NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

CHAPTER 2: HYPERBOLIC AND INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION

Topics:

 2.1 Definition of hyperbolic functions

 2.2 Hyperbolic Identities and solving hyperbolic equations
 2.3 Differentiation and Integration of hyperbolic functions
 2.4 Definition of inverse hyperbolic functions

 2.5 Differentiation and Integration of inverse hyperbolic functions

2.1 Definition of hyperbolic functions

 What is hyperbolic functions???
 It are much similar to the trigonometric functions but these functions are NOT
PERIODIC.
 In engineering, has been applied in building structures in the shape of curves
such as hanging cables.
 The table below listed the six basic definition of hyperbolic functions which
are defined in terms of exponential functions.
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh⁡(𝑥) =
2

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
cosh⁡(𝑥) =
2
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
tanh⁡(𝑥) = = ⁡

⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
csch⁡(𝑥) = = ⁡

⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
sech⁡(𝑥) = = ⁡

⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
coth⁡(𝑥) = = ⁡
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

2.2 Hyperbolic Identities and solving hyperbolic equations

Hyperbolic Identities
Theorem:
cosh(𝑥) + sinh(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sinh⁡(𝑥)cosh⁡(𝑦) + cosh⁡(𝑥)sinh⁡(𝑦)
cosh(𝑥) − sinh(𝑥) = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sinh(𝑥) cosh(𝑦) − cosh⁡(𝑥)sinh⁡(𝑦)
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − sinh2 (𝑥) = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cosh(𝑥) cosh(𝑦) + sinh⁡(𝑥)sinh⁡(𝑦)
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 (𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cosh(𝑥) cosh(𝑦) − sinh⁡(𝑥)sinh⁡(𝑦)
𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 (𝑥) − 1 = csch2 (𝑥) sinh(2𝑥) = 2sinh⁡(𝑥)cosh⁡(𝑥)
cosh(−𝑥) = cosh⁡(𝑥) cosh(2𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) + sinh2 (𝑥)
sinh(−𝑥) = −sinh⁡(𝑥) cosh(2𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − 1
cosh(2𝑥) = 2sinh2(𝑥) + 1

Example 1: Use the definition of hyperbolic functions to prove the identity

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − sinh2 (𝑥) = 1

2 (𝑥) 2 (𝑥)
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ − sinh ⁡⁡ = ( ) −( )
2 2

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
=( )( ) −( )( )
2 2 2 2
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 2𝑥
= −
4 4

𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
= −
4 4

𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
= = 1∎
4

Example 2: Use the definition of hyperbolic functions to prove the identity

𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 (𝑥) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥) = 1
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

Example 3: Use the definition of hyperbolic functions to prove the identity

𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 (2𝑥) − csch2 (2𝑥) = 1⁡[December 2019]

Example 4: Use the definition of hyperbolic functions to prove the identity

1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 (2𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐h2 (2𝑥)⁡[December 2018]

Solving Hyperbolic Equations

Example 1: Use the hyperbolic identity to solve 9𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − 6 sinh(𝑥) = 17

Step 1: Identify which terms can apply the hyperbolic identity

*Since cosh(x) has power of two, hence use identity of ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − sinh2 (𝑥) = 1

9[1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥)] − 6 sinh(𝑥) = 17

Step 2 : Make sure the equation has only ONE TERM of hyperbolic, then use let y

Let 𝑦 = sinh⁡(𝑥)
9[1 + 𝑦 2 ] − 6𝑦 = 17

Step 3: Solve the equation, get the values of y

 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

9 + 9𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 17 = 0
9𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 − 8 = 0
4 2
∴ 𝑦 = ⁡𝑜𝑟 −
3 3

***Step 4: Change back 𝑦 = sinh⁡(𝑥)

4 2
sinh(𝑥) = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡or⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ sinh(𝑥) = −
3 3
4 2
𝑥 = sinh(𝑥)−1 ( ) = 1.099⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑜𝑟⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = sinh(𝑥)−1 (− ) = −0.625
3 3

