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Reading & Vocabulary Development

Patricia Ackert Linda Lee

Heinle's Newbury House Dictionaries
HEINLE'S
BASIC Newbury House
DICTIONARY
of American English
The Core of English Language
Second Edition
BUI LT-1 N PI CTURE DI CTI ONA RY

The ideal supplements for vocabulary development, dictionary activities, and collocation work! Use
Heinle's Newbury House Dictionaries to build vocabulary and increase reading skills.
Heinle's Newbury House Dictionary with Integrated Thesaurus
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Heinle's Basic Newbury House Dictionary
Softcover.......................0-8384-2656-5
Hardcover......................0-7593-9808-9
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0-8384-2661-1
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Reading & Vocabulary Development
Facts Figures
Fourth Edition
Patricia Ackert 1 Linda Lee
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THOMSON
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Australia Canada Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States
THOMSON

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Reading & Vocabulary Development 1: Facts & Figures, Fourth Edition Patricia Ackert and Linda Lee
Publisher, Adult and Academic ESL:
James W. Brown Senior Acquisitions Editor: Sherrise Roehr Director of Product Development: Anita Raducanu Development Editor:
Tom Jefferies Editorial Assistant: Katherine Reilly Senior Production Editor: Maryellen E. Killeen Technology Manager: Andrew
Christensen Director of Marketing: Amy Mabley Marketing Manager: Laura Needham
Senior Print Buyer: Mary Beth Hennebury Compositor: Pre-Press Company, Inc.
Project Manager: Jane Hoover, Lifland et al., Bookmakers Photo Researcher: Gail Magin Illustrator: Barry Burns Cover Designer: Ha
Ngyuen Text Designer: Quica Ostrander Printer: Courier Corporation

Contents
IBt
To the Instructor vi Acknowledgments x
# Unit 1 Animals 1
W - -V...

Lesson 1 The Kiwi 2

Lesson 2 The Camel 6
Lesson 3 The Polar Bear 10 Lesson 4 The Hippopotamus 15
Lesson 5 The Dolphin 20
Word Study 25 Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, Dolphins in Honduras 28 Activity Page 30
Dictionary Page: Finding Antonyms 32
Unit2 How?Why? 33
■ 1—t -- * -»
Lesson 1 Why Do We Yawn? 36
Lesson 2 Why Do People Laugh? 41
Lesson 3 Why Is the Sea Salty? 46
Lesson 4 How Can a Plant Kill? 51
Lesson 5 How Do Hearing-Impaired People Talk? 56
Word Study 61
Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, A New Kind of Tourism in Brazil 64
Activity Page 66
Dictionary Page: Leammg Word Fors 67
Unit3 Plants 69
Lesson 1 The Date Palm 72
Lesson 2 The Water Hyacinth 77
Lesson 3 Rice 82
Lesson 4 Oranges 87
Lesson 5 The Coffee Plant 92
Word Study 97
III
Contents
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Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, The Bakas of Cameroon 101
Activity Page 103
Dictionary Page: Finding the Correct Spelling 104
Unit4 Music 105
Lesson 1 Music and Behavior 108
Lesson 2 Blues and Jazz 113
Lesson 3 Rock and Roll 118
Lesson 4 Country Western Music 123
Lesson 5 Latin Music and Salsa 128 Word Study 133 Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, Three New Country Songwriters 138 Activity Page 140
Dictionary Page: Understanding Grammar 141
Unit 5 Work and Leisure 143
Lesson 1 Work Hours 146
Lesson 2 Salaries 151
Lesson 3 Family-Friendly Companies 156
Lesson 4 Work Clothes 161
Lesson 5 Time Off 166
Word Study 171
Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, Volunteer Firefighters in Los Angeles 175 Activity Page 177
Dictionary Page: Learnng Word Forms 178
@ji Unit6 Interesting People of the World 179
Lesson 1 The Sami of Northern Europe 182
Lesson 2 Te Ainu of Japan 187
Lesson 3 The Yanomami of the Amazon 193
Lesson 4 The Hopi of Arizona 198
Lesson '5 The Maori of New Zealand 204
I V
Word Study 209
Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, Modern Issues for the Hopi and the Navajo 213 Activity Page 215
Dictionary Page: Choosing the Correct Definition 217
$ Unit7 Exploration and Adventure 219
Lesson 1 The Polynesians 222
Lesson 2 A Giraffe in Central Asia 227
Lesson 3 The First Woman on Mount Everest 232
Lesson 4 The Iditarod 237
Lesson 5 Sailing Alone 243
Word Study 248
Extension Activities
Video Highlights: CNN Video, A Contemporary Look at Alaska's Iditarod Race 253 Activity Page 255
Dictionary Page: Finding Synonyms 256
Vocabulary 257
Skills Index 260
Irregular Verbs 262 irLanguage.com
V
Contents
Reading & Vocabulary Development 1: Facts & Figures is a bestselling beginning reading skills text designed
for students of English as a second or foreign language who have a basic vocabulary in English of about 300
words. This text teaches about 500 more words. It also teaches the reading skills of comprehension, finding
the main idea, and using the context to understand vocabulary items.
Facts & Figures is one in a series of reading skills texts. The complete series has been designed to meet the
needs of students from the beginning to the high intermediate levels and includes the following:
Reading & Vocabulary Development 1: Facts & Figures
Reading & Vocabulary Development 2: Thoughts & Notions
Reading & Vocabulary Development 3: Cause & Effect
Reading & Vocabulary Development 4: Concepts & Comments
In addition to the student text, an answer key and video transcript, VHS, DVD, audio cassette, and audio
CD are also available for Facts & Figures. Facts & Figures uses the following methodology:
• Theme-based approach to reading. Each of the seven units has a theme such as animals, plants,
explorations, or occupations.
• Systematic presentation and recycling of vocabulary. One of the primary tasks of beginning students is
developing a useful and personally relevant vocabulary base. In Facts & Figures, up to twelve words are
introduced in each lesson. These words appear in boldface type. Those underlined are illustrated or glossed
in the margin. All of the new vocabulary items are used several times in the lesson, and then are
systematically recycled throughout the text.
only other tenses used are the past continuous .and the future with will and going to. Subject,
object, possessive, and reflexive pronouns are used. Facts & Figures also presents such connectors
as and, but, so, then, because, or, and when. By using these, the text can include longer sentences that
are still easy for the students to read.
irLanguage.com

Organization of Facts & Figures

Facts & Figures is organized into seven units. Each unit contains five lessons packed with
exercises and activities.
• Context Clues. Starting with Unit 2, a context clue exercise at the beginning of each unit
introduces some of the vocabulary for the following unit. This section is designed to pre-teach
particularly important grammar.
• "Before You Read" Questions. These pre-reading questions provide a motivation for
reading the text.
• Vocabulary. The first exercise has sentences taken directly from the text. All new words are
included. This is for practice in reading the sentences again and writing the new words.
• Vocabulary: New Context. This exercise gives further practice with the new words in a
different context but with the same meaning.
• Vocabulary Review. Vocabulary items are used in subsequent texts and exercises to give
additional review. They are fill- ins or matching synonyms and antonyms.
• Questions. These comprehension questions are taken directly from the text. Those marked
with an asterisk are either inference or discussion questions.
• Comprehension. These are true/false, true/false/no information, or multiple choice. They
include inference and discussion questions marked with an asterisk.
• Word Study. A word study section is provided near the end of each unit. It reinforces
structural points, such as verb forms, pronouns, and comparison of adjectives, that the students
are learning in other classes. It also gives spelling rules for noun plurals and verb endings. Later
units have charts of word forms. The exercises are not intended to be complete explanations and
practice of the grammar points.
• Writing. Each word study section closes with a writing exercise.
• Extension Activities. Each unit ends with a set of high-inter- est, interactive tasks to help
students practice the new vocabulary and the skills they have learned in more open-ended
contexts.
CNN Video Highlights—The highlight of each set of extension activities is a short video-based
lesson centered on a stimulating, authentic clip from the CNN video archives. Each video lesson
follows the same sequence of activities:
Before You Watch encourages students to recall background knowledge based on their own
experiences or from information presented in the readings.
As You Watch asks students to watch for general information such as the topic of the clip.
After You Watch gets the students to expand on the main points of the video by establishing
further connections to the reading passages, their own experiences, and their ideas and opinions.
Activity Page—Games found on this page encourage students to practice the vocabulary and
structures found in that unit's lessons in a relaxed, open-ended way.

To the
Instructor
Dictionary Page—Exercises on this page offer students practice with dictionary skills based on
entries from The Basic Newbury House Dictionary.
New to This-Edition
The best-selling reading series just got better! The fourth edition of Facts & Figures contains
new readings, new pedagogy, and new ancillaries.
• A new Unit 5 features high-interest readings on work and leisure that are relevant to
students' lives.
• Ten fresh new readings engage students in fascinating new topics. The new readings for
this edition are as follows:
Unit 2, Lesson 1: Why Do We Yawn?
Unit 2, Lesson 2: Why Do People Laugh?
Unit 3, Lesson 5: The Coffee Plant
Unit 4, Lesson 1: Music and Behavior
Unit 5, Lesson 1: Work Hours
Unit 5, Lesson 2: Salaries
Unit 5, Lesson 3: Family-Friendly Companies
Unit 5, Lesson 4: Work Clothes
Unit 5, Lesson 5: Time Off
Unit 7, Lesson 5: Sailing Alone
• Thoroughly checked for factual accuracy, each reading has been revised to include level-
appropriate structures and vocabulary.
• New collocation activities in Units 4, 5, and 7 help students understand how words fit
together in chunks.
• New pedagogical design, photos, and illustrations aid student comprehension and ease
navigation through the text.
• Exam View® Pro test-generating software allows instructors to create custom tests and
quizzes.
Vil
IX

The authors and publisher would like to thank the following individuals who offered helpful
feedback and suggestions for the revision of the Reading & Vocabulary Development series:

Brian Altano—Bergen Community College, Paramus, NJ

Benjamin Deleon—Delano High School, Delano, CA

Elaine Dow—Quinsigamond Community College,

Worcester, MA
X
Julia Karet—Chaffey College, Rancho Cucamonga, CA Jane Sitko—Edmonds Community

College, Lynnwood, WA
To the
Instructor
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lesson

Facts &
Figures
1

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (✓) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

1. The kiwi is a kind of bird. D □ D

2. The kiwi is very big. D D D

3. The kiwi lives in New Zealand. □ □ D

2_________ %#ifr_____________________________________________________________________
— ' ' Unit1 : Animals
The kiwi lives only in New Zealand. It is a very strange bird because it cannot fly. The kiwi is
the same beak size as a chicken. It has no wings or tail. It does not have feathers like other birds.
Its feathers look like hair.
Each foot has four toes. Its beak is very long.
A kiwi likes to have a lot of trees around it. It sleeps during the day because the sunlight hurts
its eyes. It can smell things very well. It smells things better than most birds do. The kiwi's eggs
are very big.
There are only a few kiwis in New Zealand now.
People do not often see them. The government says that people cannot kill kiwis. New Zealanders
want their kiwis to live.
There is a picture of a kiwi on New Zealand money.
People from New Zealand are sometimes called "kiwis."
government
strange
smell
kill
wings
1. the
To It sleeps_____
Instructor
2. It is a very _
3. The
4. It can
5. It has no
fly beak
only
tail
hurts feathers
size during
its eyes.
kiwis.
___the day because the sunlight___________
___________bird because it cannot_________
says that people cannot things very well.
________or___________________
in New Zealand. like other birds.
is very long . .
6. The kiwi lives .
7. It does not have
8. Its _____________
as a chicken.
9. The kiwi is the same

