Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Volume 2012, Article ID 361857, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/361857

Research Article
The Compressive Strength of High-Performance Concrete and
Ultrahigh-Performance

E. H. Kadri,1 S. Aggoun,1 S. Kenai,2 and A. Kaci1

1 Laboratory L2MGC, University of Cergy Pontoise, Rue Eragny Neuville sur Oise, Cergy-Pontoise 9500, France
2 Geomaterials Laboratory, University of Blida, P.O. Box 270, Blida, Algeria

Correspondence should be addressed to E. H. Kadri, [email protected]

Received 28 November 2011; Accepted 22 February 2012

Academic Editor: Nai-Qian Feng

Copyright © 2012 E. H. Kadri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The compressive strength of silica fume concretes was investigated at low water-cementitious materials ratios with a naphthalene
sulphonate superplasticizer. The results show that partial cement replacement up to 20% produce, higher compressive strengths
than control concretes, nevertheless the strength gain is less than 15%. In this paper we propose a model to evaluate the compressive
strength of silica fume concrete at any time. The model is related to the water-cementitious materials and silica-cement ratios.
Taking into account the author’s and other researchers’ experimental data, the accuracy of the proposed model is better than 5%.

1. Introduction from the increase in strength of the cement matrix [6, 7].
Researchers also disagree about the definition of the optimal
The use of silica fume in combination with a superplasticizer content of silica fume which enables to obtain the highest
is now a usual way to obtain high-strength concretes. strengths. To some researchers [8, 9], the content is about
The improvement of mechanical properties of concretes 15% whereas to others [5, 10] the increase in compressive
with silica fume accounts for the increasing consumption strength may be reached at 30% to 40% of replacement of
of this admixture in concrete. Furthermore, apart from cement by silica fume.
mechanical properties, the durability of high-performance In this study we aim at defining the influence of the
concretes concerning the most common harmful ions (sul- content of silica fume on the compressive strength of con-
fate, chloride, and seawater) is also improved; indeed the crete. Moreover, we introduce a prediction model of the com-
reduction of permeability which is due to the more compact pressive strength of high perfromance concrete depending on
microstructure of concrete slows down the diffusion of ions. time.
Nevertheless various authors point out some drawbacks
regarding the use of silica fume in concretes. Among these,
the loss of plasticity during the production of concrete and 2. Experimental Procedure
the great sensitivity to plastic shrinkage during the initial
curing are the most important. However, researchers seem to 2.1. Basic Materials. We used two crushed limestone aggre-
disagree about the interpretation of the exact role silica fume gates from the “Boulonnais” region with a granular size of
plays in the increase of mechanical strengths. 5–12.5 mm and 12.5–20 mm.
Some authors claim that silica fume improves the The compressive strength of the aggregates varies from
strength of the bond between the aggregates and the cement 140 to 180 MPa. Their Saturated Surface Dried (SSD) specific
matrix [1–5]. The partial replacement of cement by silica gravity was 2.70 and the absorption of 0.5%. The fine
fume increases the strength of mortar and concrete; yet it aggregate is composed of a mixture of 50% of rolled sand
does not seem to have an important impact on the strength from the “Seine” region and 50% of crushed sand from the
of pure cement paste. To other researchers, however, the “Boulonnais” region. The sand has a specific gravity of 2.65,
positive result due to the admixture of silica fume stems an absorption of 0.80%, and a fineness modulus of 2.56.
2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

