Lab-6: Amplifiers

1. Objective.
 To get yourselves acquainted with Op-Amps and its different configuration in
connection to instrumentation and measurements labs.
 To verify and judge the amplifier on basis of gain, common mode rejection, input
impedance, output impedance and frequency operation.

2. Reference Reading
1: Analog Filter Design, Van Valkenburg 2: Microelectronics Sedra/Smith

3. Introduction

Operational Amplifier is high gain electronic IC which is made from combination of many
transistors in different stages.

Operational amplifier has two inputs: inverting and non-inverting. As this element is active
with gain, hence it need power source for its operation with Vs+, and Vs-. These two sources
define the saturation level. Input impedance is Rin which depends usually on configuration.
Similarly, Rout is output resistance which can vary for different configuration.

In control circuitry, op-amps are largely used where feedback is typically mentioned in every
problem. Similarly, op-amps itself operates in this manner. It can be used in open loop
configuration where output portion is not affecting input in any way and this where its gain is
ideally considered to be infinite. However, in closed loop, output is also affect the input as
there is obvious communication from output to input. It this state, high gain (infinite) can be
adjusted easily as per requirements.
Operational amplifier is used in two configurations.

1. Non Inverting configuration

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Inverting configuration input is applied in non-inverting pin. (See figure 2) In this case, output
and input are in phase.

Figure 2 Non-inverting configuration

Since its open loop gain is ideally infinity (106-7)

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐴𝑂𝐿(𝑉 + − 𝑉 − )
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅1
= 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗
𝐴𝑂𝐿 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅1
0 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅2
=1+
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅1
(AOL is infinite)

2. Inverting configuration
In this configuration, input signal is connected to inverting pin (negative). In this closed loop
gain is (by same procedure as mentioned above). From inverting word, it can be easily inferred
that output and input are out of phase.

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑓
= −( )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖𝑛

Figure 2 Inverting Configuration

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 4. Amplifier

In amplification, one need to have input current as minimum as possible so that amplifier circuit
don’t load the circuit and also maximum gain and frequency response. Sometime single op-
amp can’t provide the required gain, for which cascade design is used where transfer function
are just multiplied giving us gain that we require. However, in this case, frequency response
deteriorates gravely. Following are the circuits that are the part of this lab which we have to
learn and practice with in both hardware and software domain.

Op-amp
Task # 1

Perform frequency analysis in Lt-Spice by varying the frequency from 0.1 mega to 1 mega and
plot gain/voltage vs. frequency.

Q1: What is high and low frequency response and what is the effect of frequency on gain? Is
there any difference in frequency response in inverting and non-inverting? Verify it with lt-
spice.

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Connect the op-amp and apply positive and negative power sources and then use it in open

loop configuration till it reaches saturation. Now answer the following:

Q2: Saturation level depends on:

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Q3: If op-amp is to be used in switching, (for example sensor value changing very fast in

frequency measurements) what would be disadvantage of saturation and how would you

change the circuit to prevent it from saturation and still get the work done.

Comparator circuit
Op-amp is itself a comparator which compares the two input and gives a decision.

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Task # 2

1. Make square wave from sine wave which are in phase.

2. Make one input 0 and other 0.000001 in Lt-spice and find the output. Discuss whether
ideal and real results match or not.

Differential Amplifier
Amplifier that amplify the portions of signal that are not common. In other words, signal that
is difference of two inputs is actually amplified with certain gain. In simple sense, op-amp is
itself differential amplifier as can be inferred from its open loop gain equation.

Figure 3 Differential Amplifier

Task # 3

1. Derive the gain equation for the above circuit.

2. Decide how it can be used to perform the subtraction of V1 and V2 as
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2.5𝑉1 − 1.5𝑉2

(Find the value of Rf, R1, R2, Rg for above case)

3. Write any use of differential amplifier for which it can be used in particular to
instrumentation and measurement domain.
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 EE-314L Instrumentation Lab

Lab#06 Rubric Mark Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Reg. #: _________________

Marks 3.0 2.0 1.0 0

Cannot setup
Punctuality Student arrives or handle the
PLO-8 NA NA
in lab in time. apparatus.
Can independently Can setup and Can setup and
Apparatus Cannot setup
PLO-5 setup, operate and handle the handle the
or handle the
Usage handle the apparatus with apparatus with
apparatus.
apparatus. minimal help. some help.

Student arranges Student carelessly Student does

the workstation arranges not arrange
Work Station PLO-8 NA
properly after lab workstation after the work
completion. lab completion. station.

Analyzes and Analyzes data Unable to

Analyzes and
interprets data correctly however analyze and
interprets data
Data correctly for few unable to interpret data
PLO-4 correctly for all
Interpretation tasks/ interpret it for for any tasks/
tasks/ experiments
experiments in the tasks/ experiments experiments in
in the lab.
lab. in the lab. the lab.
All required data is Data recorded and Data recorded
Data recorded
recorded and presented is and presented is
only with
presented complete but partially
Data PLO-5 considerable
accurately and accuracy is not as complete. The
Acquisition assistance
completely in the per requirement. required format is
from
required format The required followed but with
instructor .
format is followed. few deficiencies.
Total Score in Lab /12

Instructor Signature: _________________

Date: _________________

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