Vocabulary: New Context Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in

the text.
during smells
size strange
hurts fly
1. Cats and dogs_________
2. A bluebird has blue____
kill
wings
tail
only
beak
feathers
government
birds.
3. Some students have a scholarship from their-----------
4. An airplane can _ ________because it has
5. What are you cooking? It
6. My leg_____________
good.
. I can't walk on it.
7. Most cats have a long---------------------
8. A person has a mouth. A bird has a
9. Some students are very______ _
. They want to learn English,
Facts &
Figures
but they don't come to class. 10. I cannot buy this shirt. I have
three dollars.
shoes do you wear?
11. What
4
S'
it
I n rt 1 • Animpik
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Where does the kiwi live?
2. What is a kiwi?
3. How big is a kiwi?
4. Does a kiwi have feathers?
5. Does it have a tail and wings?
*6. How many toes does it have?
7. When does a kiwi sleep?
8. Can most birds smell?
9. Why can't people kill kiwis?
*10. Why does New Zealand have a picture of a kiwi on its money?
IWK
(cl] Comprehension: True/False
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if it is false (not true). The asterisk (*) means you have to think of
the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
________ 1. Kiwis live in Australia and New Zealand.
________ 2. A kiwi has a tail but no wings.
________ 3. A kiwi has a big beak.
________ 4. It sleeps during the day because the sunlight hurts its eyes.
________*5. You can see a kiwi in some zoos in New Zealand.
________ 6. The New Zealand government does not want all the kiwis to die.
________ 7. A kiwi is like most other birds.
[ej Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The kiwi is a strange New Zealand bird.
2. The kiwi sleeps during the day and has no tail or wings.
3. New Zealanders like kiwis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lesson 1 : The Kiwi
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lesson
The Camel

To the
Instructor
2
Before You Read
Look at the pictures. Read the sentences. Check (11) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

□ □ □

□ □ □

□ □ □

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The camel can go without water for a long time. Some people think it stores water in its hump.
This is not true. It stores food in its hump. The camel's body changes the food into fat. Then the fat
is stored in the hump. A camel cannot store the fat all over its body.
keeps
everywhere on

1 Camels live in hot places.

Facts &
Figures
noun for hot a little cold
too
more or less to tell about
Fat all over an animal's body keeps the animal warm. Camels live in the desert. They do not want
to be warm during the day.
The desert is very hot. The camel gets hotter and hotter during the day. It stores this heat in its
body because the nights are cool.
The Arabian camel has one hump. The Bactrian camel of Central Asia has two humps. It also
has long, thick hair, because the winters are cold in Central Asia.
There is a lot of sand in the desert. The camel has long eyelashes. The eyelashes keep the sand
out of the camel's eyes.
Arabic has about 150 words to describe a camel. Many people who speak Arabic need all these
words because the camel is very important to them.
a 11 over camel describe thick
also during about heat
stores cool eyelashes desert
1. Arabic has _______ __ 150 words to _ _ _ a camel.
2. The _ __________can go without water for a long time.
3. The camel has long_______________________
4. Some people think it_____________________water in its hump.
5. Camels live in the_____________________
6. It_____________________has long,_____________________hair, because the
winters are cold in Central Asia.
7. A camel cannot store the fat____ ____ . its body.
8. It stores this ________ in its body because the nights are___________________
: New Context
[ti! Vocabulary
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text. .
also eyelashes heat store
camels all over thick desert
during cool about describe
1. We_ ___ -____________milk, fruit, and vegetables in the refrigerator.
2._____________________________ Fall is in Canada. Winter is cold. Winter is
_______________________cold in Russia.
3. Can you_____________________an elephant? What does it look like?
4._________________________________________ There are different animals
__________________________________________________the world.
5.__________________________________________ Some people have long
______________________________________________around their eyes.
6. It does not rain very much in the______________________
7.________________________________ Mark's dictionary is veryIt has more than 1,^W pages.
To the
Instructor
8.______________________________________ We cook food withfrom a stove.
9. Not many people ride on_____________________now. They use cars.
10. Tom is__________ __________25 years old. Maybe he is 24 or 27.
8■
-------------- .M. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit 1- Animals
1. Where do camels live?
2. What does a camel store in its hump?
3. The camel doesn't store fat all over its body. Why?
4. Why does it store heat during the day?
5. Which kind of camel has one hump? Which has two?
6. Why does a Bactrian camel have long, thick hair?
7. Why does a camel need long eyelashes?
8. Why does Arabic have 150 words to describe a camel?
d Comprehension: Multiple Choice
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
1. The camel can go without_________for a long time.
a. food b. water c. fat d. heat
2.________________ It stores in its hump.
a. water b. heat c. food d. hair
3. The____ - camel has one hump.
a. Arabian b. Bactrian c. desert d. fat
4.----------------- Long keep sand out of the camel's eyes.
a. thick hairs b. humps c. eyelashes d. ears
5. The Bactrian camel has long, thick hair because______________________.
a. it lives in a hot desert c. winters are cold in Central Asia

b. it stores fat in its hump d. the sand gets in its eyes

Main Idea

Facts &
Figures
The Polar Bear
jm-

lesson
3
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (✓) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

1. Polar bears eat fish. D □ □

2. Polar bears have long, thick hair. D □ D
3. Polar bears like hot weather. □ □ □
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3
,..North Pole
The Polar Bear

\.South Pole
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - irLanguage.com
The polar bear is a very big white bear. We call it the polar bear because it lives
inside the Arctic Circle near the North Pole. There are no polar bears at the South
Pole.
The polar bear lives in the snow and ice. At the North Pole, there is only snow, ice,
and water. There is not any land. People cannot see the polar bear in the snow
very well because its coat is yellow-white. It has a. very warm coat because the
weather is cold north of the Arctic Circle.
This bear is three meters long, and it weighs 450 kilos (kilograms). It can stand
up on its back legs because it has very wide feet. It can use its front legs like arms.
The polar bear can swim very well. It can swim 120 kilometers out into the water.
It catches fish and sea animals for food. It goes into the sea when it is afraid.
Some people want to kill the polar bear for its beautiful white coat. The
governments of the United States and Russia say that no one can kill polar bears
now. They do not want all of these beautiful animals to die.
* 1
1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------
Lesson 3: The Polar Bear
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polar bear South North warm
wide catches afraid weighs
bear snow swim ice
1. The polar bear lives in the ______________________and_____
2. The ________is a very big white bear.
3. It goes into the sea when it is---------------------------------
4. It has a very__________________
coat because the weather is cold. _--------------------------------Pole.
5. There are no polar bears at the
6. The polar bear can________
_____________________________________ very well.
Pole.
7. It lives inside the Arctic Circle near the_________________
8. It____________________fish and sea animals for food.
9. This bear is three meters long, and it____________________
10: It can stand up on its back legs because it has very_________
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
swim afraid North south
warm weigh ice wide
feet.
450 kilos.
snow coat bears
1. There are brown and black_______
2. How much do you-------
in North America.
catch
? Fifty kilos?
3. Winter is cold. Spring is

1 Init 1 • Animóle
4. Sometimes children are
5. Do you like to_______
6. Italy is_______________
_________________Fall is cool.
. . _ of animals.
_____in a swimming pool?
of France.
7. Do you want some
8. There is____________
_____________in your soft drink?
all over Canada in the winter. Africa.
9. The Sahara Desert is in
street.
10. Tenth Street is a________
11. Can you---------------------
the ball?
12
Write C before the words or phrases about camels. Write K before the words or phrases
about kiwis.
________ 1. stores heat in its body
________ 2. hump
________ 3. tail
---------- 4. big eggs
________ 5. goes without water
________ 6. long, thick hair
________ 7. eyelashes
________ 8. beak
________ 9. desert
________10. wing
________11. hair on its body
________12. feather
Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Why do we call the big white bear the polar bear?
2. Why can't people see the polar bear very well?
3. Why does it have a warm coat?
4. How much does it weigh?
5. What does it eat?
6. Where does it go when it is afraid?
7. Why do some people want to kill the polar bear?
8. What do the governments of Russia and the United States say?
*9. Can a polar bear live near New Zealand?
*10. Why doesn't a polar bear eat fruit and vegetables?
13
______________________________________________________________________________.
Lesson 3: The Polar Bear
01 Comprehension: Multiple Choice
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
1. The polar bear lives - ---------.
c. near the North Pole
d. on land
a. at the South Pole
b. in warm countries
2. At the North Pole, there is no_________
a. ice c. snow
b. water d. land
3. People cannot see the polar bear in the snow very well because .
c. it can run very fast
d. it goes into the water
c. catches sea animals and fish
d. looks for fruit and vegetables
a. it has a yellow-white coat
b. it goes under the snow
4. The polar bear_______for food.
a. catches land animals
b. looks for trees
5. When the polar bear is afraid, it_________
a. goes into the sea c. runs away
b. goes under the snow d. stands up on its wide feet
6. The governments of Russia and the United States say that___________
a. the polar bear is beautiful c. no one can kill the polar bear
b. the polar bear has a warm coat d. the polar bear cannot live near
the North Pole

f Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. People like to kill polar bears because they have beautiful coats.
2. Polar bears live north of the Arctic Circle in the snow and ice.
3. Polar bears live north of the Arctic Circle, eat fish and sea animals, and have
warm, yellow-white coats.
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14 www. irLanguage.com
4
lesson

The Hippopotamus
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Before You Read
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (ti) True, False, or Don't Know.

1. The hippopotamus is big.

2. It lives in the snow and ice.

3. It has wings and a tail.

Tru False Don't Know
e
□ □ □

□ □ □

□ □ □

4 The Hippopotamus
The hippopotamus, or hippo, lives in the hot part of Africa. It is a mammal.
That is, its babies are born alive, and they drink milk from the mother's body.
The hippopotamus is a large animal. It weighs four big tons. Its stomach is
seven meters long, and it eats only plants. It is a mammal, but it spends a lot of
time in the water.
During the day, it sleeps beside a river or a lake. at the side of

Sometimes it wakes up. Then it goes under the water to get some plants for food.
It can close its nose and stay under water for ten minutes. Its ears, eyes, and nose
are high up on its head. It can stay with its body under the water and only its ears,
eyes, and nose above the water. over Then it can breathe the air.
At night, the hippo walks on the land and looks for food. It never goes very far
from the water.
A baby hippo often stands on its mother's back. The mother looks for food
underwater. The baby rides on her back above the water.

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¡mu
[al. Vocabulary
stomach stay beside mammal
breathe lake plants spends
above alive large high
1. The hippopotamus is a_____________________animal.
2.______________________________ During the day, it sleeps_________a river or a
3. It is a____________________
4.____________________________________________________ Its________is seven
meters long, and it eats only_______________________________
5. It can close its nose and_____________________ under water for ten minutes.
6. It can stay with its body under the water and only its ears, eyes, and nose the
water.
7. Then it can____________________the air.
8. It is a mammal, but it____________________a lot of time in the water.
9. Its eyes, ears, and nose are____________- -________up on its head.
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
beside large stays mammal spend nose
plants lake above breathe stomach high
1. The camel is a______________________but the kiwi is a bird.
2. Food goes from your mouth into your______________________
3. How do you smell a beautiful flower? You______________________in
through your nose.
4. Hippos eat_____________________Polar bears eat fish and sea animals.
5. I want to talk to you. Please sit______________________me.
6. Tom likes to______ _______________his free time in the Student Union.
He________________________there a few hours every day.
7. Birds can fly ________ the trees.
8. ______________________Geneva is a beautiful lake in Switzerland.
9. The polar bear is a_____________________animal. It is very big.
10. New York City has a lot of______________________buildings.
# 1
7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A -------------------
Lesson 4: The Hippopotamus
 Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
C Vocabulary
1. Review
Can you_______a polar bear? What does it look like?
a. hurt b. describe c. catch d. store
2. Many birds fly_______in the winter to a warmer place.
a. north b. wing c. south d.
wide
These birds in the summer to a cooler place.
fly
a. north b. wing c. south d.
wide
Roses beautiful.
a. swim b. catch c. smell d. hurt
The kiwi is a bird.
a. strange b. warm c. hurt d.
wide
My hand . I can't write.
a. flies b. catches c. smells d.
hurts
d Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Where does the hippopotamus live?
*2. Is a kiwi a mammal?
3. How long is a hippo's stomach?
4. Does a hippo eat meat?
5. Why does a hippo go under water?
6. How can it stay under water for ten minutes?
*7. Can it breathe under water? Why?
8. What does it do at night?
9. Where does a baby hippo ride?
*10. Is a bear a mammal?
18
Unit 1 • Animal«:
G Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if it is false. Write NI if there is no information about
the sentence in the text.
_______- 1. Hippo babies are born alive.
_______2. Hippos eat plants.
_______3. Hippos live under water.
_______4. A hippo can close its eyes.
_______5. A hippo breathes under water.
_______6. A hippo looks for food on the land during the day.
----------7. A hippo has long eyelashes to keep water out of its eyes.

f Main Idea Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The hippopotamus is a large African animal that spends a lot of time in the water
and eats plants.
2. The hippopotamus has its eyes, ears, and nose high up on its head.
3. The hippopotamus walks on the land at night, and it sleeps during the day.
* 19
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- »'i
Lesson 4: The Hippopotamus

The Dolphin

lesson
5
Before You Read
20 S •5if

1. Dolphins are mammals.

2. Dolphins live in water.

3. Dolphins can swim very well.

True False Don't Know

□ □ □

□ □ □

□ □ □

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (✓) True, False, or Don't Know.

