg. "How Andrew Carnegie Turned His Fortune Into A Library Legacy." NPR,
(August 2003): accessed May 18, 2016, http://www.npr.org/2013/08/01/207272849/how-andrew-
carnegie-turned-his-fortune-into-a-library-legacy

5
 Figure 2 Andrew Carnegie
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/carnegie/aa_carnegie_phil_1.html

Influenced by the ideas of social Darwinism, the financial pledge was offered

to the institution in order to support the nation’s educational goals and uphold

responsibility of the cultural knowledge and skill for a successful future. Endowed

with the responsibility of society’s overall educational success, public libraries would

be civilizing agents and objects of community pride. Andrew Carnegie’s monetary

donations to public libraries did not just erect concrete and structure, but developed a

common understanding that libraries are important civic institutions to local

communities. The rapid development of the public spaces across the United States

stimulated interest in public libraries in progressive cities. The libraries were

voluntary in their use which made libraries popular public spaces, but would leave the

institution without a definite audience.

6
 Figure 3 Library Patrons in Carnegie Library Reading Room in Munhall, PA (1900)
http://www npr.org/2013/08/01/207272849/how-andrew-carnegie-turned-his-fortune-into-a-library-
legacy

Early Carnegie library designs primarily were devoted to the preservation of

the library collection. The organization of the library including the role of the

librarian, the circulating desks and even the bookshelves ensured the protection of the

valuable material found in libraries. The preservation of library collection remained a

priority over democratic values in early libraries. Limited shelve browsing and

restricted book borrowing were practices installed to protect important manuscripts

and material that was expensive to reproduce.

Carnegie Library Example: Coshoctan Public Library

The Coshoctan Public Library is located on 4th Street and Chestnut Street in

Coshocton, Ohio. It was the 1,000th library that Andrew Carnegie had funded. The

library was recently renovated in 1995 to include spaces for children’s programs and

improved accessibility. The library has a typical Carnegie Library plan that is

composed of three essential elements of a public library: procession, service area and

flexible spaces.

7
 Carnegie Libraries share similar qualities in their design especially in their

front elevations and in their plan layouts. The entry elevation is a reminder of what

the library symbolizes as a community center. The main entrance of the library is

designed to include feature columns and couple of stairs to remind visitors and

members of the local community the importance of the public institution.

Figure 4 Coshoctan Public Library Façade (Image by Owner)

The typical experience of an earlier Carnegie Library would include

requesting resources from the delivery room. The delivery room is where the

experience of public libraries begins and ends – at the librarian’s desk. This pivotal

program element is where the public engages the library’s resources/books. Upon

requesting the sought printed material, the library would enter the stack room and

bring your material to the library patron. Trustee rooms and librarians offices are

located along the stack rooms where the books are archived and protected.

8
 Figure 5 Coshoctan Public Library Plan

Figure 6 Public Library Elements (Image by Author)

9
The Struggles of Public Libraries

Political scientist, Robert D. Leigh, published writings in 1950 about the sense

of purpose of public libraries and how it is founded on the idea of “library faith.” 8

Leigh describes library faith as “a belief in the virtue of the printed word, especially

of the book, the reading of which is held to be good in itself or from its reading flows

that which is good.” 9 The ideal of public libraries as institutions of knowledge

diffusion versus a specific audience or body of knowledge motivated the progress of

public libraries despite critics of the overly optimistic view of “library faith.”

Addressing a Fluctuating Demographic

The library was seeing an influx of students as first generation baby-boomers

entered their collegiate studies during the early years of 1950’s. The increase number

of students doing research papers and theses promoted high circulation figures that

would not last very long. The inner cities where public libraries were located faced a

demographic shift as middle class residents begin to move to the suburbs. The public

library was now finding itself serving a transformed audience – a non-print oriented

community. The social and demographic movements of American urban life

questioned the future role of urban public libraries. Librarians began to explore inner

cities in search of people to provide services for and therefore public libraries

redirected its services, broadened its programs and changed their methods. The trend

of providing services for and underserved areas aggregated local libraries into library

systems we now have today. Examples of this type of library system include Chicago

8
Robert D. Leigh, The Public Library in the United States: The General Report of the Public Library
Inquiry (New York: Columbia University Press, 1950), 11.
9
Leigh. The Public Library in the United States: The General Report of the Public Library Inquiry.

10
Public Library, the Seattle Public Library and the Enoch Pratt Free Library located

throughout the city of Baltimore.

Public libraries not only had to address changing demographics of users and

their shifting living locations, but public libraries in larger urban cities devoted

considerable services and resources to the “Americanize” new immigrant populations

during the early twentieth century. Their growing number of immigrant clientele

fueled the user need of foreign language materials. Branch libraries located in high

immigrant populations were referred to as the “Polish branch “or” Russian branch

despite their designated audience. Despite some critics’ castigation as social control,

the public library became vital to the educational and employment opportunities of

foreign-born readers.

