MODULE NO.

1 REVIEW IN MATHEMATICS, BASIC

ENGINEERING SCIENCES, ENGINEERING ECONOMY AND ME
LAWS, CONTRACTS & ETHICS

INTRODUCTION
This module contains all the subject areas in Mathematics, Basic Engineering Sciences and ME
Laws, Contracts & Ethics prescribed and specified by the Professional Regulation Commission
(PRC). This module is designed as a review material for Mechanical Engineering graduating
students who are expected to take the comprehensive examination before the end of the
semester.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. To explain the different nomenclature included in the three major areas of study of
mechanical engineering.
2. To solve problems included in the three major areas of study of mechanical engineering.

TOPIC NO. 1 REVIEW OF MATHEMATICS (PROBLEM-SOLVING)

This topic includes review of the following areas of study:

I. Algebra
II. Plane Trigonometry
III. Analytic Geometry
IV. Plane and Solid Geometry
V. Differential and Integral Calculus
VI. Differential Equations
VII. Advanced Mathematics
VIII. Probability and Analysis of Statistical Data

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 I. ALGEBRA PART 1

A.Number System

Complex numbers (a+bi)

Real Number Imaginary Number

Rational Number Irrational Number

Complex Number – number that is expressible in the form of “a+bi”

Real Numbers – is any number that can be represented by a decimal
Rational numbers – numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of two integers
 terminating decimals. Ex. ¼, ¾
 non –terminating, repeating decimals. Ex. 1/3, 2/3
Irrational Numbers – numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction of two integers
 non- terminating, non- repeating decimals.
Example: √7, π, e, etc.
Imaginary Number – are numbers that contains imaginary “i”
i= √-1 i2=(√-1)2 = -1 i3 = i2.i = (-1)i = - i i4= i2. i2 = (-1)(-1)= 1
Natural Numbers {1,2,3, ……}
Whole numbers {0,1,2,3, …..}
Integers {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1 , 2, 3, …. }
Real Numbers The rational and irrational numbers
Prime Number – integer greater than 1 that is divisible only by 1 and itself. Ex. 2, 3, 5…

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B. Significant Figures

Example: Find the significant figures of the following:

1. 46 2 significant figures
2. 34000 5 significant figures
3. 3.4 x 104 2 significant figures
4. 45.60 4 significant figures
5. 68.00 4 significant figures
6. 1.0230 5 significant figures
7. 0.0010300 5 significant figures

C. Factoring

1. a(x+y) = ax +ay

2. (x+a)(x+b) = x2 + (a+b)x + ab

3. x2 – y2 = (x+y)(x-y) (difference in squares)

4. (x+y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2

5. (x-y)2 =x2 – 2xy – y2

6. (x+y)3 = x3 + 3x2y +3xy2 + y3

7. (x-y)3 = x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3

8. x3 – y3 = (x-y)(x2+xy+y2) (difference of cubes)

9. x3 + y3 = (x+y)(x2-xy+y2) (sum of cubes)

10. (x+y+z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2xz

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D. Laws of Exponents

1.x0 = 1 6. (x.y) = xa.ya 11. 0/1 = 0

2. x a/b = b√xa 7. (x/y)a = xa.y-a 12. 1/0 = infinity

3. (xa)b = x ab 8.1/x-a = xa 13. 1/∞ = 0

4.xaxb = xa+b 9. xa = xb then a = b 14. 0/0 = indeterminate

5.xa/xb = xa-b 10. 1/1 = 1 15. ∞/∞ = indeterminate

E. Equations

E.1 Linear Equations (First Degree Equation)

A.Linear equations with one unknown

Solution: Simple transposition
B.Linear Equations with two or more unknowns
Solution:
1. Substitution Method
2. Elimination Method
3. Determinants

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E.2 Quadratic equation (Second Degree Equation)

A.Quadratic Equations woth only one unknown

General Equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0

Solution: 1. Quadratic Formula 2. Completing the square 3. Factoring if factorable

Quadratic Formula
A quadratic equation is an equation of the general form ax2 + bx + c = 0. The roots, x1
and x2, of the equation are the two values of x that satisfy it.