5
~
The Dolphin irLangua]
Can dolphins talk? Maybe they can't talk with words, but they talk with sounds.
They show their feelings with sounds.
Dolphins travel in a group. We call a group of fish a three or more
"school." They don't study, but they travel together. or animals

Dolphins are mammals, not fish, but they swim together in a school.
Dolphins talk to the other dolphins in the school.
They give information. They tell when they are happy or sad or afraid. They say
"Welcome" when a dolphin comes back to the school. They talk when they play.
They make a few sounds above water. They make many more sounds under
water. People cannot hear these sounds because the sounds are very, very high.
Scientists make tapes of the sounds and study them.
Sometimes people catch dolphins for a large aquarium. (An aquarium is a zoo for
fish.) People can watch the dolphins in a show. Dolphins don't like to be away from
their school in an aquarium. They are sad and lonely.
There are many stories about dolphins. They help people. Sometimes they save
somebody's life. Dolphin meat is good, but people don't like to kill them. They say
that dolphins bring good luck. Many people believe tis.
______________________________________________________________________________**
Lesson 5: The Dolphin
together luck travel believe
dolphins lonely group feelings
save show sounds scientists
1. Dolphins________
2. Sometimes they
3. Can____________
ma
somebody's life.
talk?
4. They are sad and
They
their
with sounds.
5.
6.
make tapes of their sounds and study them. _ this.
7. Many people —--------------------
8. They don't study, but they travel_____________________
9. Maybe they can't talk with words, but they talk with
10. They say dolphins bring good________________________
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for the words in the text. lonely
dolphin together save
sounds believe scientists stories
show travel feels group
1. The__________ _ _. is a mammal, but it lives in the sea.
2. Many students at a large university feel________________________They don't
have many friends.
Unit 1:
Animals
to different countries?
3. Do you like to__________
4. Please------ ----------
5. Children like to play
6. There is a____________
me your picture.
_______________in the snow.
7. Is it true? Do you
8 ._________________
9. She________________
of Omani students in our class. it?
study animals and many other things.
____happy today because it's warm outside.
___________your money. Don't spend it on a new car.
10. You must — ___
11. It is difficult to pronounce some English
22
Put each word in the correct group in the chart. Some words go in both groups. eyelashes
hump wmg feather
tail beak nose arm
leg stomach hand eyes
Parts of an Animal's Body Parts of a Person's Bodv

Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Can dolphins talk?
2. What is a school of dolphins?
3. What do dolphins talk about?
4. When do they say "Welcome"?
5. Do they make more sounds above water or under water?
6. Can people hear dolphin sounds? Why?
7. How does a dolphin feel in an aquarium?
*8. Do dolphins bring good luck?
*9. Dolphins are not fish. What is the difference between dolphins and fish?
rn* 23

Unit 1:
Animals
eI Comprehension: Multiple Choice
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. 1. Dolphins talk with .
a. words b. their hands c. sounds d. music
Dolphins talk when they
a. play b. listen c. show d. kill
They make more sounds .
a. above water b. under water c. for tapes d. in school
Scientists study of dolphins.
a. shows b. schools c. aquariums d. tapes
Dolphins like to be
a. at an aquarium b. in their school c. lonely d. on a tape
6. What sentence is not true?
a. A dolphin can save a person's life.
b. People like to watch dolphins.
c. Dolphins always bring good luck.
d. A dolphin can talk with sounds.

f Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Dolphins use words to show how they feel and to give information.
2. Dolphins travel together and talk with sounds.
3. Dolphins live in the sea and in aquariums.
4. The dolphin is a mammal, and scientists can tape it.
24 3
.'1..
d Study
W'
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to somebody.
Examples: My car is new. Their hair is thick.
Singular Plural
I-my we-our
you-your you-your
she-her they-their
he-his it-its
Put the right pronoun in each blank.
hump.
1. The camel stores food in_______
2. Maria likes__________________
_______________________________ classes this year.
3. I use
dictionary every day.
4. Polar bears use
5. Do you have _
_______________ front legs like arms. Unit 1: Animals
6. Scientists listen to
._________________cassette tapes with you?
_____________tapes.
____________________________________________________pool
7. Carlos and his family swim in every day.
8. David drives_________________
car to class.
_____bicycles.
mother's back.
9. We go to the university on
25
•V.
10. A baby hippo rides on______
Verbs: Present Tense
Put an s on the simple verb to make the present tense. Do not put an s on the simple verb if it goes with I, you,
we, or they.
a dolphin plays I play
g
a irl
plays you play
a man plays we play
she plays they play
he plays
it plays
mm
|C| Spelling
1. When a simple verb ends in y with a consonant before it, change the y to i and add -es.
fly - flies study - studies
2. When a simple verb ends in y with a vowel before it, add -s. play - plays say - says
3. When a simple verb ends in s, ch, sh, x, or z, add -es. catch - catches finish - finishes
4. Irregular verbs:
be - am, is, are go-goes do-does have - has
Change each sentence to make a new one. Use the word or words in parentheses. Sometimes you must change
other words, too.
Example: (I) They study every day.
I study every day.
(a polar bear) (they)
(I)
(people)
(we)
(a dolphin) (they)
(Tom)
(a mammal) (Ann and Bill)
1. We catch fish and eat them.
2. Mike usually flies home.
3. Betty has a beautiful plant in her living room.
4. David likes dolphin shows.
5. They travel only in the summer.
6. You play in the water.
7. We go swimming in a lake in summer.
8. I usually finish my work early.
9. People are born alive.
10. Ali does his homework in the afternoon.
I Init 1 • Animak
d Comparisons
Sometimes we compare two things. We tell how they are different. Add -er to short words (words
with only one syllable) to compare two things. Use than with the word ending in -er.
Examples: A camel is big.
A polar bear is bigger than a camel.
Carlos is 20 years old. David is 18.
Carlos is older than David.
Spelling: If a word has one syllable with one vowel in the middle and one consonant at the end,
double the consonant when you add -er. This is the one-one-one (1-1-1) rule.
Examples: big - bigger hot - hotter
Put the right comparison form in each sentence.
(strange) 1. A kiwi is a bluebird.
(thick) 2. A Bactrian camel's hair is
Arabian camel's hair.
(hot) 3. Oman is _ Switzerland.
(warm) 4. Italy is France.
(large) 5 Saudi Arabia is . Kuwait.
(tall) 6. Marie is Masako.
(fat) 7. Jon is Robert.
(young) 8. My sister is , my brother.
(cold) 9. Ice is water.
(small) 10. A dolphin is _ a polar bear.

e Writing

Use real information to write your answers.

1. Which animal in Unit 1 is the most interesting to you? Why?
2. Describe an important animal in your country.
3. What can some animals do that people cannot do?

Word
Study
(a: Before You Watch
1. What do you already know about dolphins? Write one fact.
2. What do you want to know about dolphins? Write a question.
3. Study the map. Then complete the sentences.
Honduras is between Guatemala and___________________________________________
The north coast of Honduras is on the___________________________________________Sea.
JAMAICA
BAHAMAS
PUERTO RICO
HAITI
Caribbean Sea
BELIZE
HONDURAS
<5>
VIRGIN ISLANDS O DOMINICA

*> ST. LUCIA 'BARDOS

NfCARACUA
EL SALVADOR
PANAMA
COSTA R CA
VENEZUELA
COLOMBIA

As You Watch
What mammals are in the video?
___________________ fish _ . camels _______ dolphins
___________________ people _ polar bears
28 -
I I nit 1 • Anima k
C After You Watch
1. Use the diagram below.
Write the letters of facts that are only true for people in the left circle.
Write the letters of facts that are only true for dolphins in the right circle.
Write the letters of facts that are true for both dolphins and people in the middle.
a. live in the sea e. have arms and legs
b. live on land f. eat fish
c. can talk to each other g. swim together in schools
d. are mammals h. make sounds under water
People Dolphins

2. What is the most interesting fact you learned from the video? Write it here, and then discuss
it with your classmates.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .Mi
Video Highlights
1 3 4

2 7 8

9
Crossword Puzzle
ü^l.>:!I Ol,,j www irLanguage.com

Across
1. Camels, humans, and dolphins are all--------------------------
2. Both dolphins and humans have these.
■
6. A large body of water

9. This land mammal lives in the desert and has a hump. Down
2. This helps a dolphin to swim.
3. Possessive form of I
dolphins make
4. Scientists study the_______________
under water.
7. A hippopotamus is not small; it's
30
8. Same as #6 across

Unit 1 :
Animals
Guess the Animal
Do this activity with a partner.
1. Think of an animal from Lessons 1-5. Do not tell your partner.

2. Your partner asks three questions. Each question must begin with "Does it . . o r " I s
it .... "
Examples: Is it a mammal?
Does it live on land?
Is it white?

ol,,j
www. irLanguage.com
Activity Page
3. Answer your partner's questions with "Yes” or "No.” Your partner tries to guess the name of
the animal.
Finding Antonyms
Antonyms are words that are opposite (or nearly opposite) in meaning. For example, the words
large and small are antonyms. Not all words have an antonym.
1. A good dictionary gives antonyms for many words. Read the dictionary definition below.
What is an antonym for the word warm?
warm adjective
1 having heat, but not hot: I like warm summer days.
2 friendly: Her friends love her for her warm smile. See: hot. Antonym: cool.
2. Match each word in Column A with its antonym in Column B. Write the letter of the
antonym to the right of the word in Column A. Use your dictionary to check your work.
Column A Column B
g
hi h
a. outside
same . b. down
lon
g c. cold
g
bi
d. false
true e. low
hot f. short
inside g. small
up h. different
3. Work with a partner. One person is Partner A, and the other is Partner B. Partner A reads a
sentence aloud. Partner B repeats the sentence, using not with an antonym for the underlined
word.
Example: A: It's hot in the desert.
B: It's not cold in the desert.
a. That story is false.
b. My car is small.
c. His hair is short.
•s
. Unit 1: Animals
Sometimes you can understand the meaning of a new word from the other words in the sentence. Read
each sentence below. Then choose the word or phrase that means the same as the word in bold (dark) type.
Do not use your dictionary. The bold words are new in this unit.
1. Some shoes stretch after you wear them for a while.
a. get thicker c. get shorter
b. get longer d. weigh more
2. Fish live in lakes, rivers, and oceans. They don't live on land.
a. seas c. trees
b. north d. south
3. We often read about Queen Elizabeth II in the newspaper.
She is a very famous woman.
a. many people like her c. many people know about
her
b. no one knows her d. many people believe her
4. It is easy to make a salad. Mix some lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumber.
a. put together c. save
b. eat d. store
5. Indonesia, the Philippines, Senegal, and Cuba are in the tropics.
a. hot, dry parts of c. cold, wet parts of the
the world world
b. cold, dry parts of d. hot, wet parts of the world
the world
6. I feel relaxed with my friends. I don't feel relaxed during a test.
a. tired c. not nervous
34
b. cold d. thick

?
7. Walking and swimming are good exercise. Watching TV and driving a car are not good
exercise.
a. physical activity c. ways to get to work
b. sounds d. ways to travel
8. That plant is poisonous. Don't eat it.
a. smells bad c. can kill
b. is cool d. is green
9. It is important to be alert when you drive a car.
a. able to swim c. able to smell
b. able to act quickly d. able to talk
10. Both Isamu and Kumiko are from Japan. They come from the city of Tokyo.
a. the two of them c. the five of them
b. not any d. all of them
11. Swimming is difficult for me. I can't do it for very long.
a. easy c. not easy
b. thick d. cool
12. Mr. Baker is 75. He can't hear sounds very well. He is hearing impaired.
a. can't see well c. can't hear well
b. can't walk well d. can't run well
13. Tom can eat a whole pizza. I can eat only a few pieces.
a. all of it c. some of it
b. part of it d. one piece of it
Context Clues
lesson
1

Before You Read

Look at the pictures. Read the sentences. Check (✓) True, False, or Don't Know.
False Don't Know
True

□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
1. You open your mouth when you yawn.
2. It hurts when you yawn.
3. Many kinds of animals yawn.
36
Bears yawn. Camels yawn. Most mammals yawn. Why do we yawn? No one really knows
the answer.
fast
We do know that everyone yawns in the same way. First you open your mouth slowly. Your
mouth stays open for about five seconds. Then you quickly close your mouth.
not interested maybe is but
We also know that yawning is contagious, or catching. When you see someone yawn, you
yawn, too. Many people say that they yawn because they are bored or tired. This might be true.
However, we know that people also yawn when they are excited or nervous. Olympic runners,
for example, often yawn before a race. Why is that?