Young People and the Public Library

The library was seeing an influx of students as first generation baby-boomers

entered their collegiate studies during the early years of 1950’s. The increase number

of students doing research papers and theses promoted high circulation figures that

would not last very long. The inner cities where public libraries were located faced a

demographic shift as middle class residents begin to move to the suburbs. The public

library was now finding itself serving a transformed audience – a non-print oriented

community. The social and demographic movements of American urban life

questioned the future role of urban public libraries. Librarians began to explore inner

cities in search of people to provide services for and therefore public libraries

redirected its services, broadened its programs and changed their methods. The trend

of providing services for and underserved areas aggregated local libraries into library

11
systems we now have today. Examples of this type of library system include Chicago

Public Library, the Seattle Public Library and the Enoch Pratt Free Library located

throughout the city of Baltimore.

Public libraries not only had to address changing demographics of users and

their shifting living locations, but public libraries in larger urban cities devoted

considerable services and resources to the “Americanize” new immigrant populations

during the early twentieth century. Their growing number of immigrant clientele

fueled the user need of foreign language materials. Branch libraries located in high

immigrant populations were referred to as the “Polish branch “or” Russian branch

despite their designated audience. Despite some critics’ castigation as social control,

the public library became vital to the educational and employment opportunities of

foreign-born readers.

Developing the Right Collection & Services

Public libraries explored new initiatives to contest their depreciating national

role. An early strategy used by library systems like Baltimore County Public Library

was to create an alliance with surrounding collection holders. BCPL increased their

value by cooperating with the Enoch Pratt Free Library in the city of Baltimore. A

local resident would be able to rent and return materials at any location throughout

the state of Maryland. By cooperating together, local libraries can service full needs

of their users through a “fluid” collection that is shared while maintaining their local

individual identity. The development of data processing and computer

systematization facilitated in the creation of a fluid collection and organization of

12
localized services.

The public institution has always faced the dichotomy of the contents of the

library collection. The appeal to popular culture comprised of fictional narratives and

recreational reading has to share shelves with classical works that embodied the noble

aim of the diffusion of knowledge. The American Public Library and the Diffusion of

Knowledge is a study that was published in 1924 proposed that public libraries should

serve the intellectual service for its community. 10 Technical and vocational

information including guidebooks for travelers, picture collections for artists and text

geared for students began to shape special collections to answer the local

communities’ variety of interests. Public libraries, to this day, struggle with balancing

support for recreational material and classical reading and research material. With

government appropriations dependent of their circulation figures and overall value,

public libraries must address the changing demographics and interest of their local

community.

Figure 7 Library Resources (Image by Author)

10
William S. Learned, The American Public Library And The Diffusion of Knowledge (San Diego:
Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1924)

13
Fluctuating Funding

Libraries have been primarily funded through local or municipal funding, but

in the last decade libraries have faced financial scrutiny and budget costs. The library

has struggled with declining financial support especially during 1970’s when the

nation was struggling through economic dilemmas like escalating oil prices and high

food costs. The emphasis of information during a service base economy put

additional stress on the limited roles of libraries as urban poor service providers. The

library dependence on the medium of print diminished its significance during the era

of the television.

Although today the usage of the public library has increased in recent years,

40% of states have reported an overall decline for the financial support of their

libraries. The decrease in funding has affected the libraries expending budget thus

having to limit daily hours to compensate for the loss funding.

Libraries have explored supplemental funding sources through new library

services or added commercial components such as cafes, bakeries and gift shops.

Other libraries pursued partnership with for-profit ventures by becoming “dual-use”

or mix use spaces. These private-public relationships incorporate business

opportunities to the community while still providing a communal public space.

Representing American Democracy

The public library represented democratic values in its no costs services to all.

The valuable collections that the public libraries maintained and circulated for its

community represented the nation’s fight against tyranny of knowledge. Commission

on Libraries and Information Sciences prepared a proposal in 1973 that described the

14
overarching role of the computer in the development of knowledge services.

Management and security of the growing amount of digital knowledge has turned

information into legal tender.

15
Chapter 3: Contemporary Trends of Public Libraries

“The Library is not a building, a website, or a person; it is a platform for scholars,

students, cultural enthusiasts, and others who want to absorb and advance

knowledge.” (Brian Mathews, Think Like a Startup) 11

An institution that is visited by more than two thirds of the American

population, the changing demographics and their trending needs are shaping the

contemporary public library. It will be necessary for libraries to offer space for books,

shelves, tables and chairs, light and solitude, and community space, but the nostalgia

of print material alone will be unable to sustain the relevance of these now

multifaceted social institutions. Public libraries have developed over history with a

strong commitment to the ideals of “public service” have consistently looked to serve

a “kaleidoscope of contemporary American life.” 12

Some of these user activities include new immigrants learning English, job

seekers improving their resumes to technophiles exploring the Internet on computer

workstations. The architectural design of public libraries must address the demanding

types of experiences evolves as the nation’s economy evolves from a product-based

to experience-based ideal.

