Scilab Manual for

Applied Mathematics for Communication

Engineers by Prof Prarthan
Mehta Others Dharmsinh
Desai University1

Solutions provided by
Prof PRARTHAN MEHTA
Others
DHARMSINH DESAI UNIVERSITY

June 19, 2020

1

Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 3

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Scilab Manual and Scilab codes
written in it can be downloaded from the ”Migrated Labs” section at the website
http://scilab.in
1 TRUNCATION OF A SQUARE WAVE USING FOURIER
SERIES EXPANTION 4

2 ESTIMATION OF THE ROOTS(ZEROS) FOR A REAL

VALUED FUNCTION USING NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD 8

3 DFT & IDFT OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE 11

4 SYSTEM RESPONSE USING CONVOLUTION 14

5 NODE VOLTAGE & MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS 15

6 STABILITY OF A FEEDBACK SYSTEM IN XCOS 18

7 IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANNEL CODING-LINEAR

BLOCK CODE 19

8 FILTER DESIGN USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM 24

9 SIGNAL MODULATION 26

10 APPLICATION OF LINEAR ALGEBRA IN DIGITAL COM-

MUNICATION 28
 List of Experiments
Solution 1.1 Truncation of the Square Wave . . . . . . . . . . 4
Solution 2.1 Estimation or Roots ................ 8
Solution 3.1 DFT of a Given Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Solution 3.2 IDFT of the given responce ............ 12
Solution 4.1 System Response using Convolution . . . . . . . . 14
Solution 5.1 Node Voltage .................... 15
Solution 5.2 Mesh Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Solution 7.1 Linear Block Coder Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Solution 8.1 Filter Design .................... 24
Solution 9.1 BPSK ........................ 26
Solution 10.1 Rotation of a Vector ................ 28

Experiment: 1

TRUNCATION OF A
SQUARE WAVE USING
FOURIER SERIES
EXPANTION

Scilab code Solution 1.1 Truncation of the Square Wave

1 v=1;

// Multiplier Voltage 2 w=15;

// Frequency
2
 3 t=0:0.001:0.99;

// Incremental Time Stamp

4 x1=v*(cos(w*t)-cos(3 *w*t)/3)/%pi;
//
First 2 Components of the Fourier Series of a
Square Wave with Frequency W rad/ sec
5 x2=v*(cos(w*t)-cos(3*w*t)/3+cos(5 *w*t)/5)/%pi;
// First 3
Components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave with Frequency W rad/
sec
6 x3=v*(cos(w*t)-cos(3*w*t)/3+cos(5*w*t)/5-cos(7 *w*t )
/7)/%pi; // First 4 Components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave
with Frequency W rad/ sec
7 x4=v*(cos(w*t)-cos(3*w*t)/3+cos(5*w*t)/5-cos(7 *w*t )
/7+cos(9*w*t)/9)/%pi; // First 5 Components of the Fourier Series of a
Square Wave with Frequency W rad/ sec
8 x5=v*(cos(w*t)-cos(3*w*t)/3+cos(5*w*t)/5-cos(7 *w*t )
/7+cos(9*w*t)/9-cos(11*w*t)/11)/%pi; // First 6 Components of the
Fourier Series of a
Square Wave with Frequency W rad/ sec
9 x6=v*(cos(w*t)-cos(3*w*t)/3+cos(5*w*t)/5-cos(7 *w*t )
/7+cos(9*w*t)/9-cos(11*w*t)/11+cos(13 *w*t)/13)/
%pi; // First 7 Components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave
10 subplot(3 ,2, 1)

// Deviding the Figure Qindow in Six Subwindows to plot diffenrent

components
11 plot( x1);

// Plotting the First 2 components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave

12 title( ’ Square Wave Contructed with First 2 Components of Fourier
Series ’); // Assigning a Title of the Figure 13 xlabel( ’ Samples ’) ;

// Assigning an X−label of the figure

14 ylabel( ’ Amplitude (V) ’) ;

3
 // Assigning of a Y−label of the figure
15 subplot(3 ,2, 2)
16 plot( x2);
// Plotting the First 3 components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave
17 title( ’ Square Wave Contructed with First 3 Components of Fourier Series ’); //
Assigning a Title of the Figure 18 xlabel( ’ Samples ’) ;