Some scientists believe that yawning makes you more alert. When you yawn, you breathe
more deeply. You also stretch the muscles in your face and neck. Maybe this makes you feel
more alert.
Scientists don't spend much time studying yawning. That is probably because yawning
doesn't hurt. It is just something we do.
37
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
alert deeply muscles might
bored excited quickly stretch
contagious however race yawn
1. ____________________, we know that people also yawn when they are
________________________or nervous.
2. We also know that yawning is______________________, or catching.
3. Some scientists believe that yawning makes you more
4._____________________________________________________________ Many people say they
yawn because they are___________________________________________or tired.
5.___________________ Olympic runners, for example, often yawn before a .
6. You also ____________________the_____________________in your face and
neck.
7. Then you -------close your mouth.
8. When you yawn, you breathe more_____________________
9. This ______be true.
10. Bears______________________
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for the words in the text.
alert deep muscles might
boring excited quickly stretch
contagious however race yawn
1. Soccer players have strong leg__________________because they run a lot.
2. I____________________go to the party, but I'm not sure.
3. Headaches are not_____________________
4.--------------------------------------------------------------------- Airplane pilots need to be on the job.
5. A kiwi is a bird______________________, it doesn't have wings.
6. Children can't sleep when they are______________________
7._________________________________ He doesn't like to swim in water.
8. Swimmers are tired after a long-------------------------------
9. Do you breathe ____________„ when you are afraid?
10. Do you cover your mouth when you________ — ?
11. You should__________________in the morning. It's good for your muscles.

12. He thinks traveling is--------------------------------, but I think it's exciting.

VoCabular
y Review_, irLanguage.com
Find an antonym (a word that is opposite in meaning) in Column B for each word in Column A. Write the
letter and word from Column B beside the word in Column A. The first one is done for you.
Column A Column B
1. slowly f quickly. a. close
2. large.. _ b. interested
3. same c. everyone
4. above d. false
5. open e. after
6. bored f. quickly
7. before g. different
8. cool h. below
 9. no one . i. small
10. true J. warm
0 Questions
Comprehension: True/False

Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if it is false.

_ 1. Many different kinds of mammals yawn.
_ 2. People only yawn when they are bored.
_ 3. When you yawn, your breathing changes.
_ 4. You can't yawn when you are excited.
_ *5. Some people yawn quickly, and some people yawn very slowly. _ 6. Scientists don't know
why people yawn.
_ 7. Runners never yawn before a race.

_ 8. You stretch your neck muscles when you yawn.

Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Many kinds of animals yawn, but we don't know why.
2. Scientists want to know why yawning is contagious.
3. All animals yawn in the same way.
Why Do People Laugh? lesson

2
Before You Read
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (el) True, False, or Don't Know.
False Don't Know
True

□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
1. When you laugh, you stretch the muscles in your face.
2. Laughing makes you more alert.
3. It hurts when you laugh.
41
Do you laugh every day? Most people do. Scientists say that people laugh about 17 times a
day. That is a lot of laughter.
in a short time
In India, there are hundreds of laughter clubs. The people in these clubs get together every
morning. First they stretch their hands above their heads. Then they pretend to laugh. Soon
everyone is laughing naturally. People say they feel good after laughing together.
is the same as
not easy
Scientists believe that laughter is good for you. Why? For one thing, laughter is good exercise.
When you laugh, you exercise many muscles in your body. Scientists say that one hundred
laughs equals ten minutes of ru^^g. When you laugh, you also breathe deeply. This helps you
relax. That's good for you, too.
Why do we laugh? That is a hard question to answer. We know that people laugh more often
in a group. They don't laugh very often when they are alone. Many scientists believe that we use
laughter to connect to other people. Laughter helps us feel part of a group.
not sick
In English, people say that laughter is the best medicine. Some think that laughter helps sick
people get well. Do you think so, too?
clubs exercise medicine relax
connect hard naturally well
equals laugh pretend soon
1. When you laugh, you also breathe deeply. This helps you
2. That is a____________________question to answer.
3. For one thing, laughter is good_____________________
4. In India, there are hundreds of laughter___________________
5. In English, people say that laughter is the best .
6. Do you ____________________every day?
7. Laughter helps sick people get------------------------
8. Many scientists believe that we use laughter to______________________to
other people.
9. First they stretch their hands above their heads. Then they to laugh.
10. everyone is laughing-------------------------------------------------------------
11. Scientists say that one hundred laughs______________________ten minutes
of running.
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
clubs exercise medicine relax
connect hard natural well
equals laugh pretend soon

1. In the movies, actors_____________________to be someone else.

2. It's hard to------------------------------before a test.
3. Five plus ten___________________fifteen.
4. You need to ,___.________________a telephone before you can use it.
5. Playing soccer, walking, and bicycling are types of---------------------------
6. You should go to a doctor when you don't feel---------------------------------
7. It's____________________to laugh when you hear something funny.
8. You can buy______________.________in a drugstore or pharmacy.
9. Many high school students belong to school--------------------------------
10. I think science is easy, but my brother thinks it is------------------------------
11. I like her stories because they make me_______________________
12. The bus should be here______________________It's never late.

d
Vocabulary Review
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
1. Most birds have_________Only the kiwi doesn't.
a. beaks c. wings
b. feet d muscle
. s
2. Laughing and yawning make you feel
a. tired c. bored
b. alert d sick
.
3. When you breathe deeply, you pull in your
a. leg c. stomac
h
b. arm d feet
.
4. In the evening, it gets in the desert.
a. cool c. cold
b. hot d icy
.
5. It's hard to relax when you are
a. bored c. happy
b. tired d afraid
.
6. It's good to before and after you exercise.
a. fly c. sleep
b. stretch d swim
.
Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. How many times a day do people laugh?
2. At a laughter club, what do people do first?
3. Why is laughter good for you?
4. What happens to your muscles when you laugh?
5. What happens to your breathing when you laugh?
*6. Why do scientists think that laughter helps us connect to other people? *7. What kind of
things make people laugh?
6 Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if it is false. Write NI if there is no information about the sentence
in the text.
_______1. There are laughter clubs in many countries.
_______2. Laughter is a kind of exercise.
_______3. You need to stretch before you laugh.
_______4. People laugh more often when they are alone.
_______5. All mammals laugh.
_______6. Laughter clubs help people feel good.
_______7. Laughter might help us connect to other people.
mm
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Laughter helps you relax.
2. Laughter is good for you.
3. People laugh every day.

lesson Why Is the Sea Salty?

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (II) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

1. A lake is different from a sea. □ □ □

2. Most water is salty. □ □ □

3. There is a lot of water in the world. □ □ □

o^i^i ot,,j www.irLanguage.com
3 Why Is the Sea Salty?
i " " ~ ...................................

There is a lot of salt on the Earth, and it mixes very world

well with water.
There is some salt in all water. Water on the land runs into lakes and rivers. The
water from most lakes goes into rivers. These rivers run into the seas and oceans. They
carry a little salt with them. Some of seas

the ocean water moves into the air and clouds. It evaporates. Salt cannot evaporate. It
stays in the ocean.
The water in the oceans has more salt than the water in rivers. Ocean water is about 3
*/2% (three and a half percent) salt. Some seas have more salt than others.
47
Some lakes do not have a river to carry the water and salt away. Some of the water
evaporates, but the salt cannot. These lakes are very salty. There are two famous lakes
like this. They are the Dead Sea in the Middle East and the Great Salt Lake in the state of
Utah in the United States. They are much saltier than the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific
Ocean.
www. irLanguage.com
evaporates moves clouds percent
oceans Earth mixes famous
salt carry
1. Ocean water is about three and a half______________________salt.
2._________________________________________________ There is a lot of_on the
__________________________________________________, and it
--------------------------------very well with water.
3. They____________________a little salt with them.
4. There are two lakes like this.
5. These rivers run into the seas and---------------------------------
6. Some of the ocean water__________________into the air and .
7. It _ ___________________
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
evaporates moves carry ocean
salt percent famous mix
clouds Earth
Lesson
1. Two of the3:students
Why Isalways________________
the Sea _______the chairs into our room.
Salty?
2. The_____________________is round. It____________________around the sun.
3. Many people put------------------------------on their food.
4.--------------------------------------------------- Muhammad Ali was a boxer.
5.__________________________________________________________________ Some
people put sugar in their coffee. Then they_______________________________it
with a spoon.
6. Some of the water in a swimming pool_______________________
7. The Pacific _____________________is bigger than the Atlantic Ocean.
8. There are beautiful white-------------------------------in the sky today.
9. Eighty___________________ of the students are men.

Lesson 3: Why Is the Sea

Salty?
 [cl Vocabulary Review
Underline the word that does not belong with the other two. Example: red, book, blue
1. zoo, aquarium, university
2. lake, snow, ice
3. yawn, laugh, fly
4. together, modem, new
5. polar bear, dolphin, ocean
6. hour, travel, fly
7. cool, warm, thick
8. scientist, teacher, salty
Id) Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. What does salt mix well with?
2. Is there salt in lakes and rivers?
3. Where does river water go?
4. Where does some of the ocean water go?
5. Where does the salt in the ocean go?
6. Does river water or ocean water have more salt?
7. Why are some lakes very salty?
8. Name two famous salty lakes.
9. What is Utah? Where is it?
10. Which is saltier, the Atlantic Ocean or the Dead Sea?
*11. Are there fish in the Dead Sea?

Lesson 3: Why Is the Sea

Salty?
6 Comprehension: True/False
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. The asterisk (*) means you have
tothink of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Salt mixes with water.
_ *2. Clouds have salt in them.
3. Water on the land moves into lakes and rivers.
4. There is salt in rivers.
5. Rivers have more salt than oceans.
6. Salt evaporates.
7. Ocean water is about 2^1/la salt.

8. The Great Salt Lake is in the United States.

Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The sea is salty because water evaporates and salt doesn't.
2. The sea is salty because rivers run into oceans.
3. Water moves from the land to rivers to oceans to clouds and to the land again.

How Can a Plant Kill? lesson

50 . ? Unit 2: How? Why?

Before You Read
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (11) True, False, or Don't Know.