11
Brian Mathews, “Think Like a Startup: a white paper to inspire library entrepreneurialism,”
(Virginia Tech., 2012), pg. 3
12
Molz and Dain. Civic Space/cyberspace: The American Public Library in the Information Age.

16
User Centered

The marketability of public libraries is founded on the civic services that the

institution provides for its patrons. The original American ideal of public libraries

performing as educational institutions for the educated and cultural workforce waned

as other library concepts were adopted to advertise their services.

Instead of filling shelves with materials with what “librarians feels should read or use,

but those materials which most users do read or use.” 13

This philosophy of demand was aided by successful cooperation of library

systems such as the coalition between Baltimore City (EPFL) and Baltimore County

(BCPL). Other marketing strategies were implemented in the details of the library

such as outward facing shelving so that the covers of library books can face the

reader. Lighting above bookshelves, populist sign systems and moving kiosks for

paperback books contributed to the marketing movement of public libraries.

By offering pluralistic materials for a contemporary culture with a various

taste in information while providing quality material has been an ongoing struggle for

public libraries. Once a youth employed in Enoch Pratt Free Library and now a

Pulitzer-Prize winner, Karl Shapiro expresses the importance of this debate:

“The availability of books of all levels, not simply the best or the greatest books, I see

as a stimulus to the creative mind. Multiplicity is the criterion and it is the best one

for this purpose. It is quite right for this library to treat the bulk of books as

perishables; it is quite right to regard the bulk of printed matter as potting soil.

13
Robert Wedgeworth, World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services (Chicago: American
Library Association, 1993) pg. 677.

17
Whatever else it does it makes things grow.” 14

Immigrant Population & Public Libraries

The communities that public libraries were providing services for were

multicultural and required different types and formats of information services.

Originally the main objective of addressing the immigrant population began as a

means to preserve the “American” culture. The conflict between assimilation and

multiculturalism involves the participation of public libraries are driven by changes to

the immigration policies.

An example of a successful collaboration and service to immigrant library

patrons is the Queens Borough Library, a classic example of a city with a large

population of immigrants. The library system offers instructional language material in

70 different languages and reading materials in 49 languages. 15 It has the developed

the largest demand for ESL classes and after a director’s visit to China would invite a

partnership with Shanghai Public Library that would involve exchanging technology,

materials and even staff in order to better provide services for both parties. The

demand for public libraries amongst the immigrant population is found in the idea of

“library faith” and is tied with the understanding of public libraries as a vehicle for

upward social mobility for themselves and their future generations.

Young People & Public Libraries

Another major age group that frequents the public libraries are children. Just as the

14
Molz and Dain. Civic Space/cyberspace: The American Public Library in the Information Age.
15
Joseph Berger, “Queens Libraries Speak the Mother Tongue,” New York Times (January 3rd, 2011):
A18, accessed May 18, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/nyregion/queens-libraries-serve-
59-languages.html?_r=0

18
nation was adapting their services to growing immigrant populations in urban

landscapes, service to children were becoming common to libraries around the U.S.

around 100 years ago. Librarians would have the same goals of preparing children

and immigrants to become citizens, but would have to provide different format and

spaces for children to learn and engage in. Libraries would be informal schools for

citizenship and formal places of learning and discovery for children. Parent of

children find libraries important part of their children’s lives as the Pew Research

Institute’s studies show that three in five parents with minor age children take them to

their local libraries.

Out of the 18 million people would visit public libraries in the U.S., 60

percent of typical weekly number of visits would be children under the age of 18

years old. Children’s services have become a priority to public libraries as families

depend on their local libraries to promote, family literacy, stimulate interests for

books and encourage a lifetime habit of reading. These services are directly tied with

children’s knowledge and perceived success, thus libraries provide services to a range

of age groups and reserve materials and spaces for children.

Technology Access

The greatest impact of technology diffusion in libraries today is the aggressive

shift of printed material to digital content. Printed material is being transformed to

digital formats for user availability and the growing demand for information. The rise

of electronic books and journals, the digitization of rare manuscripts to online library

services. As one of the few places that the mediums of information from emerging

technology and traditional information methods can be used for discovery, public

19
libraries strive to accommodate the book and the byte or as Marilyn Gell Mason,

director of Cleveland Public Library, would describe “the ying and yang of knowing.”
16

The Library & the Internet

The ongoing digital shift from the industrial onset during the early 1800s is

called the Information Age. Libraries have begun to use the Internet to extend their

services to their users outside of the library building. A 1996 survey discovered that

62% of public libraries have their own homepages that patrons can frequent. 17

The homepages gives access to the hours and functions of branch libraries in

order to better serve the community. National studies about library usage reveal that

online visits to public libraries stimulate in-person visits to physical libraries and

museums.