// Assigning an X−label of the figure

19 ylabel( ’ Amplitude (V) ’) ;

// Assigning of a Y−label of the figure

20 subplot(3 ,2, 3)
21 plot( x3);

// Plotting the First 4 components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave

22 title( ’ Square Wave Contructed with First 4 Components of Fourier Series ’); //
Assigning a Title of the Figure 23 xlabel( ’ Samples ’) ;

// Assigning an X−label of the figure

24 ylabel( ’ Amplitude (V) ’) ;

// Assigning of a Y−label of the figure

25 subplot(3 ,2, 4)
26 plot( x4);

// Plotting the First 5 components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave

27 title( ’ Square Wave Contructed with First 5 Components of Fourier Series ’); //
Assigning a Title of the Figure 28 xlabel( ’ Samples ’) ;

// Assigning an X−label of the figure

29 ylabel( ’ Amplitude (V) ’) ;
// Assigning of a Y−label of the figure
30
31 subplot(3 ,2, 5)
32 plot( x5);

4
 // Plotting the First 6 components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave
33 title( ’ Square Wave Contructed with First 6 Components of Fourier Series ’); //
Assigning a Title of the Figure 34 xlabel( ’ Samples ’) ;

// Assigning an X−label of the figure

35 ylabel( ’ Amplitude (V) ’) ;

// Assigning of a Y−label of the figure

36
37 subplot(3 ,2, 6)
38 plot( x6);

// Plotting the First 7 components of the Fourier Series of a Square Wave

39 title( ’ Square Wave Contructed with First 7 Components of Fourier Series ’); //
Assigning a Title of the Figure 40 xlabel( ’ Samples ’) ;

// Assigning an X−label of the figure

41 ylabel( ’ Amplitude (V) ’) ;

// Assigning of a Y−label of the figure

42
43
44 ///−−−Input Parameters −−−//
45 //v==> voltage
46 //w==>Frequency

Experiment: 2

ESTIMATION OF THE
ROOTS(ZEROS) FOR A
REAL VALUED FUNCTION
5
 USING NEWTON-RAPHSON
METHOD

Scilab code Solution 2.1 Estimation or Roots

1
2
3 clear
4
5
6 function [y, deriv] = fcn_nr(x)
7 y = x^3 + 4*(x)^2 -10 ;
8 deriv = 3*(x)^2 + 8 *x;
9
10 endfunction
11
12 xp = -15:1:15 ;
13 n = length( xp);
14 for i=1:n
15 yp(i) = fcn_nr(xp(i));
16 end
17 plot( xp,yp )
18 xlabel( ’x ’)
19 ylabel( ’y ’)
20 title( ’ Plot of function ’)
21
22
23
24 x = input( ’ Enter i n i t i a l guess of root location : ’) ;
25
6
26 itermax = 10; // % max # of iterations
27 iter = 0;
28 errmax = 0.00001; // % convergence tolerance
29 error1 = 1;
30
31
32 while error1 > errmax & iter < itermax
33
34 iter = iter + 1 ;
35 [f fprime] = fcn_nr(x);
36 if fprime == 0
37 break;
38 end;
39
40 xnew = x - f / fprime;
41
42 error1 = abs((xnew - x)/xnew) * 100; // % find
change from previous
43
44 x = xnew // % set up for next iteration
45 disp( ’ Iteration No. ’)
46 disp( iter )
47 disp( ’ the estimated value of the variable x i s=’)
48 disp( x )
49
50
51 end
52
53 ///−−−−Input Parameters −−−−///
54
55 // This code will work for d i f f e r e n t functions of the
variable x. hence the user has to modify the
function & i t s derivative accordingly
56 // Itermax==>maximum number of i t e r a t i o n for which the method has
to estimate the value of the variable
57 //errmax==>maximun tolerable error
7
8
 Experiment: 3

DFT & IDFT OF A GIVEN SEQUENCE

Scilab code Solution 3.1 DFT of a Given Sequence

1 clear
2 clc
3
4 x=input( ’ enter the digital sequence ’) ;
// Input
the d i g i t a l
sequence 5 N=length( x);