From the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

x = -b ±√b2 - 4ac where b2-4ac is known as discriminant

2a

Note:
b2 = 4ac – the roots are equal. Therefore, there is only one real solution

b2 > 4ac – the roots are real and unequal

b2 < 4ac – the roots are imaginary and conjugate imaginary

Properties of roots:

Sum of roots x1 + x2 = - b / a Product of roots: x1x2 = c / a

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 B.Quadratic equations with two unknowns:

Solution: 1. Elimination Method

2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and Error

Example: Solve for x and y:

x2 – y2 = 8 and x2 + y2 = 10

E.3 Cubic equation (Third Degree Equation)

Solution: 1. Synthetic Division

2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and error

E.4 Quadric Equation (Fourth Degree Equation)

Solution: 1. Synthetic Division

2. Factoring if factorable
3. Trial and error

END OF TOPIC TEST PART 1

1.What kind of properties in real numbers is A + B = B + A?
A. Multiplicative B. Commutative Law C. Associative Law D. Distributive Law
2.How many significant figures do 205400.00 have?
A. 7 B. 5 C. 6 D. 4
3. 7 + 0i is:
A. irrational number B. real number C. Imaginary number D. Variable number

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4. Which of the following is not true of the given equations below:
A. xm/n = a√xm B. mx=my then x=y C. √a2+b2 D. (x/y)a = xay-a
5. Simplify: 7a+2 = 8(7)a+1 + 5(7)a + 49(7)a-2
A. -5a B. -3a C. -7a D. -4a
6. Factor the expression as completely as possible 3x 3 - 3x2 -18x.
A.3x(x+2)(x+3) B. 3x(x-2)(x-3) C. 2x(x+2)(x-3) D. 3x(x+2)(x-3)
7. y to the power 1/∞ is equal to:
A. 0 B. 1 C. infinity D. indeterminate
8. i23 is equal to
A. i B. 1 C. -1 D. –i
9. Factor the expression as completely as possible 64+y 3
A. (y+4)(y2+4y+16) B. (y+4)(y2-4y-16) C. (y+4)(y2-4y+16) D. (y-4)(y2-4y+16)
10. A number minus 4 is 9. Find the number.
A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 13
11. The product of number and 4 is -36. Find the number.
A. -9 B. -10 C. 9 D.11
12. You see lightning 4 seconds before you hear the thunder. If the speed of sound is 1100 fps,
how far away is the lightning.
A. 265 ft B. 270 ft C. 275 ft D. 280 ft
13. Kathy is three times as old as Sue. The sum of their ages is 24 years. Find the present age
of Kathy. A. 12 B. 14 C.16 D. 18
14. The length of a rectangle is 7 inches more than the width. If the perimeter is 34 inches, find
the width. A. 5in B. 10 in C. 15 in D. 20 in
15. Eric plans to cut 16 ft board into three pieces so that the second piece is 2 ft longer than the
first piece and the third piece is 3 ft longer than the second. Find the length of the longer piece.
A. 8 ft B.10 ft C. 12 ft D. 14 ft
16. The cost of renting a car is P25 per day plus 18cents per mile. How many miles can you
drive in one day for a total cost of P70?
A. 230 mi B. 240 mi C. 250 mi D. 260 mi
17. The bill for the repair of your car was $415. The cost for parts was $265. The cost for labor
was $25 per hour. How many hours did the repair work take?
A. 5 hrs B. 6 hrs C. 7 hrs D. 8 hrs
18. Factor the expression as completely as possible ay + ax – xb – by.

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 A. (x+y)(a-b) B. (x+y)(a+b) C. (xy)(ab) D. (x+y)(ab)
19. Solve the equation simultaneously 4x+2y =5 and 5x – 3y= -2
A. 1,2 B. ½ , 3/2 C. 2.3 D. ½ , ¾
20. Solve for the equation simultaneously x+y=-4; x+z-1=0, 2z –y +3x=4
A. -1,-3,2 B. 1,2,3 C. 2, -3,-1 D. 0,1,-2
21. Twice a number plus 13 is 28. Find the number.
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
22 Find the length of a rectangle with perimeter 70 meters and width 15 meters.
A.15m B. 20m C. 25m D.30m
23. Solve for x: 9x + 4x = 6
20 9
A. 10,200 B. 10,400 C. 10,600 D. 10,800
24. Solve for x: 2.5x – 7.8 + 1.2x + 11.5 = 6
3.2 5.8
A. 6.53 B. 7.53 C. 8.53 D. 9.53
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25. Solve for x: x -3x -10 = 0
A. -1 & 2 B. 2 & 3 C. 5 & 2 D. 2 & 3
26.Solve for x in the equations: x(x+y+z) = 2; y(x+y+z) = 6, and z(x+y+z) =8
A. ½ B. 1 C. 1.5 D. 2
27. Find the value of x which will satisfy the following expression: √x-2 = √x+2
A. x=3/2 B. x=9/4 C. 18/6 D. none of these
28. What are the roots of the cubic equation x3 – 8x – 3 = 0?
A. x =-7.90, -3, -0.38 C. x = -3, -0.38, 2
B. x = -3, -2, 2 D. x = -2.62, -0.38, 3
29. Find the value of x in the equation 24x 2 + 5x – 1 = 0.
a.( 1/6, 1 ) c. (1/2, 1/5 )
b.( 1/6, 1/5 ) d. ( 1/8, -1/3 )
30. Find the value of k of the equation x2 + kx + 4 = 0, so that the roots are equal.
a.±4 c. ±12
B. ±8 d. ±2
31. The polynomial x + 4x – 3x + 8 is divided by x – 5, then the remainder is:
3 2