The libraries webpages add value to libraries as information about cultural

institutions, calendar of events, schedules of legislative bodies, sport teams, job

banks, availability of child care and bus maps are expanding as digital civic

information. This allows the user community to be connected with the services of the

library.

In order to expand this service, the Library of Congress started the National

Digital Library in 1994. The main objective of this movement was to digitize over

2000 several millions of original historic content so that is may be used by individual

16
Marilyn Gell Mason, The Yin and Yang of Knowing, (Daedalus125 (4). The MIT Press) pg. 161–71,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20027391.
17
“Public Library Use,” American Library Association, Last Updated in October 2015, accessed on
May 18, 2015, http://www.ala.org/tools/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet06

20
library users. Though like any services offered to users like the printed book, the

digital material is filtered through the librarian and what they believe is important and

relevant topics for their local community. Managing the content found online maybe

controversial, but public libraries as civic spaces proves necessary.

Technology Support

Public libraries strive to discover balance of support for traditional materials and new

technologies. Information technology that has been gaining speed since the 1960’s.

New technologies assist in advertising and fulfilling services for their communities

such as English as Second Language Programs. Commission on Libraries and

Information Sciences prepared a proposal in 1973 that described the overarching role

of the computer in the development of library services. The proposal stated that “the

computer would become ultimately central” and that “rapid and inexpensive

telecommunications among libraries could turn out to be the greatest boon ever to the

national distribution of knowledge for education and progress.” 18

The library of the future can remain both a portal and a destination for

information seekers, whether they access the information via a handheld computing

device or the front door of their local library. Web 2.0 technology has enabled

librarians to offer new services such as virtual references, personalized OPAC

interfaces or downloadable material that users can use whenever they have Wi-Fi

access.

Public libraries have supported the long term educational and knowledge role

of its local communities and as its role is being replaced by other means of learning

18
Molz and Dain. Civic Space/cyberspace: The American Public Library in the Information Age.

21
and educating, the library seeks to strengthen its community involvements by forming

partnership with local community organizations. By becoming a part of the

community network, public libraries will expand their user relationship while

growing interests in library use.

The Public Library and Librarians

Earlier public libraries relied heavily on the roles of librarians as collectors

and organizers, today the complexity of the public libraries’ material and system

demand librarians to adjust their role in an age of Information. Without reimagining

and embracing the changing role of librarians in the age of Google search, the

profession could face the process of “disintermediation” or the elimination of the

medium between the information and user. 19

Historically librarians have focused on people regardless of the technical

aspects and many traditionalist worry about the overwhelming attention put on new

technologies without retaining the humanistic focus of public libraries. Librarians are

having to develop new skills to meet community demands especially regarding

organizing and retrieving sought after information. Libraries are investing into

training their staff how to use communications technology and how to use the Internet

for research. The changing role of the librarian will be a focal point in retaining value

for public libraries as they strive to expand their roles as partners in learning and in

community development. Effective measures have been taken at the King County

library system to have the staff engaged in community studies and needs analyses.

Keeping the staff up to date with communities needs allows the librarian to procure

19
Tom Kwanya, Christine Stilwell and Peter Underwood, Library 3.0: Intelligent Libraries and
Apomediation (Cambridge: Chandos Publishing, 2014)

22
their services to better meet patron’s needs.

Spaces Designed for Discovery

Contemporary public libraries do not have to rely on “library faith” and

traditional materials to become a valuable institution with the rise of connectivity

today. The direction of information doesn’t end with books, but technology and the

Internet provide opportunities for discovery. In early 2009, the John D. and Catherine

T. MacArthur Foundation’s initiative on digital learning reported the initial funding

of its 5-year, $50 million survey and investigation. The researchers found that the

Internet is empowering a tech-savvy generation to pursue a central element of 21st

century education-self-directed learning. As users of public libraries are discovering

new methods of access through their online library sources, the public library can

apply their services to aiding users to create content as much as they absorb content.

Allowing users to create and participate in information discovery will draw

new users to the public libraries. Chris Anderson, an editor in chief of Wired

Magazine, describes this process of acquiring new users as the “long tail.” In an

article about public libraries in 2004, Anderson explains how the non-blockbuster

movies and books have a greater number of demanders than the popular material.

This material is ignored and by designing libraries and services to discover these

materials will attract more value in the services of public libraries.