// Finding the length of the sequence for N−point

DFT
6
7 for k=1:N
8 y(k)=0;
9 for n=1:N
10 y(k)=y(k)+(x(n)*(exp(- %i*2*%pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N
))); // Equation to find DFT
11 end
12 end
13 disp( ’The DFT of the given sequence i s : ’)
// Displaying the DFT
14 disp( y )
15
16
17 ///−−Input Parameters −−−//

9
18
19 //x==>d i g i t a l sequence for which DFT has to be found

Scilab code Solution 3.2 IDFT of the given responce

1 clear
2 clc
3
4 x=input( ’ Enter the sequence : ’) ;

// Input the DFT

5 N=length( x);

// FInding the length to get N−point IDFT

6 for n=1:N
7 y(n)=0;
8 for k=1:N
9 y(n)=y(n)+(x(k)*(exp( %i*2*%pi*(k-1)*(n-1)/N )
)); // Equation to find the IDFT
10 end
11 y(n)=y(n)/N;
12 end
13 disp( ’The IDFT of the given sequence i s : ’)
// Displaying
the IDFT
14 disp( y )
15
16
17 //−−Input Parameters −−−//
18
19 //x==>Frequency domain d i g i t a l representation of the sequence (DFT) for which
IDFT has to be found

10
11
 Experiment: 4

SYSTEM RESPONSE USING

CONVOLUTION

Scilab code Solution 4.1 System Response using Convolution

1
2 X=input( ’ Enter the Input data Sequence X[ n ] : ’) ;
3 H=input( ’ Enter the Response of the System H[ n ] : ’) ;
4
5 Y=conv(X,H);
6
7 disp( ’The response of the given system for the given inpur data sequence i s Y[ n
] : ’) ;
8 disp( Y);
9
10
11 //−−−Input Variables −−//
12 //X==>d i g i t a l sequence X[ n ]
13 //H==>f i l t e r impulse response H[ n ]

Experiment: 5

NODE VOLTAGE & MESH CURRENT

ANALYSIS
12
 Scilab code Solution 5.1 Node Voltage

1 //number of loops in the networks=2

2
3 v1=input( ’ Enter the voltage in loop −1 ( in V) : ’) ;
4 i2=input( ’ Enter the current through loop −2 ( in A) : ’)
;
5 r2=input( ’ Enter the resistance in s e r i e s with V1 in loop −1 ( in Ohm) : ’) ;
6 r1=input( ’ Enter the resistance between v2 & GND. ( a common element bwetween
loop −1 & 2) ( in Ohm) : ’) ;
7
8 //Teh node voltage at
node−2 can be solved
as
9 //temp1=(v2−v1 )/r2 ; 10
//temp2=(v2/r1 ) ’
11 //0=temp1+temp2+i2 ;
12 temp3=i2*r1*r2;
13 temp4=v1/r2;
14 temp5=temp4-temp3;
15 temp6=temp5*r1*r2;
16 v2=temp6/(r1+r2);
17
18 disp( ’ Voltage at Node−2 V2=’) ;
19 disp( v 2)
20
21
22 //−−−Input Variables −−−//
23
24 //v1==>equivalent voltage in loop 1 −−constant
25 // i2==>value of the current source in llop 2−−
constant
26 // r2==>value of the resitance in s e r i e s with V1 in loop 1−− constant
27 // r1==>value of the resitance in the common branch in loop 1 & loop
2−−constant

13
 Scilab code Solution 5.2 Mesh Current

1 //number of loops in the networks=2

2
3 v1=input( ’ Enter the voltage loop −1 ( in V) : ’) ;
in
4 v2=input( ’ Enter the voltage loop −2 ( in V) : ’) ;
in
5 r1=input( ’ Enter the resistance in series with in
V1
loop −1 ( in Ohm) : ’) ;
6 r2=input( ’ Enter the resistance between v2 & GND. ( a common element bwetween
loop −1 & 2) ( in Ohm) : ’) ;
7 r3=input( ’ Enter the resistance in s e r i e s with V2 in loop −2 ( in Ohm) : ’) ;
8
9 //The mesh current can be solved as
10 //v1=(r1+r2 )∗i1−r2∗ i2 ;
11 //−v2=−r2∗ i1+(r2+r3 )∗ i2 ;
12
13 // [ v]=[ r ] [ i ] ;
14
15 // [ i ]=[v ] [R] ; where [R]= inv ( [ r ] ) ;
16
17
18 v=[v1;v2];
19
20 r=[r1+r2 -r2 ; -r2 r2+r3];
21
22 // i =[ i1 ; i2 ] ;
23
24 R=inv( r);
25