Table 1: Physical properties and chemical analyses of cements C silica fume content was 0, 10, 20, and 30% of the cement
and silica fume. weight for all mixtures. Four binder, dosages (cement + silica
Portland cement fume) were experimented: 550, 460, 400, and 310 kg/m3 .
Description of tests Silica fume The superplasticizer was added as a weight percentage
(CPA CEM 52.5)
in relation to the binder and the dosage was determined
Mortar strength
thanks to the “grout method” [11]. This superplasticizer has
Compressive strength at:
a good compatibility with the two cements and was used in
2-days 35 MPa — several structures made of high strength concrete. The total
7-days 50 MPa — amount of water in mixtures (including the water in the
28-days 62 MPa superplasticizer) was 141 L/m3 .
Chemical analysis The concrete was cast in 32 × 16 cm cylindrical molds
SiO2 19.8% 89% which were filled in two successive stages with a needle
vibration. The specimens were stored in their molds for 24
Al2 O3 5.14% 0.3%
hours at a temperature of 20 ± 1◦ C and at a relative humidity
Fe2 O3 2.3% 0.6% of 55 ± 5%. They were then demoulded and cured in lime-
CaO, total 64.9% 0.3% saturated water at 20 ± 1◦ C until required for testing. The
MgO 0.9% 1.1% cylinders were tested in compression with a servohydraulic
SO3 , total 3.4% 0.2% press (standard AFNOR NF 18-406). Each strength value was
K2 O 1.1% 1.6% the average of the strength of three specimens.
Na2 O 0.05% 0.6%
Si — 3.2% 3. Results and Discussion
Loss on ignition 1.1% 2.7%
3.1. Evolution of the Compressive Strength. The evolution of
Insoluble residue 0.2% — the compressive strength for different water-cementitious
Compound composition materials ratios between 1 day and 180 days is represented
C3 S 58% in Figure 1. It is clear from the curves of Figure 1 that
C2 S 13% the compressive strength of concrete incorporating 10% and
C3 A 10% 20% sf increases compared to the control concrete without
C4 AF 7%
sf. On the contrary at a level of 30% sf, the strength is slightly
lower.
Between one (t1 ) and about ten days (td ), the compressive
The physical properties and chemical analyses of cement strength R increases linearly according to the logarithm of
and silica fume are given in Table 1. time t.
The silica fume contains 89% of SiO2 with a density of t
R = A + B log d . (1)
2.1 and a bulk density of 600 kg/m3 ; its BET-specific area t1
is 18.2 m2 /g. The superplasticiser used is a naphthalene
The B coefficient represents the kinetics of the hydration
sulphonate condensate with 40% solids content which has a
reaction. For sf concrete the kinetics is activated by the
specific gravity of 1.21.
pozzolanic effect of the silica fume which starts early before
In order to get homogeneous samples, we adapted the
two days [12, 13]. The variation of the B/Bo (Bo for the
content of superplasticizer so that the slump remains con-
control concrete) quotient as a function of w/(c + sf) ratio
stant. The slump is about 170 to 200 mm to get a fluid con-
is shown in Figure 2. It can be observed from the curves
sistency of concrete.
that the kinetics of the pozzolanic reaction decreases when
the w/(c + sf) ratio increases. It is obvious that the higgest
2.2. Test Details. The mixing parameter for the high strength pozzolanic effect is due to 10–20% sf contents. For 30%sf the
concretes is presented in Table 2. The mixing procedure to granular dispersion of a great number of sf particles makes
get the concrete samples was as follows. up for the pozzolanic effect.
After ten days we notice a reduction regarding the
(1) The dry aggregates, and the cementitious materials
kinetics of the increase in the strength of mixes but the
(cement and silica fume) were mixed without water
reduction is less important for the control concrete. In the
for one minute.
long run, the compressive strength of the control concrete is
(2) Mixing water was added with one third of the volume the same as the 10% and 20% sf concretes. Figure 3 shows
of superplasticizer, then the mixing was continued for that the compressive strength increases normally when the
2 minutes and 30 seconds. w/(c + sf) ratio diminishes; moreover, the influence of the
(3) The remaining superplasticizer was added with a last water-cementitious materials ratio is more important than
one-minute mixing. the incorporation of silica fume.
The variation of the ratio Rsf /R (control) as a function
The addition of silica fume was obtained by replacing of the sf content after 28 and 180 days for the four inves-
part of the cement with the same weight of silica fume. The tigated water-cementitious ratios is presented in Figure 4. By
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

Table 2: Mix proportions and properties of fresh concrete.