1. Plants need water.

2. People use plants for medicine.

3. Some plants can kill.

Tru False Don't Know
e
□ □ □
□ D D
□ □ □
51
Lesson 4: How Can a Plant Kill?
1
O LJ
www irLanguage.com

4
not friends
How Can a Plant Kill?
 People kill. Animals kill. Animals and people kill for food, or they kill their
enemies. People and animals can move aroW1d and find something to kill. They can
run away from an enemy. They can kill it if it is necessary.
hot, wet parts of the world
costs a lot
not expensive
Many kinds of animals eat plants. The plants cannot run away from their enemies.
Some plants are poisonous. If an animal eats part of the plant, it gets sick or dies.
Animals learn to stay away from these plants. There are many kinds of plants that
make poison. Most of them grow in the desert or in the tropics.
Farmers use many kinds of poison on their farms. Most of these poisons come
from petroleum, but petroleum is expensive. Scientists collect poisonous plants and
study them. Maybe farmers can use cheap poison from plants instead of expensive
poison from petroleum.
expensive tropics poisonous instead of
enemies if grow cheap
kinds farmers collect farms
1. Many__________ ________of animals eat plants.
2. Animals and people kill for food, or they kill their------------------------------
3__________ .__________-----------------------------------------------------------------------use many
kinds of poison on their----------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Scientists_____________________poisonous plants and study them.
5. Some plants are_______________________
6. Maybe farmers can use______________________poison from plants
_____________________expensive poison from petroleum.
7. Most of them ___________ in the desert or in the____________
8. They can kill it ____ __________ it is necessary.
9. Most of these poisons come from petroleum, but petroleum
IS_________________________________
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
expensive tropics collect grow
cheap farm kind if
instead of farmers poisonous enemy
1. David's parents have a big_______________________They are

52
? Unit 2: How? Why?
2. A Mercedes Benz is an — ___— car.
3. Please come to the Student Union at 12:00---------------------------------you can.
4.__________________________________________________________ Malaysia, Togo,
and Nigeria are in the_________________________________________
5.________________________________________________________ Please write the
answers on a piece of paper_________________________________in the book.
6. Ali, please______________________all the students' papers.
7. Some things we use in the garden are______________________. We must keep
these things away from children.
8. People are the only
9. What______________
10.
11. Children months.
___________________of polar bears.
______of car do you have?
clothes are not usually very good.
_________very fast. They need new clothes every few
1
Vocabulary Review
describe size lonely during
together save cooler store
show hard bored
Put the right word in each blank. believe
grouP scientists
1. Can you____
2. Some ______
___an aquarium? Tell me about one.
teach at universities, and some work
in laboratories.
time.
Don't walk to class every day. Buy a bicycle. You can
4. I don't
5. Keiko is
6. Sam is
you. It isn't true.
_... She wants to see her friends and family. . He doesn't have anything to do.
7. Maria and Tony usually study______________________
8. It is_________________- under a tree than in the sun.
as a large horse.
9. A camel is about the same
10. It's
to learn a new language.
Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Why do people and animals kill?
2. Can plants run away from an enemy?
3. What happens to an animal that eats a poisonous plant?
4. What do animals learn about these plants?
5. Where do most poisonous plants grow?
*6. Why do farmers use poison on their farms?
7. Where do most poisons come from?

?
■
8. Why do scientists collect and study poisonous plants?
ol,,j Unit 2: How? Why?
www.irLanguage.com

54
? Unit 2: How? Why?
e Comprehension: Multiple Choice
c. plants
d. farmers
c. Farmers
d. Scientists
irLanguage com

Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.

1. Animals and people kill their_________
a. poisons
b. enemies
2.
cannot move around.
a. Plants
b. Animals
3. An animal
____________________if it eats a poisonous plant.
a. gets sick or dies c. moves
around
b. runs away d. studies the
poison
c. Arctic Circle
d. laboratories
c. Farmers
d. Animals
4. Most poisonous plants grow in the desert or in the___________
a. farms
b. tropics
5. ____use many kinds of poisons.
a. Scientists
b. Workers
6. Most of these poisons come from______
c. petroleum
d. the tropics
c. buy
d. collect
a. plants
b. deserts
7. Scientists_________poisonous plants.
a. use
b. run away from
than poison from petroleum.
c. more expensive
d. cooler
8. Poison from plants is
a. cheaper

f
b. more afraid
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Some plants make poisons, and maybe farmers can use them.
2. Plants make poison because they cannot run away from their enemies.
3. Scientists study poisonous plants because farmers want to use them.
_________________________________________________________________? 55
Lesson 4: How Can a Plant Kill? ■
www.irLanguage.com

5
lesson

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (iI) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know
D
DD
1. You can spell a word with your hands.

D
D
2. The signs V V 9.4 mean "yes"D D in American Sign Language (ASL).
ui:!-ii.>:!i o^J
i • www.irLanguage.co1tJ
3. ASL 1 s th e onl y si gn anguag D
in the world.

5 How Do Many Hearing-Impaired

People Talk?
Hearing-impaired people cannot hear sounds well. How do they "hear" words?
two of them
Many hearing-impaired people use sign language. They talk with their hands.
Two hearing-impaired people can talk to each other. They both use sign language.
Sometimes a person who can hear interprets for hearing-impaired people. The
person listens to someone talking, and then he or she makes hand signs.
all of it

■ Unit 2: How? Why?

 There are two kinds of hand signs. Some hand signs are for whole words. For
example, there is one hand sign for the word love. There are hand signs for different
actions, things, and ideas. Some of the signs are very easy, for example, the signs for
eat, milk, and house. You can see what they mean. Others are more difficult, for
example, the signs for star, egg, and week.

The second kind of hand sign is fingerspelling. In fingerspelling, there is a sign

for every letter in the alphabet. For example, to fingerspell the word love, a person
makes four different signs. It is much slower to fingerspell, but it is useful for signing
names and technical words. People can use both kinds of hand signs together.
dance
Each country has its own sign language. For example, American Sign Language
(ASL) is very different from British Sign Language. Using sign language is almost
like a dance. The whole body talks. Sign languages are beautiful.
O^l^I www. irLanguage.com

irLanguage
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
ideas example interprets both
each other whole sign dance
hearing-impaired difficult star
1. Two hearing-impaired people can talk to______________________
2. Some hand signs are for_____________________words.
3______________________ . people cannot hear sounds well.
4. Sometimes a person who can hear______________________for hearing-
_ _________________language.
, for example, the signs for
impaired people.
5. Many hearing-impaired people use
6. Others Lesson 5: How Do Many Hearing-Impaired
are more____________________
Talk?
., egg, and week.
____________________________use sign language.
7. They__________________
8. There are hand signs for different actions, things, and
9. A sign language is almost like a_______________________
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
idea example interprets both
each other whole sign dance
hearing-impaired difficult stars
1. Mary cannot hear very well. She is________________________
2. Ali works for the government. He_____________________Arabic and English.
3. A large___________________on the wall says "No Smoking."
4. Masako and Carlos speak English to______________________
______________in the sky during the daytime.
_________language. It's not easy.
class is here today. No one stayed at home.
5. Nadia and David_____________________study engineering.
6. You cannot see the____
7. Japanese is a_________
8. The_________________
G^P'^;' O^j www.irLanguage.com
9. There is a_________________
for students on Saturday.
10. The class wants to have a party. It's a good
Vocabulary Review
Put the right word in each blank.
evaporates famous
kind expensive
poisonous collection
There are a lot of_____________________
1.
2. Mahatma Gandhi is a very________
I talk too fast.
3. The weather is hot and wet in the
of bicycle do you have? into the air.
__ than a car. _______in your city?
Please tell me
What_________
Water_________
4.
5.
6.
4. A bicycle is-----------
Some kinds of plants and snakes are My friend has a big
■
5. Are apartments cheap or Unit 2: How? Why?
of stamps.
9.
10.
enemies cheaper instead of
clouds
if
tropics in the sky today. person.

Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. How do many hearing-impaired people talk?
2. How does a person interpret for hearing-impaired people?
*3. How many signs are used for fingerspelling in English?
4. Why are some word signs easy?
5. When do people use fingerspelling?
6. Is American Sign Language the same as British Sign Language?
7. Why is using sign language almost like dancing?
*8. Why are sign languages beautiful?
_______________________________________ ?______59
:J
Lesson 5: How Do Many Hearing-Impaired Talk?
e Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
________ 1. Hearing-impaired people cannot hear sounds well.
________2. A person who interprets for hearing-impaired people cannot hear.
________3. There are more signs for whole words than for letters.
________4. Japanese Sign Language is the same as American Sign Language.
________5. Fingerspelling is useful for names and technical words.
________6. It is difficult for children to learn sign language.

f Main Idea Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Sign language helps hearing-impaired people talk, but it is difficult to learn.
2. There are two kinds of sign language.
3. A sign language is a beautiful language that helps hearing-impaired people talk
to others.

60___?
- Unit 2: How? Why?
Forming Questions: Present Tense
The verb be: Put a form of the verb be before the subject.
Example: subject verb

Lesson 5: How Do Many

Petroleum Hearing-Impaired
is expensive.
Talk?Is petroleum expensive?
Other verbs: Put do or does at the beginning of the sentence. Use the simple verb.
 Do subject
every day.
I verb

laugh every day?

laugh
subject verb

A worker moves the fish.

Does a worker move the fish?
Change each sentence to a question.
1. A large house is expensive.
2. Bill does his homework in the afternoon.
3. Rivers run toward the ocean.
4. Many people drink coffee.
5. Mary is a good tennis player.
6. Kiwis are strange birds.
7. I am late.
8. The test is difficult.
9. She dances well.
10. They exercise every day.

ọ
Word Study

■ Unit 2: How? Why?

There Is/There Are

Use there is before a singular noun. Then use it for the singular noun.
Example: There is a lake nearby. It is very large.
Use there are before a plural noun. Then use they for the plural noun.
Example: There are many dolphins in the ocean. They travel
in schools.
Look at the noun after the blank. Then write there is or there are in the first blank. Write it or
they in the second blank.
1. ________________a kiwi in the zoo___________________sleeps
during the day.
2. ________________a chair beside the window.___________________
is blue.
3. ________________wonderful mountains in India.
--------------------------------are in the north.
4 .-------------- - - - many muscles in your face.
______________________help you laugh.
5 ._________a large farm near here.___________________

grows fruit trees.

-er = A Person
Example: Mr. Brown is a teacher. He teaches English.
Add -er to each word. Then put the new words in the blanks. Use the plural if necessary.
play work farm box
interpret speak listen smg
1. Keiko is an_____________________She speaks both Japanese
and English.
2. Mr. and Mrs. Clark are_____________________They have a
large cotton farm.

?
3. Sarah Green is a famous______________________She sings in
Europe and North America.
4. In the morning class, five students speak Arabic. In the
afternoon class, there are seven Arabic------------------------------------
5. Bill is not a good _____ . He talks all the time
and doesn't listen.
6. Abdullah is a very good soccer------------------------------
Unit 2: How? Why?
Compound Words
A compound word is two words put together to make one word. The meaning is like the
meanings of the two words.
Example: sun + light = sunlight (light from the sun)
Put the right words in the blanks.
summertime seafood daytime yellowtail
sunlight underline stoplight bedroom
1. Gina likes fish and other-------------------------------
2. Read each sentence. Put a circle around the subject. the verb.
3. Most people work during the_______________________ . Some
work at night.
4. Be careful when you drive. If the_____________________is red,
you must stop.
5. People eat in the dining room. They sleep in the_______________
Writing
Use real information to write your answers.
1. Which lesson in Unit 2 is the most interesting to you? Why?
2. What information in Unit 2 is new for you?
3. Think of something you know about. Write a "How" or a "Why" question about it.
Then answer the question.

?
a I Before You Watch

Cz)ei ‘W( CJ'y [R

irLanguage com
1. Look at the woman in this picture. What do you want to know about
her? Write three questions. Practice asking and answering with a partner.
2. The video you are going to watch is about a new idea. The word for
this idea is ecotourism. This word has two parts:
eco - the natural world tourism - traveling for pleasure
What do you think ecotourism means? Discuss your idea with your classmates.
ti] As You Watch
Which of these sentences about Silveria de Souza are true?
____________________ She has eight children. _______ She sells things to
tourists.
Word
Study
____________________ She is a tour guide. _______ She is a farmer.

64
;
___?
ow Unit 2: How? Why?
www. irLanguage.com
C After You Watch
1. Read about the rain forest in Brazil.