a.175 c. 218
B.140 d. 200

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32. Find the remainder if we divide 4y3 + 18y2 + 8y - 4 by ( 2y + 3 )
a.10 c. 15
b.11 d. 200
33. Solve for x using quadratic formula : 10x2 + 10x +1 = 0
a.-0.113, -0.887 c. -0.331, -0.788
b.-0.113, -0.788 d. -0.331, -0.887
34. Find the value of x in the equation 24x 2 + 5x – 1 = 0.
a.( 1/6, 1 ) c. (1/2, 1/5 )
b.( 1/6, 1/5 ) d. ( 1/8, -1/3 )

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 I. ALGEBRA PART 2

A. Properties of Inequality
Let a, b and c be any real numbers.
1. Comparison Property
Exactly one of the following statements is true.
a < b, a = b, a > b
2. Transitive Property
If a < b and b < c, then a < c
3. Additive or Subtraction Property
If a < b, then a + c < b + c
4. Multiplication or Division Property
If a < b and c is positive, then ac < bc or a/c < b/c
If a < b and c is negative, then ac > bc or a/c > b/c

B. Functions
B.1 Basic Operations:
Addition: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
Subtraction: (f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
Multiplication: (f . g)(x) = f(x) . g(x)
f(x)
Division: (f/g)(x) = g(x)
, provided g(x) ≠ 0

B.2 Composition of two functions f and g:

(f * g)(x) = f(g(x)) and (g * f)(x) = g(f(x))

C. Complex Operations
Rectangular form Polar form Exponential form
a + bi Z = rθ Z = reiθ
2
where: Z = √a2 + b θ = tan-1 b/a a = Z cos θ; b = Z sin θ

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C. Problem Solving in Algebra
C.1 Number Problems
Consecutive numbers: Consecutive odd numbers: Consecutive even numbers:
x = first number x = first number x = first number
x + 1 = second number x + 2 = second number x + 2 = second number
x + 2 = third number x + 4 = third number x + 4 = third number

Digit numbers:
Let: u = unit digit t = ten’s digit h = hundred’s digit

For two-digit number: The number = 10t + u If digits are reversed = 10u + t

For three-digit number: The number = 100h+10t+u If digits are reversed=100u+10t+ h

C.2 Rate Problems

S S
ST = vt v= t=
t v

Where: S = distance travelled

v = constant velocity; t = time

C.2.1 For horizontal straight path:

Car moving in continuous path with different speed.

1. S = total distance = S1 + S2 = v1 t1 + v2 t2

S1 S2
2. t = total time = t1 + t2 = v1
+ v2

Total Distance S1 + S2 S1 + S2
3. Average velocity, vave vave = Total Time
= t1 + t2
= S1 S2
+
v1 v2

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 C.2.2 Cars approaching each other moving at different speed.
S = total distance = S1 + S2 = v1 t1 + v2 t2
S1 S2
t 1 = t 2 or v1
= v2

C.3 Work Problems

C.3.1 If both A and B working together could finish the work in T.
1 1 1
A
+ B
=T

C.3.2 If the time of A is twice that of B and they could finish working together in T days then
A = 2B.
1 1 1
+ =
2B B T
C.3.3For pumping a reservoir.
If A and C are inlet pipes and B is the outlet pipe, then if they are working together they
could finish the work in time T.
1 1 1 1
+ - =
A C B T