Example 2: Use the hyperbolic identity ⁡cosh(2𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − 1 to solve

4 cosh(2𝑥) − 22cosh(𝑥) + 19 = 0 [December 2019]

Step 1: Identify which terms can apply the hyperbolic identity

4[2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − 1] − 22cosh(𝑥) + 19 = 0

Step 2 : Make sure the equation has only ONE TERM of hyperbolic, then use let y

Let 𝑦 = cosh⁡(𝑥)
4[2𝑦 2 − 1] − 22y + 19 = 0

Step 3: Solve the equation, get the values of y

8𝑦 2 − 4 − 22y + 19 = 0
8𝑦 2 − 22y + 15 = 0
3 5
∴ 𝑦 = ⁡𝑜𝑟⁡
2 4

***Step 4: Change back 𝑦 = cosh⁡(𝑥)

3 5
cosh⁡(𝑥) = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡or⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡cosh⁡(𝑥) =
2 4
3 5
𝑥 = cosh(𝑥)−1 ( ) = 0.9624⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑜𝑟⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑥 = cosh(𝑥)−1 ( ) = 0.6931
2 4

Example 3: Use the hyperbolic identity ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 (𝑥) − 1 = csch2 (𝑥) to solve
2𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 (𝑥) − csch(𝑥) − 8 = 0 [June 2019]

Step 1: Identify which terms can apply the hyperbolic identity

 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

Step 2 : Make sure the equation has only ONE TERM of hyperbolic, then use let y

Let 𝑦 =

Step 3: Solve the equation, get the values of y

***Step 4: Change back 𝑦 =

Example 4: Use the suitable hyperbolic identity to solve

1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 (2𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (2𝑥) [December 2018]

Step 1: Identify which terms can apply the hyperbolic identity

Step 2 : Make sure the equation has only ONE TERM of hyperbolic, then use let y

Let 𝑦 =

Step 3: Solve the equation, get the values of y

***Step 4: Change back 𝑦 =

 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

Example 5: Use the hyperbolic identity ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 (𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛h2 (𝑥) = 1 to solve
2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (𝑥) = 5 cosh(𝑥) − 4 [June 2018]

Step 1: Identify which terms can apply the hyperbolic identity

Step 2 : Make sure the equation has only ONE TERM of hyperbolic, then use let y

Let 𝑦 =

Step 3: Solve the equation, get the values of y

***Step 4: Change back 𝑦 =

2.3 Differentiation of hyperbolic functions

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
[sinh(𝑢)] = cosh⁡(𝑢) [cosh(𝑢)] = sinh⁡(𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
[tanh⁡(𝑢) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑢) [coth(𝑢)] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
[sech(𝑢)] = − sech(𝑢) tanh⁡(𝑢) [csch⁡(u)] = − csch(𝑢) coth⁡(𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
Example 1 : Use implicit differentiation to find for 𝑦 2 = + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑥 2 )
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

𝑑𝑦
Example 2: Use implicit differentiation to find for 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 ) [Sep 2015]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Example 3: Use implicit differentiation to find for 2𝑥 2 − 4 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(2𝑦) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
[December 2019]
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Example 4 : Use implicit differentiation to find for 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (5) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 3𝑥
Example 5 : Use implicit differentiation to find for 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

2.3 Integration of hyperbolic functions

∫ cosh(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = sinh(𝑢) + 𝑐 ∫ sinh(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = cosh(𝑢) + 𝑐

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = tanh(𝑢) + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = −coth(𝑢) + 𝑐

∫ sech(u) tanh⁡(u)𝑑𝑢 = − sech(𝑢) + 𝑐 ∫ csch(u) coth⁡(u)𝑑𝑢 = − csch(𝑢) + 𝑐

Example 1 : Evaluate ∫ tanh⁡(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Example 2 : : Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ5 (𝑥)cosh⁡(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