14
26
27 i=R*v;
28
29 disp( ’ the current through the loops=’)
30 disp( i )
31
32
33 //−−Input variables −−//
34 //v1==>voltage in loop 1−−constant
35 //v2==>voltage in loop 2−−constant
36 // r1==>resitance in loop 1 −− constant
37 // r2==>resitance in the common branch of loop1 & loop 2 −−constant
38 // r3==>resitance in loop 2 −− constant

Experiment: 6

STABILITY OF A
FEEDBACK SYSTEM IN
XCOS

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code

can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Experiment: 7

15
 IMPLEMENTATION OF
CHANNEL CODING-LINEAR BLOCK
CODE

Scilab code Solution 7.1 Linear Block Coder Decoder

1
2
3 //% this is a linear block code main script file%
4 clear
5
6 global P n k;
7
8 n=7;
9 k=4;
10 P=[1 1 0; 0 1 1; 1 0 1;1 1 1]; //% parity matrix of size k∗(n−k) to be
11 // % selected so that the systematic generator
12 // % matrix islinearly independent or f u l l rank
13 // % matrix
14
15 //% (n , k) linear block code where k − no . of data bits and n−no input
. of o/p
16 //% data bits . code rate=k/n
17 //% x i s an input vector containing k bits
18
19 //%This i s an linear block encoding function file%
20 function y1=linblkcode(x);
21 global P n k;
22 n=7;
23 k=4;

16
24 P=[1 1 0; 0 1 1; 1 0 1;1 1 1] ;
25 //x=[0 1 1 0];
26
27 //G=[ ] ; // % Generator matrix k∗n
28 G=[eye(k,k) P];
29
30 y1=zeros(1 ,n);
31 for i=1:k
32 var(i,:)=x(1,i) & G(i,:);
33 var(i,:)=bool2s( var(i,:));
34 y1(1,:)=bitxor(var(i,:),y1(1,:));
35 end
36
37 endfunction
38
39
40 //%This is a linear block syndrome function
decoding
file%
41
42 function x1=linblkdecoder(y)
43 //% here y i s recieved vector 7 bits long
44
45 //% (7 ,4) linear block code
46 global P n k;
47
48
49 //H=[ ] ; //% PARITY CHECK MATRIX
50
51 H=[P’ eye(( n-k),(n-k))];
52 Ht=H’; // %transpose of H
53
54 S=zeros(1,n-k); //%syndrome of recieved vector x
55 for i=1:n-k
56 S(i)=y(1) & Ht(1,i);
57 S(i)=bool2s( S(i));

17
58 for j=2:n
59
60 S(i)=bitxor(S(i), bool2s((y(j) & Ht(j,i))));
61 end
62 end
63
64
65
66 //%%∗∗∗∗SYNDROME LOOK UP TABLE∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗
67
68 //%%∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗∗
69 //%
70 if S==[0 0 0]
71 e=[0 0 0 0 0 0 0] ;
72 z=bitxor(y,e);
73 end
74
75 if S==[0 0 1]
76 e=[0 0 0 0 0 0 1] ;
77 z=bitxor(y,e);
78 end
79 if S==[0 1 0]
80 e=[0 0 0 0 0 1 0] ;
81 z=bitxor(y,e);
82 end
83 if S==[1 0 0]
84 e=[0 0 0 0 1 0 0] ;
85 z=bitxor(y,e);
86 end
87 if S==[1 1 1]
88 e=[0 0 0 1 0 0 0] ;
89 z=bitxor(y,e);
90 end
91 if S==[1 0 1]