About ten million people live in the warm Amazon rain forest. Many of them clear parts
of the forest for farms. This is called “deforestation." The Brazilian farmers cut the forest
down so that they can grow crops and feed their families. Ten percent of the famous
Amazon rain forest is gone now.
Ecotourism is a modem idea that tries to protect the rain forest. Tourists travel from
all over the world. They come to enjoy the forest and learn about nature. A tour guide
leads a group through the forest. They stay at hotels in the villages and buy local crafts.
Ecotourism brings jobs and money to the people who live in the Amazon forest. They do
not have to destroy the rain forest just to make a living.
2. Write two questions about the rain forest in Brazil. Begin your questions with “Why"
and “How." Discuss your questions with your classmates.
a. Why
_____________________________________________________________________________ ?
b. How
Video Highlights
^ww.irLanguage.com
-?
___________________________________________________________________________?
Word Search
The 12 words in the Word Search List are in the grid below. The words may be in a row
or in a column. They may be backwards. Find and circle each word.
evaporate mix relax laugh
enemy alert poison well

Word
Study
mix
connect
breathe
sign exercise kind medicine
M E D I C I N E J P
I V s R E L A X T B
X A L E R T G E D M
s P N o u L E R T X
P o I s o N G C T F
L R E I R O K I N D
L A u G H D E S I Y
P T B N A H w E L L
K E N E M y Q N T U

Mj Action!
VW&g&z-------------------------—■
Do tis with a small group of people.
One person acts out a verb from the list below. The person to guess the correct verb wins
and gets to act out another action word.
carry yawn exerc:
swim dance relax
fly swim catch

?
Think of some more words to act out on your own.
,.... Unit 2: How? Why?
Ù^1^1 ÙltJ
www. irLanguage.com

Word
Study
Learning Word Forms
1. A dictionary tells you the form of a word (for example, noun, verb, adjective, or adverb).
Read the dictionary definitions below. What is the noun form of the verb relax?
relax I ra'1sks/uerb relaxes
1 to stop work and enjoy oneself: She relaxes by riding her bicycle.
2 to stop being nervous, tense, angry, etc.: Why don't you stop being angry and
relax for a while!
relaxation I ,rilsk'seifan /noun (no plural) a process of relaxing, such as freeing the mind of
worry: For relaxation, he plays golf on the weekends.
2. What is the verb form of each noun below? Make a guess. Then check your guesses by
looking in your dictionary.
Noun
relaxation
Verb
relax
description
belief
weight
excitement
evaporation
interpretation

irLan’guage
Dictionary Page

? 67
3. Choose the correct word in parentheses to complete each sentence.
Example: It's important to have some time for
. relaxation_____________________________________________________________________________________
(relaxation I relax)
a. What causes_____________________? (boredom I bore)
b. What do farmers use to_____________________the land?
(fertilizer I fertilize)
c. What is the ____between exercise and
yawning? (connection I connect)
d. What do plants need to_________._______ - ? (growth I
grow)
e. Is____________________good for you? (laughter I laugh)

?
■

Unit 2: How? Why?

Context Clues
For each sentence, choose the word or phrase that means the same as Ihe word in bold type. Do
not use your dictionary. The bold words are new in this unit.
1. Paul was born 25 years ago. He is 25 years old.
a. again c.
before now
b. after today d.
leave
2. We don't need these papers any more. Let's bum them.
a. put them in a fire c. keep them
b. read them d. store them
3. You can see beautiful pictures at an art museum. You can see interesting things
about science at a science museum. Many museums belong to the government.
a. a building with beautiful or interesting things to look
at
b. a store that sells paintings and other beautiful things
c. an aquarium or zoo
d. a place where scientists work
4. Aim studied very hard for the test today.She is a good student. She will probably get
a good grade.
a. maybe c. 50 percent
sure
b. cannot d. almost 100
percent sure
5. You cannot drink most river water. If you drink it, you may get a disease.
a. fish c. sea animal
b. sickness d. thirsty
6. Cotton is an important crop in Egypt. Vegetables are an important crop in parts of
Mexico. Coffee is an important crop in Brazil.
a. plants that farmers grow
b. plants near a house
c. something a country buys from another country
d. food that a farmer grows

7. The soil near the Nile River is very rich. There are many farms there, and the plants
grow very well.
a. good clean water c. sunshine
b. dirt or land d. fruit and
vegetables
8. It is around 25 ° C (25 degrees Celsius) today.
a. hot c. in a circle
b. cold d. about
9. Many Brazilian farmers raise coffee on their farms.
a. grow c. pick up
b. find d. kill
10. If you want to protect your head, you should wear a hard hat.
a. keep happy c. keep safe
b. make afraid d. make alert

Context Clues

Unit 2: How? Why?

The Date Palm

lesson

1
Before You Read
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (ti) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

The date palm is tall. D D D

Most date palms grow in cold D D D
places.

The fruit of the date palm is D D D

poisonous.

72
The date palm is a wonderful tree. People eat dates. They feed them to their animals.
They use the leaves and the wood to build houses. They use the wood to build boats.
They make baskets from the leaves. They bum the other parts of the tree to cook their
food.
adjective form of south
give food to

before now
The date palm came from the Middle East. Seven thousand (7,000) years ago, people
in Syria and Egypt ate dates. They made pictures of date palms on their stone buildings.
Today date palms grow in the Middle East, parts of Asia and Africa, southern Europe,
and other warm parts of the world.
There are more than 2,700 kinds of palm trees. Most of them cannot grow in the
Middle East because it is too dry. The date palm grows there very well.

basket
Hundreds of years ago, people in southern Europe and some Arab countries made
pictures of palm trees and palm flowers on some of their buildings. Today we can see
these pictures in art museums. People think that the palm tree is beautiful. People
thought the same thing a long time ago.
73
burn date palm southern wood
leaves grow feed art museums
ago wonderful baskets stone
1. Today we can see these pictures in_____________________
2. They use the __________________and the _ _____ to build houses.
3. Today date palms grow in the Middle East, parts of Asia and Africa, Europe,
and other warm parts of the world.
4. The -____-_______________- is a____________________tree.
5. They _________________ . „ the other parts of the tree to cook their food.
6. Seven thousand years_____ ___________, people in Syria and Egypt ate dates.
7. They make____ _ _______from the leaves.
8. They made pictures of date palms on their______________ buildings.
9. They____ _____them to their animals.
M
[6] Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
southern palm burn leaves
wonderful wood basket museum
feed a
g° dates stone
Unit 2: How? Why?
1. Some trees have very large green--------------------------------
2. Argentina is in the ----------------------- part of South America.
3. Marie started to study English five years______________________
4. Stone cannot______________________ Wood can.
5.__________________ People burn___ when they make a fire.
6._______________________________ A science is a very interesting place.
7.__________________________ There is a of fruit on the table.
8. Pam has a small _ ________________ in her shoe. It hurts her foot.
9. One kind of tree gives oil. People make soap
from it.
10. People dry_____________________ and keep them for a long time.
11. He has a____________ . ______house. It's beautiful.
12. They _________ the camels several times a day.
Put the right word in each blank.
both stars difficult whole
hearing-impaired each other feeling heat
sign interpreter dance
weigh stomach believe
1.________________________ An speaks two languages.
2. Do you ____ . ______that there are farms in the sea?
3.____________________________ There are a lot of out tonight. The sky is
beautiful.
4._________________________________ Do you think it is to grow date palms?
5. How tall are you, and how much do you______________________?
6._________________________________ Palm trees like the but not the cold.
7.___________ The___________ says "Please use other door."
8.______________________________________________ Love is not a thing. It is a
9.______________________________________________ The students usually talk to
________________________________________________between classes.
10.___________________________________ Bill cleaned his apartment on Saturday.
11. The hippo has a very long______________________
12. Do you like to_____________________?
Questions

15
Comprehension: Multiple Choice
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
People make boats from the . . of palm trees.
 a. leaves c. dates
b. wood d. flowers
Thev make baskets from the
a. leaves c. dates
b. wood d. flowers
Thev part of the tree to make a fire.
a. enjoy c. burn
b. dance d. grow
The date palm came from .
a. California c. southern Europe
b. Africa d. the Middle East
People started to eat dates about . years ago.
a. a few hundred c. 5,000
d. 7,000
o o

Date palms grow

a. in the land of the polar bear c. where kiwis live
b. in hot or warm places d. in cool places
There are more than kinds of palm trees.
a. a few hundred c. 2,000
b. 100 d. 7,000
People use palm tree.
a. the whole c. almost all of the
b. the leaves and wood of the d. the fruit and leaves of the

Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The date palm grows in the Middle East.
2. The date palm is beautiful, and people use all of it.
3. People made pictures of the date palm, and these pictures are in art museums now.

Unit 2: How? Why?

The Water Hyacinth lesson

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (II) True, False, or Don't Know.
2. The water hyacinth grows in water.
3. The water hyacinth is poisonous.
True False Don't Know

□ □ □

□ □ □

□ □ □

77
2 The Water Hyacinth
opposite of loves

The water hyacinth grows in tropical countries. It has beautiful purple-blue flowers,
but everybody hates it. Why?
sicknesses
plants a farmer grows
Millions and millions of these plants grow in rivers and lakes. Sometimes the plants
become so thick that people can walk on them. People cannot travel in boats on the
water, and they cannot fish in it. The plants stop the water from moving. Then the water
carries diseases. Farmers cannot use the water on their land.

Now scientists think that water hyacinths can be useful. The plants are really a free
crop. No one has to take care of them. They just grow and grow and grow. What can
farmers use them for?
Some fish like to eat them. Farmers can grow these fish in the lakes and rivers.
Workers can collect and cut the plants with machines. Then they can make fertilizer
to make their crops grow better. They can also make feed for their farm animals.
78
Maybe it will be possible to make methane gas (CH 4) for energy. (We burn gas from
petroleum for energy. Methane gas can be made from plants.) Then poor tropical
countries will not have to buy so much expensive petroleum. Maybe in the future
people will love the water hyacinth instead of hating it.

Ù'1j
www.irLanguage.com
so machines energy hates
become diseases crop grows
better just fertilizer thick
1. Workers can collect and cut the plants with__________________
2. Then they can make_____________________to make their crops grow
3. Maybe it will be possible to make methane gas (CH4) for____________________
4. It has beautiful purple-blue flowers, but everybody______________________it.
5. The plants are really a free_____________________
6. Sometimes the plants________________________________________thick that
people can walk on them.
7. They_________________ _ grow and grow and grow.
8. Then the water carries_____________________
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
just hate become disease
better feed fertilizer lakes
machines crop so Unit 2: How? Why?
energy
1. Rice is an important ... _ in Asia.
2. Tom became very sick with a strange_______________ _. He died.
3. A grade of 90% is . ____________________than a grade of 60%.
4. I am____________________tired that I can't study.
5._____________________________________________ Patty is - a baby. She cannot
walk.
6. Farm____________________make the work easier.
7. Many farmers in China make their own_______________________________
8. Some students____________________to study. They just want to have a
good time.
9. Mary wants to____________________an engineer.
10. We use gas and oil for______________________
-w 79
Match each word in Column A with the word, phrase, or symbol from Column B that means the same.
Write theVocabulary Review
letter on the linefollowing the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1. also a. two
2. difficult b. not able to hear well
3. wonderful c. not cheap
4. both d. hard
5. famous e. %
6. kinds f. very good
7. hearing-impaired g. to°
8. expensive h. well known
9. percent i. types
in. group j. several
dj Questions
----------------------------------: irLanguage.com
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. Your cannot find it in the text.
1. Where does the water hyacinth grow?
2. Why do people hate this plant? Give three reasons.
3. Water hyacinths are a free crop. What does this mean?
4. How can people use water hyacinths? Tell four ways.
5. What is the difference between methane gas and other gas?
*6. Cheap energy is very important for poor countries. Why?
6 Comprehension: True/False
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. The asterisk (*) means you have to think
of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
________1. Water hyacinths grow very thick on some tropical lakes and rivers.
________2. Sometimes the water under the plants cannot move.
________ 3. Water hyacinths help make water clean.
________4. Maybe farmers can use water hyacinths.
80'
*5. Water hyacinths grow in parts of Asia and Africa.
6. Some kinds of fish like to eat water hyacinths.
7. Water hyacinths can be used to make petroleum.

*8. These plants can bring farmers more money.

Main Idea
Match the details with the main ideas. Write the letter of each detail under the correct main idea. The
first one has been done for you. Two of the details do not belong under a main idea.
Main Ideas

Unit 3:
Plants
 1. People hate water hyacinths. 2. Water hyacinths can be
useful.
a

Details
a. Some fish like to eat them.
b. The plants stop the water from moving.
c. People cannot travel on the water.
d. People can make fertilizer out of them.
e. Maybe people can make methane gas.
f. They have beautiful flowers.
g. People can feed them to animals.
h. We burn gas from petroleum for energy.
i. People cannot fish.
j. The water carries diseases.

81
lesson
Rice

Lesson 2: The Water

Hyacinth
3

Before You Read

Look at the pictures. Read the sentences. Check (II) True, False, or Don't Know.