Collaborative Spaces

Canadian-American architect and writer, Witold Rybczynski, diffuses the

prevailing idea of the demise of public libraries in his writings and argues that the

23
libraries “mutating role urban hangout, meeting place and arbiter of information, the

public library seems far from spent. This has less to do with the digital world- or the

digital word – than with the age-old need for human contact.” 20

As a civic space, the public library invites all to participate in the pursuit of

individual and community knowledge. R. David Lankes, a professor at Syracuse

University’s School of Information Studies, emphasizes most important or accessible

collaborators in public library participation – the library user and the librarian. This

relationship will propel the adoption of library services, hone the services and shape

physical and digital library spaces. The use of public libraries inspire a new type of

collaboration amongst patrons of the library: content creation.

Public Space

Location selection of public libraries remained important to the library usage.

Including public libraries as the civic center improves foot traffic and public

awareness of the library building and is the main determinant for site selection.

Though there is a growing factor of access of the automobile as library designs are

including parking and traffic accessibility.

A current trend in recent years is the expanding or remodeling of existing

library branches like the Anacostia Library Branch in Washington D.C.Overtime

libraries have experienced an increase in their need of space to include the required

equipment to serve the community and the rate materials are able to be created in

today’s age of technology.

20
Molz and Dain. Civic Space/cyberspace: The American Public Library in the Information Age.

24
 Flexible Spaces

The growing number of smartphones, media players, and computers have

become portable and personalized that ultimately frees the information seeker

complete from wired sources and the needs of a catered space To bridge the gap, the

library temporarily filled the space with beanbag chairs and studied what the space

would become. Students were drawn to the space and started to discover their own

configurations by moving around the chairs and bringing their own furniture and

accessories. Today the flexible space offers moveable whiteboards, special areas for

media production and gaming and a 14-seat presentation space with a SMART board.

William M. Brown describes future physical library spaces: “A future-proof library

design strives to create spaces that are lovable, responsive, energy productive, and

resource effective…and perpetually significant. Future-proof libraries thrive on

change.”

Library designs have focused on the organization of its collection of books,

but the success of today’s library may rely facing outwards towards its patrons.

Library services that once relied on patrons within a space can now access its

collections from their mobile devices. The more the librarians are engaged with the

user and are not found behind a reference desk, the better the library are able to keep

relevant to user needs. “There is no question that almost all the library functions

being planned for today will need to be reconfigured in the not-too distance future.

The public library has reinvented the idea of flexibility that would give library spaces

the “ability to rearrange contents of the library and to shift functions from one space

25
to another to keep up with the collection and user growth.” 21

The future architecture of the library that successfully reflects the evolving

taste, goals and information behaviors of their local community has spaces that can be

easily reconfigured to serve a variety of uses. Future connectivity and technologies

are allowing library spaces to be wireless and less bound by traditional organizations

such as book shelves. Contemporary public libraries are embracing new trends in

technology and community building in an effort to provide relevant, useful and

flexible spaces in which local populations can congregate and interact.

21
Raymond M. Holt, “Trends in Public Library Buildings,” Library Trends, v36 n2 (1987): 267

26
Chapter 4: Precedent Studies

Modern public libraries will be analyzed through the lens of the public library

elements studied in the Carnegie libraries – procession, services and flexible spaces.

By studying and visiting local libraries of Washington D.C., the public’s experience

of public library architecture can be better designed to answer the changing

audiences. The Seattle Public Library will be examined for its design process that

involved community participation and for OMA + LMN challenges to the

programmable elements of public libraries of the past in the overwhelming rise of

technology.

Seattle Public Library

When the city of Seattle was granted the opportunity of design a new public

library, the city looked to their love for books and their reputation for public process

participation as design strategy. The city was experiencing a transition bound by

history of the land to a city inviting successful aviation and technology industries.

The city of Seattle was in search of a complete identity and was looking at the public

libraries to bring its cultures and identities together.

Completed in 2004, REM Koolhaus & OMA’s design for the Seattle Central

Library has received mixed reviews by architects and the local community for its

unusual form in the middle of Seattle’s urban fabric. In its design, the Seattle Public

Library embraces the future of libraries by introducing flexible spaces that can be

used for various activities from socializing (cafes & meeting rooms) to creating and

accessing cultural/local material (art galleries, screening rooms and recording

27
studios). Andra Addison, the communications director for the Seattle Central Library,

emphasizes the architecture flexibility of the spaces and how they are focused “more

on expressed user needs than on flashy technology trends.” 22

Figure 8 Interior View of Seattle Public Library

http://www.downtownseattle.com/2014/10/library-survey/

Anacostia Public Library

The newly renovated Anacostia Public Library is located in Washington, DC.