∗
sf/(c+sf) Batch quantities (kg/m3 ) SP Properties of fresh concrete
Mixture w/(c+sf) (%) Cement Silica fume Fine Agg. Coarse Agg. (%) Slump (mm) Unit weight (kg/m3 ) Air content (%)
1 0 550 0 638 1192 5.5 160 2551 1.2
2 10 495 55 640 1200 2.8 170 2546 1.5
0.25
3 12 440 110 620 1190 3.4 160 2520 1.3
4 30 385 165 610 1172 4 170 2495 1.1
5 0 460 0 688 1208 2.6 180 2509 1.6
6 10 414 46 682 1206 1.6 190 2496 1.7
0.30
7 20 368 92 674 1188 2.4 170 2474 1.2
8 30 322 138 670 1170 2.8 170 2454 0.9
9 0 400 0 744 1196 1.4 160 2489 1.5
10 10 360 40 734 1195 1 170 2476 1.4
0.35
11 20 320 80 730 1176 1.6 170 2456 1.1
12 30 280 120 720 1165 2 170 2437 1.6
13 0 310 0 760 1152 0.6 170 2366 1.4
14 10 279 31 754 1147 0.4 180 2354 1.3
0.45
15 20 248 62 748 1137 0.8 170 2340 1.4
16 30 217 93 740 1129 1 170 2326 0.9
∗
SP: superplasticizer (water + solids), percent by weight of the cementitious materials (c + sf).

Table 3: Composition and compressive strength of standardized mortar specimens 4 × 4 × 16 cm (NF P15-451).

N◦ mixture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
sf/c 0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4
w/(c + sf) 0.3 0.294 0.29 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
w (g) 165 150 135 132 132 120 105
c (g) 550 510 500 450 440 400 350
sf (g) 0 51 75 90 110 120 140
Sand (g) 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350
Superpl. (%) 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.0
f c28 (MPa) 83 102 109 112 114 112 108
α (sf/c) 0.005 0.196 0.261 0.341 0.364 0.340 0.292

analysing the curves we notice that the optimum replacement For sf concretes, we present a simple equation of the same
of cement by sf is around 10–15% sf. This result is in agree- type
ment with the conclusions reached by other investigators 1 L
[8, 9]. fc28 = K Rc28 , (3)
ρc (E + V )
However, the percentage of the increase in compressive
strength for 10%sf concretes remains quite low, about a ρc is the relative density of the cementitious material and L
maximum of 15% after 28 days. Furthermore the increase is the effective cementitious content such as L = C +α(sf/c)C.
tends to be less important in the long run. The function α(sf/c) represents the contribution of sf in
“equivalent” cement to the compressive strength. We may
assume that the efficiency of sf is linked to the presence of
3.2. Prediction of Strength Development of sf Concretes. The
cement and only depends on the sf/c ratio.
compressive strength of an ordinary concrete after 28 days
Eventually we obtain the following equation:
may be represented by the Bolomey equation [14]   
1 C sf
  fc28 = KRc28 1+a . (4)
C ρc (E + V ) c
fc28 = KRc28 − 0.5 , (2)
E+V In order to determine the α(sf/c) function we, measured
the compressive strength on standardized mortar specimens
where C and E are the mass of cement and water, and V with increasing sf contents.
is the air volume. K is a coefficient that depends on the The composition, the compressive strength at 28 days,
characteristics of aggregates. Rc28 is the compressive strength and the values of the α(sf/c) function calculated from (4) are
of the standardized mortar after 28 days. listed in Table 3.
4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

120 110

110 100

100 90

Compressive strength (MPa)

80
90
70
80 Constant slump Constant slump
w/(c + sf) = 0.25 60 w/(c + sf) = 0.3
70
50
60
40
50 30

40 20

30 10
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
log t (days) log t (days)

90 90

80 80 Constant slump
w/(c + sf) = 0.45
70 70
Compressive strength (MPa)

Compressive strength (MPa)

60 60

50 Constant slump 50
w/(c + sf) = 0.35
40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
log t (days) log t (days)

0% sf 20% sf 0% sf 20% sf
10% sf 30% sf 10% sf 30% sf

Figure 1: Strength development of concretes at different water-cementitious materials ratios.