Example 3: Evaluate ∫ √sinh⁡(2𝑥)cosh⁡(2𝑥) [June 2018]

Example 4 : Evaluate ∫ 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑥 [Sep 2015]

𝜋
Example 5 : Evaluate ∫02 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [March 2015]; Let u=cosx
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

2.4 Definition of inverse hyperbolic functions

 In this topic we will define the inverse hyperbolic functions in terms of logarithmic
functions.
 The hyperbolic functions are rational functions of 𝑒 𝑥 where the numerator and
denominator are degrees at most two.
 These functions may be solved in terms of 𝑒 𝑥 by using the quadratic formula; then
taking the natural logarithms gives the following expressions for the inverse
hyperbolic functions as shown in the Example 1.
 The following relations hold for all x in the domains of the stated inverse hyperbolic
functions.

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑥) = ln⁡(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) 1 𝑥+1

𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 (𝑥) = ln⁡( )
2 𝑥−1

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (𝑥) = ln⁡(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) 1 + √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 (𝑥) = ln⁡( )
𝑥

1 1+𝑥 1 √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑥) = ln⁡( ) ℎ −1 (𝑥)
= ln⁡( + )
2 1−𝑥 𝑥 |𝑥|

Example 1
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

2.5 Differentiation of inverse hyperbolic functions

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑢 = [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
[𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑢 = [𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
[𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑢 = − [𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 𝑢 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
Example 1 : Find 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑦
Example 2 : Find 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (𝑦) + 2𝑥 2 = 3𝑥𝑦
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

𝑑𝑦
Example 3: Use implicit differentiation to find for 2𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (3𝑦) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 (𝑥 + 2) =
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 [June 2019]

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Example 4 : Use implicit differentiation to find for 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 (5) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑒 2𝑥𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥
[December 2018]

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 3𝑥
Example 5 : Use implicit differentiation to find for 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 = [March 2017]
𝑑⁡𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

2.5 Integration of inverse hyperbolic functions

1 𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝑐
√𝑎2 + 𝑢2 𝑎 √𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎

1 1 𝑢 1 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 ( ) , |𝑢| < 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 ( ) , |𝑢| > 𝑎
𝑎2 −𝑢 2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑢 2 𝑎 𝑎

1 1 𝑢 1 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑢√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑢√𝑎2 + 𝑢2 𝑎 𝑎

2𝑥
Example 1 : Evaluate ∫ √16𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 [Dec 2019]
−9

Step 1 : Identify variables 𝑎2 and 𝑢2 , then find the a, u and du/dx

𝑎2 = 𝑢2 =⁡
𝑎= 𝑢=
𝑑𝑢
=⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; where dx=
𝑑𝑥

Step 2: Substitute the question regarding the formula of with values in Step
1

2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =⁡
√16𝑥 4 − 9
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

=⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ *simplify, put the constant number at the

in front
=⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ * check which formula match with the
equation
=⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡* substitute values of u and a
𝑥
Example 2: Evaluate ∫ √9𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 [Dec 2018]
−4

Step 1 : Identify variables 𝑎2 and 𝑢2 , then find the a, u and du/dx

𝑎2 = 𝑢2 =⁡
𝑎= 𝑢=
𝑑𝑢
=⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; where dx=
𝑑𝑥

Step 2: Substitute the question regarding the formula of with values in Step
1

𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 =⁡
√9𝑥 4 − 4

=⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ *simplify, put the constant number at the

in front
=⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ * check which formula match with the
equation
=⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡* substitute values of u and a

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (2𝑥)
Example 3: Evaluate ∫ √1+4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 [June 2019]
 NAA/MAT238/OCT2020

2 1
Example 4 : Evaluate ∫0 √𝑥 2 +6𝑥
𝑑𝑥⁡by completing the square [March 2017]

2
Example 5: Evaluate ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 by completing the square [Dec 2019]
−4𝑥+9