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Lesson 1 - Basic Computer Organization

This document provides an overview of the basic organization of computers in 4 sections: 1. The main components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, and input/output systems. 2. How the CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions and coordinates other devices. 3. The different types of operations a processor can perform like data movement, arithmetic, and program control. 4. How modern computer systems are driven by very large-scale integrated processors and can range from single-user to multi-user systems.

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Steph Kier Ponteras
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68 views17 pages

Lesson 1 - Basic Computer Organization

This document provides an overview of the basic organization of computers in 4 sections: 1. The main components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, and input/output systems. 2. How the CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions and coordinates other devices. 3. The different types of operations a processor can perform like data movement, arithmetic, and program control. 4. How modern computer systems are driven by very large-scale integrated processors and can range from single-user to multi-user systems.

Uploaded by

Steph Kier Ponteras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 1:

The Basic Organization of Computers


In this chapter . . .
You will learn about

The basics of computer How computer’s main


01 system organization and the 02
memory is organized.
stored program concept.

Types of instructions for a Scale and performance


03 04
typical processor. factors.
Electronic Digital
Computers

processor system input/output system


based on stored
• CPU • input/output devices
program design
• memory • secondary storage
Central Processing Unit
Manages the instruction-execution cycle

FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE

Coordinates the activities of other devices


❖(fast access) storage device for
preserving binary data and instructions
❖memory is divided into units or words
❖each is usually a standard size or fixed-
length
❖each memory word has a unique
address for random access

Main Memory
The CPU and Main Memory
Inside the CPU

memory
memory data
address register
register

accumulator
(work
instruction register)
register

program arithmetic
system logic unit
counter clock
FETCH the instruction
1.
WEAKNESS
Address of the next instruction is
transferred from PC to MAR.

2.
The instruction is located in memory.
THREATS

3.
Instruction is copied from memory to
MDR.
DECODE the instruction

WEAKNESS

1.
Instruction is transferred to and
decoded in the IR.
THREATS

OPPORTUNITIES
EXECUTE the instruction

WEAKNESS

1.
Control unit sends signals to
appropriate devices to cause execution
THREATS of the instruction.
OPPORTUNITIES
Types of
Processor
Operations
➢ moving data from memory to
the CPU
➢ moving data from memory to
memory
➢ input and output

Data Movement
Operations
Arithmetic and
Logical Operations

➢ integer arithmetic
➢ comparing two quantities
➢ shifting, rotating bits in a quantity
➢ testing, comparing, and converting bits
➢ starting a program
➢ halting a program
➢ skipping to other instructions
➢ testing data to decide whether to skip
over some instructions

Program Control
The AMD Athlon𝑻𝑴 XP Processor

Modern computer systems are


driven by processors fabricated
using very large-scale integration.

Scale and Performance Factors


➢Single-user computer systems
✓ personal digital assistants (PDAs)
✓ laptops, notebook computers
✓ desktop computer systems
✓ workstations
➢Multiuser computer systems

Scale and Performance Factors


STUDY WELL! – Sir IT ☺

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