A C

B
C.4. Work Replacement.
If A and B working together for x days and if C replaces B then A and B can finished the
work in remaining y days.
1 1 1 1
x ( + ) +y ( + ) =1
A B A C

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C.5 Age Problem

Let M = age of Maria now; J = age of Jose now

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Five years ago Today Six years from now
M-5 M M+6
J-5 J J+6

Note:
A. The difference of their ages at any time is equal.
B. The sum of their ages 5 years ago = (M – 5) + (J – 5)
C. The sum of their ages 6 years from now = (M + 6) + (J + 6)

C.6 Mixture Problem

C.6.1 If two substances added
%x1 %x2 %x3
+ =
m11)
m1(%x + m2(%xm22) m1+m
= (m1+m2)(%x
2 3)

C.6.2 If certain amount removed from the original amount.

%x1 %x2 %x3
- =
m1 1)
m1(%x m22)
- m2(%x m1+m
= (m1+m 2) (%x
2 3)

Note: csadsad csadsad

For a mixture of water csadsad
and N2CI, If water is evaporated 100% water is removed and 0%
NaCl is removed.

C.7 Clock Problem

csadsad csadsad csadsad

where:

x = distance traveled by minute hand after 3 o’clock

x/12 = distance traveled by hour after 3’oclock

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NOTE:

1. The minute hand travels 12 times faster than the hour hand.
2. If the hands of the clock are perpendicular, number of minutes between them is 15
minutes (900).
3. If they are opposite in direction, number of minutes between them is 30 minutes
(1800 equivalent).

By angular method.

1. Each number corresponds in the clock (5 minutes equivalent) is 30 0 each.

2. t = the time in minutes traveled by the long hand.

t = 2/11(<ref=0)

where: <ref= reference angle of short hand (30 0 for every 5 min).

0 = angle equivalent between long hand and short hand.

Use: + if the long hand is ahead of the short hand.

- If the long hand is behind the short hand.

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 END OF TOPIC TEST PART 2

1. Let f(x) = √𝑥 − 4 and g(x) = x2 , find f(g(x))

A. √𝑥 2 + 4 B. √𝑥 2 − 4 C. x2 – 4 D. x2 + 4
2. Let f(x) = √𝑥 − 4 and g(x) = x2 , find g(f(x))
A. √𝑥 2 − 4 B. x2 – 4 C. x + 1 D. x – 4
3. Find g(x) if g(f(x)) = (3x2 – 2)5 and f(x) = 3x2 – 2.
A. 3x2-2 B. x+2 C. x5 D. x4
4. Find the dot product of V1 = 2i – 3j +6k and V2 = 8i +2j – 3k
A. -2 B. -4 C. -8 D. -10
5. Given the following vectors A = 2i – 3j + 6k, B = 8i +2j -3k and C = i – 4j + k. Find (A + B) C
A. 17 B. 15 C. 13 D. 11
6. For f(x) = x2 + 2x, find f(3x)
A. 2x+2 B. 9x2 + 6x C. 6x2 + 9x D. 9x2 - 6x
7. What is the exponential form of the complex numbers 3 + 4i and 7 – 2i?
A. eii53.1 B. 5ei53.1 C. 5ei126.9 D. 4.12ei76
8. What is the product of the complex numbers 3 + 4i and 7 – 2i?
A. 10 + 2i B. 13 + 22i C. 13 + 34i D. 29 + 22i
9. Express 3 + 6i in polar form
A. 6.71∟63.43o B. 6.71∟23.43o C. 6.71∟43.43o D. 9.71∟63.43o
10. Evaluate (2 + i)5
A. -38 + 41i B. -36 + 43i C. -34 +45i D. -32 +47i
11. Six times the sum of a number and 1 is 9 less than the number. Find the number.
A. 1 B. 2 C. -3 D. -4
12. Two cyclists head in opposite directions on a straight road. One cycles at 10 mph and the
other at 15 mph. In how many hours will they be 75 miles apart.
A. 1hr B. 2hrs C. 3hrs D. 4hrs
13. A collection of 30 dimes and quarters is worth $4.35. how many quarters are there?
A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 9
14. A furniture store is having a 20% markdown sale. What was the original price of sofa whose
sale price is $650?
A. P512.50 B. P938.30 C. P764.23 D. P1093.34