The curve which represents the variation of the α coeffi- We can generalize the previous equation at any time t by
cient with the sf/c ratio is shown in Figure 5. By smoothing writing
the experimental data, the curve can be represented by the
C
following equation obtained with a correlation coefficient of fc (t) = KRc28  
0.989: y+1 ·E
⎧  2 ⎫
⎨  2 ⎬ (6)
sf
      × A(t) + 1.36 − 2.1 − 0.6 .
2 ⎩ c ⎭
sf sf
α = 0.36 − 2.1 − 0.6 . (5)
c c The K coefficient depends on the aggregates and will be
calculated from the reference concrete strength without sf
The air volume of (4) is taken into account by writing at 28 days. A(t) is a kinetics function which is determined
V = yE. The y coefficient depends on the concrete, con- from the compressive strength of reference concrete at a time
sistency according to the following values: 0.13 for a firm t considering that A(t) = 0 at 28 days.
concrete, 0.10 for a plastic concrete and 0.07 for a very plastic Figure 6 shows the results obtained by the authors
or fluid concrete [15]. and data related to the works of different researchers. All
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5

150 115

Compressive strength (percentage of control concrete)

140 110

105
130
B/Bo (%)

100
120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

95
110
90
100
85

90
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
80
Water-cementitious ratio Silica fume (%)

10% sf 28 days Poly. (28 days)

20% sf 180 days Poly. (180 days)
30% sf
Figure 4: Effect of silica fume on compressive strength at different
Figure 2: Kinetics of the pozzolanic reaction as a function of water- water-cementitious materials ratios.
cementitious materials ratio.

0.4
110
0.35
28 days
100 0.3

0.25
Compressive strength (MPa)

90
α 0.2
80 0.15

0.1
70
0.05
60
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
50 sf/c

Figure 5: Variation of the α funtion with the sf/c ratio.

40
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Water-cementitious ratio

0% sf 20% sf of SiO2 and oxyd carbon may greatly vary according to the
10% sf 30% sf industrial origin of silica fume.
That model may be compared to that obtained by de
Figure 3: Variation of the compressive strength as a function of
water-cementitious materials ratio.
Larrard [20] which is based on the Feret’s law and gives the
compressive strength of sf concrete at 28 days

KRc28
the values shown on the curve amount to 282 results fc28 =    2 . (7)
1 + 3.1 (E/C)/ 1.4 − 0.4 exp(−11sf/c)
[16–29], a good accuracy of the model for predicting the
compressive strength of sf concretes is emphasized. The
absolute value of the standard deviation between the model The formula is valid for water/cement ratios less than 0.40.
and the experimental data is 2.9 MPa with a correlation The comparative results from the two models are shown
coefficient of 0.991. The accuracy is all the more noteworthy in Figure 7. The precision is about the same for the
as the model does not take into account the nature of silica application of two models to the 65 experimental values
fume used by the different experimenters. So the amount obtained by the authors.
6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

140 140

120 120

100 100
fc model (MPa)

fc model (MPa)
80 80

60 60

40 40
20
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
fc experimental (MPa)
fc experimental (MPa)
Other authors
Other authors
Experimental
Experimental
Figure 6: Comparison of experimental and theorteical values of the
Figure 8: Comparison of experimental and theoretical values of the
compressive strength at any time.
compressive strength obtained through (9).

160
Figure 8 shows the comparison of experimental and
140 theorical values calculated from the 282 data with (9). The
validation is satisfactory since the absolute value of the
120
standard deviation between the model and the experimental
fc model (MPa)

100
data is 4.3 MPa with a correlation coefficient of 0.979.

80 4. Conclusions
60 The increase of the compressive strength of sf concretes
depends much more on the decrease of the water/cementi-
40 tious materials ratio than on the replacement of silica fume
with cement. The compressive strength increases with the
20
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 silica fume content up to 20% and reaches a maximum for
fc experimental (MPa) a 10 to 15%sf level. However, the gain in strength compared
with reference concrete remains less than 15%.
De Larrard Consequently we suggest a model which enables to
Experimental assess the compressive strength at a given time for sf
concretes. After determining the strength of standardized
Figure 7: Comparison of experimental and theoretical values of the
compressive strength at 28 days for the two models. mortar, values of compressive strength are obtained with a
correlation coefficient 0.991 thanks to 282 experimental data
based on the authors’ experiments and other investigations.
Moreover Babu and Prakash [30] evaluated the efficiency
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