The 22,000 square foot library is located within a small residential block in the

historic neighborhood of Anacostia. The library features a small collection of physical

material, but has a variety of spaces for user needs from local church bible studies to

video conference calls for local inmates. Anacostia Library’s support area is home to

22
Hendrix, Jennifer C, Checking Out the Future. Perspectives from the Library Community on
Information Technology and 21st-Century Libraries (ALA Office for Information Technology Policy.)
Accessed May 18, 2016,
http://www.ala.org/offices/sites/ala.org.offices/files/content/oitp/publications/policybriefs/ala_checkin
g_out_the.pdf.

28
more children than other DC library branches and the library design reflects the focus

of children’s spaces and experiences. The large entry plaza and flexible interior

children spaces provide children of the neighborhood various levels of interaction and

experiences.

Figure 9 Front Public Space (Image by Author)

The front of the library is set back from the Good Hope Road that creates a

plaza inviting children of the community to play under the shelter of the extended

roof over the plaza. The plaza looks into the designated children’s commons area

which allows children to freely move in and out of the designated children’s spaces.

29
 Figure 10 Urban Context & Lighting Design (Image by Author)

The Anacostia Public Library is north-south on the large sloped site. The

slope was used to treat water in a bio retention pond towards the north side of the

library. Glazing that faces the north allows for sunlight to enter the main upper floor

while the southern entry façade uses roof overhang to mitigate direct sunlight while

keeping views open to the Good Hope Road and allowing the neighborhood to see the

activity in the library.

30
 Figure 11 Flexible Space Anacostia Library (Image by Author)

The staff at the Anacostia Library were scattered throughout the library space.

Designated librarian desks that overlooked the entrance and the computer stations

functioned separately from the front entry desk. Unlike the earlier designs of the

Carnegie libraries, the Anacostia Library does not terminate the procession of the

library with the librarian’s desk rather aligns it with the linear procession. The

librarian’s desk, bathrooms and smaller meeting rooms align the clear circulation path

and faces the flexible common spaces to the west side of the building.

31
 Figure 12 Elements of Anacostia Public Library (Image by Owner)

The main open reading space on the second floor house the many linear rows

of stacks and scattered study spaces. Throughout the day user activity is usually found

at computer stations and in private reading rooms while the major stack spaces are

void of user presence. The relatively small library space serve the community with

three rentable classroom spaces of different sizes and a “special programs” room

where jobseeker clinics and children story reading events are held daily. The support

spaces of the library are consolidated on the east side of the building and on the first

floor.

As the library services the space needs of its users, the community is invited

to support the library with their involvement. Paintings done by neighborhood

children and local artists are exhibited on the library walls. The effectiveness of

Anacostia Library as a successful public library is not strictly dependent on the

services & spaces provided by the library, but the community’s participation in the

activities that happen within the physical bounds of the built library.

32
Tenley Friendship Library

The Tenley Friendship Library is an award winning library that invites its

local community of Tenley Friendship in Washington D.C. to use its variety of space

types. The Freelon Group Architects designed the 21,500 square foot library to

feature large and small meeting rooms, children’s learning rooms and more private

study and tutoring rooms. The ground floor of the library houses the children’s

program spaces and resources such as printed material, supervised computer stations,

DVDs and mixed media kits while the common stacks and programs for older library

patrons exists above on the second level of the library. The children’s librarians daily

manage specialized children’s programs that encourage reading and early literacy.

Figure 13 Tenley Friendship Library Section (Image by Author)

33
 Figure 14 Lighting Control Design (Image by Author)

Located on the corner of major highways Albemarle Street and Wisconsin

Avenue, the library is oriented to take advantage of sun conditions. The entry lobby

with feature stair has glazing facing north to allow sunlight to enter these transitory

spaces while allowing for views to the sky. The skylight above the atrium bring light

to both levels of the library. Direct sunlight is filtered through the use of vertical fins

angled to respond to the changing sunlight throughout the day. s

34
 Figure 15 Tenley Friendship Library Elements

Watha T. Shaw Public Library

The Watha T. Shaw Public Library is located on a uniquely shaped triangular

urban site in Washington D.C. The three story building is 22,800 square foot building

with one floor below grade. The public space before entering the library is capped by

an art installation done by a local artist. The extended perforated wall screen creates

an exterior room that invites pedestrians off the sidewalk and into the ground floor.

The ground floor houses the children’s library area and is the main point for resources

and staff servicing. The adult programming is housed on the upper level with

35
conference rooms and individual study rooms that are aligned with the flexible

commons. The branch library has a small building footprint and uses online catalogs

and other technology scattered throughout the library to provide resources in a small

space.