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15. Twice the sum of two numbers is 22. The sum of the squares of the two numbers is 61. The
product of two numbers is
A. 36 B. 30 C. 58 D. 68
16. A boat man rows to a place 4.8 miles with the stream ang back in 14 hours but finds he can
row 14 miles with the stream in the same time as 3 miles against the stream. Find the rate
of the stream.
A. 1.5 mph B. 1 mph C. 0.5 mph D. 0.6 mph
17. The sum of two numbers is 30. One number is 4 more than the other. Find the numbers.
A. 10 and 14 B. 11 and 15 C. 12 and 16 D. 13 and 17
18. Two consecutive even integers have a sum of 54. Find the integers.
A. 24 and 24 B. 25 and 26 C, 26 and 28 D. 27 and 30
19. One racer can cycle 60 miles in the same time that another racer cycles 45 miles. If the first
racer cycles 10 mph faster than the second, find the speed of slower racer.
A. 30 mph B. 40 mph C. 50 mph D. 60 mph
20. If A can do a work in x days and B in y days, how long will they finish the job working
together?
A. (x + y)/(xy) days B. (x + y)/2 C. (xy)/(x + y) days D. (x + y) days
21. How much water must be evaporated from 10 kg solution which has 4% salt to make a
solution of 10% salt?
A. 4 kg B. 5 kg C. 6 kg D. 7 kg
22. Debbie is now twice as old as Jerry, Four years ago, Debbie was three times as old as Jerry
then. How old is Debbie?
A. 14 B. 16 C. 18 D. 24
23. A pump can pump out a tank in 10 hours. Another pump can pump the same tank in 16 hrs.
how long will it take both pumps together to pump out the tank?
A. 7 hrs B. 7 ½ hrs C. 6.15 hrs D. 6 ½ hrs
24. A chemist of a distillery experimented on two alcohol solutions of different strength, 35%
alcohol and 50% respectively. How many cubic meters of each strength must be use in
order to produce a mixture of 100m3 that contains 42% alcohol?
A. 43.33m3, 46.67m3 B. 63.33m3, 46.67m3 C. 53.33m3, 46.67m3 D.13.33m3, 66.67m3
25. Bob can mow the lawn in 3 hours, Bill can mow the same lawn in 2 hours, take Bob and Bill
working together to mow the lawn?
A. 1/5 hr B. 1 1/5 hr C. 1 ½ hr D. 2 1/5 hr

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26. What time after 9 o’clock will the hands of the clock be perpendicular for the second time?
A. 9:31.73 B. 9:32.73 C. 9:33.73 D. 9:34.73
27. A faucet can fill an empty utility sink in 3 minutes. The drain can empty a full sink in 5
minutes. If by mistake both are open, how long will it take to fill an empty sink?
A. 7 ½ min B. 8 ½ min C. 8 ½ min D. 9 ½ min
28. How many pounds of pure antifreeze should be mixed with 60 punds of a 45% antifreeze
solution to produce a 50% antifreeze solution?
A. 3 pounds B. 4pounds C. 5 pounds D. 6 pounds
29.The sum of Kim’s and Kevin’s age is 18. In three years, Kim will be twice as old as Kevin.
What are their ages now?
a.4, 14 c. 7, 11
b.5, 13 d. 6, 12
30. The difference of the square of the digits of a two digit positive number is 27. If the digitd re
reversed in order and the resulting number is subtracted from the original number, the
difference is also 27. What is the original number?
a.63 c. 48
b.54 d. 73
31. Jojo bought a second hand Betamax VCR and then sold it to Rudy at a profit of 40%. Rudy
then sold the VCR to Noel at profit of 20%. If Noel paid P 2,856 more than it cost to Jojo, how
much didi Jojo paidfor the unit?
a.P 4,000 c. 4,200
b.P4,100 d. 4,300
32. Ten liters of 25% salt solution and 15 liters of 35% salt solution are poured into a drum
originally containing 30 liters of 10% salt solution. What is the percent concentration in the
mixture?
a.19.55% c. 27.05%
b.22.15% d. 25.72%
33. A and B working together can finish painting a home in 6 days. A working alone can finish it
in five days less than B. How long will it take each of them to finish the work alone?
a.10, 15 c. 20, 25
B.15, 20 d. 5, 10
34. The areas of two square differ by 7 sq. ft and their perimeters differ by 4 ft. Determine the
sum of the areas.

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a.25 ft2 c. 28 ft2
B.27 ft2 d. 22 ft2

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