18
92 e=[0 0 1 0 0 0 0] ;
93 z=bitxor(y,e);
94 end
95 if S==[0 1 1]
96 e=[0 1 0 0 0 0 0] ;
97 z=bitxor(y,e);
98 end
99 if S==[1 1 0]
100 e=[1 0 0 0 0 0 0] ;
101 z=bitxor(y,e);
102 end
103
104
105
106
107 x1=z(1,1:k);
108 endfunction
109
110
111 x=[0 1 1 0]; // % input bits to the
encoder of size 1∗ k
112 y1=linblkcode(x);// // % y1 i s the output of linear block encoder
113
114
115 e1=[1 0 0 0 0 0 0]; // % intentionally
error introduced after
116 // % encoding and
before sending to decoder ( in
117 // % this case pls
introduce only one bit error )
118 y=bitxor(y1,e1);// % input that will
be made available to linear
119 // % block decoder
120
121 x1=linblkdecoder(y) // % x1 i s the output

19
 of the linear block decoder
122 // % which will be same as x
provided that here

123 // % have introduced only

one bit error
124
125 disp( ’The information signal=’)
126 disp( x )
127 disp( ’The transmitted encoded signal=’)
128 disp( y 1)
129 disp( ’The recieved signal=’)
130 disp( y )
131 disp( ’The denoded signal=’)
132 disp( x 1)
133
134
135 //−−Input variables −−//
136
137 // (n , k)==>constants according to the design of linear block code
138 //P==>parity matrix of size k∗(n−k) to be
selected so that the systematic generator matrix i s
linearly independent or f u l l rank matrix
139 //x==>information signal −−vector

20
 8

FILTER DESIGN USING

LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Scilab code Solution 8.1 Filter Design

1
2
3
4
5 x=input( ’ Enter the input data sequence ’) ;
6 b=input( ’ Enter the co−e f f i t i e n t s for the numerator polynomial : ’) ;
7 a=input( ’ Enter the co−e f f i t i e n t s for the denominator polynomial : ’) ;
8
9 y=filter( b,a,x);
10
11
12 disp( ’The input signal i s=’)
13 disp( x )
14 disp( ’The f i l t e r e d signal i s=’)
15 disp( y )
16 //−−Input Variables −−//
17
18 //x==>input d i g i t a l sequence−−vector

21
Experiment:

19 //b==>vecotr
20 //a==>vector

22
 9

SIGNAL MODULATION

Scilab code Solution 9.1 BPSK

1 function out_a=BPSK_a(bit,no_shift,shift)
2 if bit == 1
3 out_a = no_shift
4 else
5 out_a = shift
6 end
7
8 endfunction
9
10 t=0:0.001:1;
11 bit_1=0;
12
13 no_shift1=sin(2 *%pi*10*t);
14 shift1=sin(2 *%pi*10*t+(%pi));
15
16
17
18 out=BPSK_a(bit_1,no_shift1,shift1);
19 plot( t,out )

23
Experiment:

20
21 t1=1:0.001:2;
22 bit_2=1;
23
24 out1=BPSK_a(bit_2,no_shift1,shift1) ;
25 plot( t1,out 1)
26
27 xlabel( ’ time ’)
28 ylabel( ’ Amplitude ’)
29 //−−Input Variables
30 // bit 1 & bit 2==> d i g i t a l logic 1 or 0

24
 10

APPLICATION OF LINEAR
ALGEBRA IN DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION

Scilab code Solution 10.1 Rotation of a Vector

1 r1=[1 0] ;
2 r2=[0 1] ;
3 theta=input(”Enter the theta ( angle for rotation in radian
) : ”)
4 rotat=[cos(theta) sin(theta); -sin(theta) cos( theta ) ] ;
5
6 R=[r1 ; r2];
7
8 new_R=R*rotat;
9
10 rotated_r1=new_R(1,:);
11 rotated_r2=new_R(2,:);
12
13 disp( ’The vector r1==’)
14 disp( r 1)

25
Experiment:

15 disp( ’The rotated vector r1=’)

16 disp( rotated_r 1)
17
18 disp( ’The vector r2=’)
19 disp( r 2)
20
21 disp( ’The rotated vector r2=’)
22 disp( rotated_r 2)
23
24
25 //−−Input variables −−//
26
27 // thera==>constant

26