Figure 16 Shaw Public Library Plan Elements

The Shaw Public Library uses daylight management and solar control to

control the qualities of interior space. Direct sunlight is mitigated through the use of

perforated metal screen on the southern face of the building. The metal material

allows limited views to the neighborhood while creating usable spaces without harsh

sunlight. The south façade is designed to interact with the main highway of Rhode

Island Avenue. Openings in the perforated metal skin reveal and hide views from and

into the library space. As drivers and pedestrians pass by the building throughout

36
different times of the time, the library changes from a floating metal volume to a

volume of light during evening hours.

Figure 17 Watha T. Shaw Public Library at Night

37
Chapter 5: Site Selection

Patterson Park Branch

History

The Patterson Park Branch Library is part of the free public library system of

Baltimore City – Enoch Pratt Free Libraries. Philanthropist Enoch Pratt established

the Enoch Pratt Free Library on January 21, 1882. Enoch Pratt dreamed of a

circulating library system that "shall be for all, rich and poor without distinction of

race or color, who, when properly accredited, can take out the books if they will

handle them carefully and return them." 23 A central library and monetary endowment

by Pratt founded the twenty-two branches throughout the city of Baltimore. Andrew

Carnegie financially endowed 15 of the 22 library buildings and only 14 of the

original institutions remains. The Patterson Park Branch was selected for this thesis

study for its site opportunities and historic connection to the Carnegie libraries of the

past.

The Patterson Park Branch was completed in 1910 and has a typical

organization of a Carnegie Library with a procession, services area and reading

rooms. It is 1 of the 4 remaining Carnegie libraries in Baltimore City that functions as

a public library. Originally called Branch 13, this the Patterson Park Branch was the

first location to offer Spanish language materials and continues to engage with the

changing demographics of its neighborhood.

23
"History of the Library." - Enoch Pratt Free Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2016.

38
 Figure 18 Inside of the Patterson Park Branch (1954)

Architecture

The Patterson Park Branch has a typical Carnegie library entrance façade with

entry columns with entablature and feature stairs. The building is of brick

construction and has high window openings for daylight management and light wells

that bring sunlight into the basement level. Today the entry façade is closed off to the

public and has been reconfigured to be the back of the library. The lack of ADA

access and inability to ramp to the feature stairs & landing changed the Carnegie

entrance as a symbolic façade rather than actually entering through it.

39
 Figure 19 Entry Facade (Image by Author)

To meet the needs of the growing community in East Baltimore City and

answer the need of a new entry, the library went through an extension in 1953. The

new west extension included a new entry lobby, new staff offices and stack space.

The lobby functions similar to the procession of the delivery rooms found in Carnegie

libraries of the past. High traffic and poor circulation exists in the only entrance and

exit of the new library extension entrance. The extension also features an even larger

feature stairs to appropriate the height difference from the east to west elevation

40
change.

Figure 20 Extension Entry Lobby (Image by Author)

Figure 21 Old & New Entrances of Patterson Park Branch (Image by Author)

41
Site Study

Figure 22 Baltimore City Figure Ground (Image by Author)

The Patterson Park Branch is located two blocks north of Patterson Park and

is located where major highways Pulaski Highway and Fayette Street merges west

towards the Inner Harbor and major downtown area. The two highways merge to

create a triangular site divided by N. Kenwood Avenue.

42
 Demographics

The Patterson Park Branch services East Baltimore City which includes a high

minority population and struggling economic conditions. Parts of Patterson Park

neighborhood experience an income lower than $10,000 dollars and/or some parts

have 30% of their community members unemployed. The statistics change from the

harbor south towards the north of the city.

By acknowledging the struggling demographics of the local community, the

library can begin to include programmable spaces that answer the specifics needs of

the community such as career services and vocational training.

Figure 23 Income Per Capita in Baltimore City (Image by Author)

43
Figure 24 Average Unemployment in Baltimore City (Image by Author)

Figure 25 Minority Population in the City (Image by Author)

44
Figure 26 Baltimore City Demographics (Image by Author)

45
 Community Activity

The residential neighborhood is mostly composed of rowhomes and industrial

warehouses to the east of the library. The community activity mostly resides closer to

the campus of Johns Hopkins University towards the east of the city. Commercial

activity and educational programming happens closer to main downtown of Baltimore

City while the library sits amongst many public gathering spaces such as churches

and open green spaces like Patterson Park and Ellewood Park to the north.

Figure 27 Local Schools in East Baltimore City (Image by Author)

46
 Figure 28 Commercial Activity in East Baltimore City (Image by Author)

Figure 29 Local Religious Buildings in East Baltimore City (Image by Author)

Site Features

Majority of the site area is composed of an outdoor park space that is owned

by the Baltimore City’s Department of Recreation and Parks. Currently the public

space is being transformed into a public art garden with local artists contributing art

installations, ornate fencing and murals. Park amenities such as bikes and paved paths

are creating unique along the main procession to the new library extension entrance.

47
 Figure 30 Public Space facing Carnegie Library (Image by Author)

Figure 31 Site Plan

The site features a Spanish War Memorial statue to the west and the Church of

Resurrection to the east across the street from the library. Art along the surrounding

buildings and on the cross streets creates unique moments throughout the site.

48
Figure 32 Spanish American War Statue (Image by Author)

Figure 33 Street Mural (Image by Author)

49
Chapter 6: Design Methods
Preserve

The preservation of the original Carnegie Library built in 1910 became a

design challenge. Repurposing the old library as an “archives” that houses community

events and historically significant material provides the opportunity to move the

original functions of the library to a new location on the existing site.

By eliminating the extension completed in 1953, the height differential

mitigated by using a gentle slope to the new archive building and incorporating new

stairs in the interior of the building. The new entry extension is a minimal attempt to

draw community members to the “pavilion” in the garden that houses memories of

libraries of the past while connecting to the new library across the park.

Figure 34 The Carnegie Library Archives Reimagined (Image by Author)

Relocate

Relocating the library on the existing public space allows the opportunity to

activate the entire space and not only one edge of the site. The site is currently

divided by N. Kenwood Avenue with a street painting done by local artists. By using

50
bollards to stop automobile traffic, the public space is completed. The smaller wedge

towards the west of the site has a total of 21,800 square feet of building area.

Compared to the programmable floor area of the Anacostia Public Library, the west

wedge provides enough space to relocate the modern day library functions.

Figure 35 Site Division & New Library Location (Image by Author)

The relocated library is oriented to have a new east entry façade that engages

with the public space and completes the public square with a church on one edge and

a library on the other. The new façade expresses the three elements to library designs

discovered in Carnegie libraries: the procession, service and flexible areas.

51
 Figure 36 New Library East Façade (Image by Author)

The new library design uses different qualities of sunlight for the different

elements of a library. The flexible commons is placed on the north edge of the thin

site to allow sunlight to enter the spaces of gathering and learning. The linear

procession has a skylight above it to allow views to the sky and direct sunlight in not

a concern in a circulation space. The south elevation is composed of many layers to

mitigate harsh southern sunlight. Concrete construction is covered by a metal

paneling skin that opens at window openings to allow views to the surrounding

neighborhood. The metal paneling is perforated to filter light and create unique

lighting within the interior spaces.

52
 Figure 37 Lighting Design (Image by Author)

Figure 38 Typical South Wall Section & Details (Image by Author)

53
 Figure 39 Interactive South Facade (Image by Author)

Activate

The metal paneling is held up by iron brackets that have imbedded LED

lighting that responds to activity happening in the library. The lighting would move

up and down to signify when the library is in high use and when the library is closed.

The wrapping metal paneling creates the floating volume that represents the service

bar that extends the whole building. The building responds to the surrounding

neighborhood context by allowing the existing conditions to inform the building mass

and details.

54
 Figure 40 Designing in Context (Image by Author)

The streets that run north south begin to inform the building mass or where the

window openings are located. Secondary streets such as N. Benlord Avenue allows

pedestrians and drivers that use the streets to have points of visual access through and

into the building activity. The wall mural on the west end of the site begins to inform

where the new west entrance of the library would be located will also shape the new

outdoor reading gardens that offers views to the Spanish War Memorial statue, the

wall mural and back into the new library building.

55
 Figure 41 Benlord Avenue Existing View (Image by Author)

Figure 42 Benlord Avenue New Elevation View (Image by Author)

The wall paneling found throughout the length of the new building wraps the

new interactive towers at each end of the site. The towers stand tall amongst the

residential neighborhood to signify to the community members of the presence of the

56
branch library. Because the building is aligned with a major highway, the views of the

tower can be seen from all directions along street corridors. Instead of relying on a

typical Carnegie façade elements such as columns, stairs and feature doorways, the

new library uses grounded towers to represent the importance of the library in the

growth of the local community.

Figure 43 Existing West Wedge & Wall Mural (Image by Author)

Figure 44 New West Entry Tower and Private Reading Garden (Image by Author)

57
Chapter 7: Conclusions

In conclusion, new library spaces such as the Anacostia Public Libraries and

its contemporary are not new in their purpose or their organizing principles. Libraries

function with elements of procession, services/resources and flexible spaces for

various kinds of activities of its surrounding community. The thesis research reveals

the importance of site selection and allowing context to inform building design.

Furthering this research would require more than studies about site, but understanding

the history and progression of the community that library branches are in. By

understanding the direction of their communities and how patrons are using their

local libraries, libraries can be designed to answer shifting needs of the community.

Further exploration of how to design a “flexible space” can begin to blur the line

between a flexible space and public space. As these programs begin to merge with

mobile technology and growing amount of data, new types of experiences can be

designed.

58
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