1. Rice grows in many countries.

2. Rice is an expensive food.

3. Rice needs water to grow.

True False Don't Know

D □ D
D D D
D D D
Ut,,j
www. irLanguage.com

Rice
3 Lesson 2: The Water
Hyacinth
 People all over the world eat rice. Millions of people in Asia, Africa, and South America
eat it every day of their lives. Some people eat almost nothing but rice.
Rice is a kind of grass. There are more than 7,000 kinds of rice. Farmers grow rice in many
countries, even in the southern part of the United States and in eastern Australia.
No one really knows where rice came from. Some scientists think that it started to grow in
two places.
'est

east

They think that one kind of rice grew in southern Asia thousands of years ago. Someone in
China wrote about it almost 5,000 years ago. Another kind probably grew in West. Africa.
Other scientists think that rice came from India, and Indian travelers took it to other parts of
the world.
land, dirt

There are two main ways to grow rice. Upland rice grows in dry soil. Most rice grows in
wet soil. People in many countries do all of the work of growing rice by hand. This is the same
way farmers worked hundreds of years ago. In some countries, people now use machines on
their rice farms. The farmers all use fertilizer. Some insects are enemies of rice. Farmers poison
them.
People use every part of the rice plant. They make animal feed and rice oil from it. They
also make baskets, brooms, rugs, sandals, and roofs for their houses. They burn dry rice plants
in fires for cooking.

broom

rug
sandals

Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
brooms grass probably West
rice rugs eastern soil
sandals even roofs insects
1. They also make baskets ____________________.__________________
and ____________________________________________for their houses.
2. Rice is a kind of
3. Lesson
People all2: ThetheWater
over world eat ______________________
Hyacinth
4. Farmers grow rice in many countries,______________________in the southern
part of the United States and in_______________ ______Australia.
5. Some____________________are enemies of rice.
6. Another kind _____________________grew m ____________________Africa.
7. Upland rice grows in dry_____________________
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
even probably nee eastern
rug sandals grass insects
roof soil West broom
1. In the summer, people like to wear______________________instead of shoes.
2. Chicken,_______________________________, and salad make a
good dinner.
3. Frank is two years old. He wants to play basketball, but he can't pick up the ball.
4. We can have our picnic on the_____________________under that tree.
5. Paul cleaned the garage floor with a_______________________
6. The rain comes through the ________________________of the old house.
7.___________________________________ Korea is in the part of Asia.
8.______________ Some live together in a group.

9.___________________________________ Lebanon is in Asia.

84
10. There are a lot of black clouds in the sky. It will______________________nun.
11. Plants must have sun, water, and good_______________________
12. Mr. and Mrs. Cook have a beautiful new_____________________for the

living room floor.

Vocabulary Review
Match each word in Column A with the word or phrase in Column B that means the opposite. Write
the letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column
B
1. bored a. easy
2. large b. cold
3. quickly c. slowly
4. enemy d. northern
5. difficult e. small
Lesson
6. hate _ 2: The Water f. friend
Hyacinth
 7. cheap _ g- intereste
d
8. collect h. pass out
9. heat i. expensiv
e
10. southern j
- love

Questions .L

WsÊsk irLanguage.com
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
*1. Why do some people eat almost nothing but rice?
*2. In what countries is rice an important food?
3. What kind of plant is rice?
4. How many kinds of rice are there?
5. Scientists have two ideas about where rice came from. What are they?
*6. What does upland mean?
*7. Why do rice farmers use fertilizer?
*8. Why do most farmers do the work of growing rice by hand?
9. How do farmers kill insects?
85

10. People eat rice. What are other ways people use the rice plant?

Lesson 2: The Water

Hyacinth
e Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
_______ 1. Rice is a kind of grass.
_______ 2. Rice grows on dry land and in wet soil.
_______ 3. Scientists know that rice came from India.
_______ 4. Rice grows in the United States.
_______ 5. There are more than 7,000 kinds of rice.
_______ 6. Maybe Chinese travelers took rice to India.
_______ 7. More people grow rice with machines than by hand.
_______ 8. Farmers use fertilizer to kill insects.
________ 9. Chinese farms need more fertilizer than Indian farms.
_______10. People use every part of the rice plant.

Circle the number of the main idea of the text.

1. Rice is a very important crop, but nobody knows where it came from.
2. People grow rice in many countries.
3. Today rice farmers use machines, fertilizer, and poisons.

8
6 Unit 3:
Plants
Oranges lesson

4
Before You Read
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (11) True, False, or Don't Know.

1. Oranges are poisonous.

2. Oranges grow on trees.

3. Oranges are difficult to grow.

True False Don't Know

D D D
D D D
□ D D

87
4 Oranges
Lesson 4:
Oranges
 Everybody loves oranges. They are sweet and juicy.

section
They are in sections, so it is easy to eat them. Some oranges do not have any seeds.
Some have a thick skin, and some have a thin skin.
The orange tree is beautiful. It has a lot of shiny green leaves. The small white
flowers smell very sweet.
An orange tree has flowers and fruit at the same time.
There were orange trees twenty million years ago.
The oranges were very small, not like the ones today.
The orange tree probably came from China. Many
different kinds of wild oranges grow there today. The not planted by people
Chinese started to raise orange trees around 4,400 years grow/about
ago. Chinese art has lovely old pictures of oranges and orange trees.
Farmers in other parts of Asia and the Middle East learned to raise oranges from
the Chinese. Then they taught Europeans. The Spanish planted orange trees in the
New World (North and South America). They took them to Florida first. Oranges
are a very important crop in Florida today.

In English, orange means both a fruit and a color. We use the name of the fruit
for the color.
88
around wild sections lovely
skin oranges raise smell
seeds shiny thin sweet
1. The Chinese started to__________________
orange trees
2. They are__________
3. Some have a thick
4,400 years ago.
= ^and juicy.
, and some have a
. skin.
4. Many different kinds of
5. They are in _
6. Chinese art has__________
______ oranges grow there today.
, so it is easy to eat them. old pictures of oranges and orange trees.
7. Some oranges do not have any .

Unit 3:
Plants
8. It has a lot of _____
mm
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
quickly
H Vocabulary lovely sweet wild
sections seeds
1.Put Japanese___________
the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
2. The Syrians made on stone buildings.
3. Plants grow from _
5. The polar bear and the hippo are
6. There are three__________________
7. The sun ____________________every day in the desert.
8. Dates and oranges are_____________________
9. Carlos is fat. Pablo is_____________________
, A camel has hair. animals.
4. A bird has feathers on its .
10. People started eating dates
green leaves.
shines leaves
thin skin
fish on farms in the sea.
__________pictures of date palms
raise
around
of the beginning class.
7,000 years ago.

89
Put the right word in each blank.
interpreter museums become better
diseases energy luck grass
west east broom roof
even insects sandals soil
of Norway and
1. Sweden is_______
of Finland.
2. Students always .
3. Many kinds of _
4. The Smiths have
_ very busy at the end of the semester. eat farmers' crops.
=. all around their house. There are
is very dry.
also flowers and trees.
5. Desert________________

Lesson 4:
Oranges
from drinking dirty water.
6. People can get some__________________
7. Tom looked everywhere for his dictionary. He____________
looked in his car.
to see beautiful pictures.
8. Roberto is an_____________________He works in Geneva.
9. Tourists usually go to art
10. Your feet feel cool when you wear_______________________
11. Lois is a_____________________student than Helen. Helen is not a
good student.
12. The__________________
is on the outside of the house. The ceiling is on
[dJ
the inside.
Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Describe an orange.
2. Do all oranges have seeds?
3. Describe an orange tree.
4. Where did orange trees probably come from?
*5. Who plants wild orange trees?
6. How did Europeans learn to raise oranges?

7. How did the United States get orange trees?

8. What does orange mean?

*9. Why did people in Saudi Arabia eat dates instead of oranges?
Comprehension: Multiple Choice
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. The asterisk (*) means you have to think of
the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Oranges are c. sweet and juicy
d. thin and white
a. shiny and green
b. old and wild
2. Some oranges do not have a. seeds c. flowers

b. sections d. a skin
3. Orange leaves are c. sweet
d. wild
a. shiny
b. thick
4. There are many _ .. orange trees in China today.
a. shiny c. wild
b. thin d. thick

Unit 3:
Plants
 5. Europeans learned to plant orange trees from farmers in a.
the Middle East and Asia c. China
b. Florida d. Spain
H Oranges
*6. Vocabulary
do not grow in a. India c. Mexico

b. Sweden
Put the right word in each blank. The sentencesd.areNorth Africa
from the text.

f Main Idea
-- ■ . in. ———i

Circle the number of the main idea of the text.

1. Oranges are sweet and juicy with seeds and a skin.
2. Orange trees went from Asia to the Middle East to Europe to the New World.
3. Oranges probably came from China, and today people all over the world like
them because they are sweet and juicy.

91
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lesson The Coffee Plant

Before You Read

Lesson 4:
Oranges
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (v') True, False, or Don't Know.

1. A coffee plant has leaves.

2. Coffee plants grow in hot places.

3. Coffee plants are difficult to grow.

True False Don't Know

□ □ □
□ □ □
□ □ □

92
How many cups of coffee did you drink yesterday?
Where did the coffee come from? There is a good chance possibility that your coffee
came from one of these countries:
Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, or Ethiopia.
These five countries produce most of the coffee in the world today. Brazil produces
about half of the world's so% crop of coffee beans.
The coffee plant is really a small tree with shiny leaves. A coffee plant grows for
about three years before it produces any fruit. After that, it produces fruit for about
40 years. The coffee bean is the seed of the fruit.
It's difficult to pick coffee beans. Machines can't do it well, so people pick most
of the coffee beans by hand.
Workers typically pick between 20 and 40 pounds of usually
coffee beans a day.
The old way to grow coffee plants is under large trees. The trees protect the
coffee plant from the sun.
The trees are also home to many kinds of birds. On many modem farms, however,
farmers cut down the new
trees. They grow the coffee plants under the sun. Large farms can produce more
coffee this way. Unfortunately, the coffee plants on these farms need more water
and more fertilizer. And without the trees, the birds don't have a place to live.
by hand half produce typically modem
chance pick protect unfortunately countries
1.___________________________ On many farms, however, farmers cut down the
trees.
2. Brazil alone produces about_____________________of the world's crop of
coffee beans.

Unit 3:
Plants
3. It's difficult to_______ ___________coffee beans.
4. People pick most of the coffee beans______________________
5._______________________________ The trees the coffee plant from the sun.
H Vocabulary
6. There is a good _____________that your coffee comes from one of these five
__________________: Brazil,
Put the right word in each Colombia,
blank. Indonesia,
The sentences Ivory
are from the Coast,
text. or Ethiopia.
7. Workers____________pick between 20 and 40 pounds of coffee beans a day.
8. ----------------- .. , the coffee plants on these farms need more water and
more fertilizer.
9. These five countries_________________most of the coffee in the world today.
m
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
by hand half protect produces modern
chance pick unfortunately typically country
1. What____________________is south of Canada?
2. Feathers ------------------------a bird from the cold.
3. _____. cars have air bags to protect people.
4. Many people make their clothes______________________
5. How do people_________________dates from a date palm?
6. When you cut something in__________________, you have two equal pieces.
7. The date palm_____________________dates.
8._____________________________ Polar bears live in cold places.
9._________________________________ There is no that she will come with us.
10. I want to go to the party, but_______________I need to work.

Underline the word that does not belong with the other three.
1. oranges, dates, rice, water hyacinth
2. south, east, west, northern
3. leaves, flowers, fruit, insects
4. broom, machine, roof, sandals
5. ocean, lake, desert, aquarium
6. raise, grow, produce, kill
7. expensive, excited, bored, tired
8. hate, save, kill, hurt
@ Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Which country produces the most coffee?
2. When does a coffee plant start producing coffee beans?
3. For how many years does the coffee plant produce fruit?

Lesson 4:
Oranges
4. Why do people pick coffee beans by hand?
*5. Why can't machines pick the beans well?
6. Why do some farms raise coffee plants under the sun?
*7. Is it cheaper to grow coffee plants under trees or in the sun?

Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
_______ 1. The coffee plant is a small tree.
_______ 2. There is only one way to grow coffee plants.
_______3. Most coffee farms are in southern countries.
_______4. A coffee plant typically produces fruit for more than 40 years.
_______5. It's difficult to pick coffee by hand.
_______6. You need less fertilizer and water to grow coffee under trees.
_______ 7. Farms can grow more coffee when they cut down the trees.
_______8. It's better to grow coffee plants on large farms.
95

Unit 3:
Plants
fj Main Idea
Match the details with the main ideas. Write the letter of each detail under the correct main
idea.
Main Ideas

1. Old way of growing coffee 2. Modem way of growing

coffee

Details
a. plants grow under trees
b. plants grow in the sun
c. uses more fertilizer
d. uses less fertilizer
e. produces less coffee
f. produces more coffee
g. cuts down the large trees
h. uses large trees
i. uses less water j. uses more water
k. doesn't provide a home for birds
1. provides a home for birds
Verbs: Past Tense

Add -ed to most verbs to make the past tense. If the verb ends in
e, just add -d.
smell-smelled raise-raised
earn-earned hate-hated
Use the y rules. (See page 26.)
study-studied play-played
Use the 1-1-1 (one-one-one) rule. (See page 27.)
plan-planned shop-shopped
97
Some verbs are irregular. You must memorize the past tense for these verbs.
Simpl Past Simple Past Simple Past
e
 Verb Tense Verb Tense Verb Tense
come came eat ate grow grew
make made become became think thought
teach taught take took be was,
were
Put the past tense of the verb in each sentence.
(eat) 1. We - . lunch at 1:00 yesterday.
(plan) 2. This morning Jeff . his whole day.
(take) 3. Ms. Sanchez her daughter to
the doctor yesterday.
(be) 4. Paul nearly late for class this
morning.
(carry) 5. Robert - his baggage into the airport.
(think) 6. We about the problem for a
long time last week.
(come) 7. Alice , to our party last Saturday.
(teach) 8. Mr. Hall in Japan for six years.
Now he teaches in New York.

WordStudy
(become) 9. Paula studied at the university for eight years. Last year she a doctor.
(shop) 1 Jim for three hours last night.
0.
(make 1 Donna a chocolate cake yesterday.
) 1.
(dance 1 The students for a long time at
) 2.
the party last Friday night.

Comparisons
We add -er to short adjectives (words with one syllable) to • compare two things. We also use
than. We use more than with most longer words (words with three or more syllables).
Examples: Sally is more beautiful than Ann.
Rice is more important than potatoes in China.
Irregular Forms: good-better bad -worse far-farther
Examples: A car is better than a bicycle.
A bicycle is worse than a car.

98
An airplane can go farther than a car.
Write the correct form of the adjective with the word than.
Example: (interesting) New York is more interesting, than

Chicago.
(expensive 1. A car is a motorcycle.
)
(sweet) 2. Sugar is oranges.
(good) 3. Oranges are grapefruit.
(thin) 4. Bill is Paul.
(difficult) 5. French is Spanish.
(small) 6. A date is an orange.
(intelligent 7. Ruth is Lee.
)
(wonderfu 8. A trip to the moon is a trip
l)
to the supermarket.
(far) 9. If you are in New York, Dallas is
Chicago.
Plural Nouns
üî*-
Most of the rules for adding s to nouns are the same as the rules for adding s to verbs.
baby-babies bus-buses
highway-highways lunch-lunches

Unit 3:
Plants
If a noun ends in f, change the f to v and add -es. If a noun ends in fe, change the f to v and add
-s.
Irregular Plurals: leaf-leaves life-lives
Write the plural of each noun.
9 crop
.
1 seed
0
.
1 family
1
.
1 aquarium
2
.
1 enemy
3
.
1 club
4
.
1 eyelash
5
.
1 library
6
.
1. lunch __________________
2. roof ____________________
3. knife ___________________
4. key ____________________
5. leaf ____________________
6. sandal __________________
7. day ____________________

8. star_____________________
-y Adjectives
Add -y to some nouns or verbs to make an adjective.

cloud-cloudy sun-sunny

Use the 1-1-1 rule. (See page 27.)

sun-sunny But: snow-snowy

If the noun or verb ends in e, drop the e and add -y.

shine-shiny ice-icy

Unit 3:
Plants
(See the exercise on the following page.)
Add -y to each word. Be careful of the spelling. Then choose the right word for each sentence.
salt
ice
sun
shine
snow
cloud
juice
wind
1. Yesterday was a beautiful day. It was_____________________
. Bananas are not.
The sky is _______________ today. The weather is bad.
2. Oranges are____ _______
3. Gold is_____________________
days.
4. In winter, there are often — Sometimes the streets become
5. In spring, there are__________
blows a lot.
6. This food is too_______________
Writing
days. The wind
I can't eat it.

e
Use real information to write your answers.
1. Which plant in Unit 3 is the most useful, in your opinion? Why?
2. Which plants in Unit 3 can you find in your country?
3. Which plant in Unit 3 is the most beautiful, in your opinion? Why?

Word
Study
Before You Watch
1. Circle Cameroon on this map.

2. Discuss these questions with your classmates:

a. Why are plants important to humans and animals?
b. Why do people cut down forests?
3. Read this helpful information before you watch the video.
Bakas-a group of people who live in the rain forests of
Cameroon. There are about 40,000 Bakas in Cameroon. Another name for
the Bakas is “Pygmies."
Bantus-a large group of people who live in central Africa and speak the
same language. There are about 15,000,000 Bantus in Cameroon.
Video Highl ghts
ethnic group-a group of people who share the same culture and language.
A country may have many different ethnic groups.

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As You Watch

Finish this sentence with at least two more reasons.

The forest is important to the Bakas because ...
1. the people love the land._____________________________________
2

3. ______________
After You Watch
1. Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI
if there is no information about the sentence in the video.
a .______The Bakas do not know how to live in the forest.
b.____________ The Bakas make poison from plants to kill their
enemies.
c_________ . The Bakas use plants from the forest for food and
medicine.
d___________ . Most of the people in Cameroon are Bantus.
2. Discussion Questions
a. Who are the enemies of the Bakas? Why?
b. What happens to the Bakas when they leave the forest? What are the
good things? What are the bad things?
3. Unscramble the Words
What do people use to make these products? =

Unscramble the words on the left to find out.

Example: EDTA SAMPL Baskets are made from
these kinds of trees.
DATE PALMS
1. ODWO People use this to build houses and boats.
2. CREI Brooms, rugs, sandals, and roofs can all be made
from parts of this plant.
3. AWTRE CNIYHTAH People use this to make fertilizer and
feed for animals.
b Look Around the Room
Play this game with a partner.
Partner A: Look around the room. Make a list of all the things that come
from plants. Give the list to your partner.
Partner B: Go and touch each thing on the list, one by one. Tell your
partner what plant it comes from. Write the name of the plant on the
list.
Example: table tree
Read your list aloud to your classmates. Which pair of partners
found the most things?

www. irLanguage.com

Finding the Correct Spelling

1 Make a sentence using the past tense of each verb. Be sure to follow the
Activity
spelling rules, and watch out for irregular verbs.
Example: Page carry The woman carried the food
out of the forest
in a large basket.
dance _________________________________________________________________________
see ____________________________________________________________________________
make__________________________________________________________________________
swim _________________________________________________________________________
raise __________________________________________________________________________
become ________________________________________________________________________
feed___________________________________________________________________________
catch__________________________________________________________________________
Look up each verb in your dictionary. Make sure that you spelled the past
tense of each one correctiy.
2. Add -y to the nouns and verbs below to make adjectives. When you
are finished, use your dictionary to check your work.
Example: star starry
smell_________________________________________ grass_________________________
sait__________________________________________ sieep____________________
Now try using two of these new adjectives in some sentences of your
own.
Example: It was a beautiful starry ni@ht.

Unit 3:
Plants
Activity
Page
For each sentence, choose the word, phrase, or symbol that means the same as the
word in bold type. Do not use your dictionary. The bold words are new in this
unit.
1. Sarah is in the hospital. I plan to visit her at the hospital this
afternoon.
a. take c. hate
b. go to see d. drive to her house
2. Can you express your feelings with your hands?
a. hear c. show
b. believe d. kill
3. Eating good food affects your health. It can make you feel better.
a. changes c. kills
b. equals d. yawns
4. Cola drinks are popular all over the world.
a. liked by many people c. hated by many people
b. natural d. possible
5. People started to make things with machines during the century from
1800 to 1900.
a. ten years c. a hundred years
b. fifty years d. a thousand years
6. When you add two and two, you get four.
a. + b. - c. X d. -
7. Some bands are small, with just three or four musicians.
a. towns c. groups of musicians
b. countries d. groups of museums

8. Mr. Baker has his own company. The company sells fruit and
vegetables to supermarkets.
a. business b. motorcycle c. car d. job
9. It's dangerous to talk on the telephone while you drive your car.
a. after c. when
b. before d. but
10. Bill and Paul planned to go to Europe together. Then Bill got sick, so
Paul went alone.
a. in a group C. quickly
b. by himself d. by ship
Context Clues

Unit 3:
Plants
Music and Behavior

lesson

1
Before You Read
True False Don't Know

□ □ □

□ □ □

□ □ □

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (ti) True, False, or Don't
Know.

1. You often hear music in restaurants. □

2. Music helps you relax.

Activity
3. Music helps
Pageyou think better.
1 Music and Behavior BP
Where did you go yesterday? Did you hear music at any of those places? There is a
good chance that you did. Today most stores and restaurants play music. You might
even hear music in an office or on a farm.
changes act, do things
Scientists believe that music affects the way people behave. According to some
scientists, the sound of western classical music (Mozart and Bach) makes people feel
richer. When a restaurant plays classical music, people spend more money on food
and drinks. When the restaurant plays modem music, people spend less money. With
no background music, people spend even less.
having a strong sound
Scientists also believe that loud, fast music makes people eat faster. People actually
chew their food faster when the music gets faster. Some restaurants play fast music
during their busy hours. This gets people to eat faster and leave quickly. Restaurants
can make more money this way.
Some scientists think that music makes you think and learn better. They say that
music helps students to be more alert. It is true that people learn better when they are
relaxed. And listening to music can help you relax.
The next time you hear music somewhere, be careful. It might change the way you
behave.
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
affects careful loud office
background farm alert chew
behave classical music scientists
1. Studies also show that_______________, fast music makes people eat faster.
2. You might even hear music in an______________________or on a farm.
3. The next time you hear music somewhere, be----------------------------------
4. According to some scientists, the sound of western_______________________
music (Mozart and Bach) makes people feel richer.
5.__________________________________ Did you hear at any of these places?
6._____________________________ With no music, people spend even less.
7.__________________________ People actually their food faster when the
music gets faster.
8. Scientists believe that music_____ _________ the way people--------------------------
b Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
affect believe loud office
background chew careful better
sound classical music behave
1. You should your food well. You don't want to get
a stomachache.
109
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
 2. Her is very small. There is only a desk and a chair in it.
3. The children can't go to the movies this week because they didn't
well at school.
4. We couldn't study because there was a loud noise in the ,
5. What is your favorite kind of ?
6. You should be when you drive your car.
7. . music can hurt your ears.
8. Laughter can your feelings. Usually it makes you feei better.
Underline the word that does not belong with the other two.
1. camel, dolphin, rice
2. hate, raise, produce
3. wonderful, boring, lovely
4. eastern, western, even
5. seeds, soil, skin
6. date, orange, exercise
7. government, art museum, aquarium
8. farm, roof, office

The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. What kind of music makes people feel richer?
*2. Why do some restaurants play classical music?
3. Why do some restaurants play fast music?
4. How can you get people to chew their food faster?
*5. Why is there background music in some offices?
6. How might music help you to learn better?
e Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence if false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
._______1. Mozart and Bach wrote classical music.
_______2. Music can affect how quickly someone eats.
_______3. It's possible that music can help you learn better.
_______4. Some restaurants use music to make more money.
_______5. People in restaurants spend more money when they hear loud,
fast music.
_______6. Office workers are more productive when they listen to music.

111
^ Main Idea
1. Music affects the way people behave. 110
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
2. Loud, fast music makes people eat faster.
3. Music might make you think and learn better.
lesson

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (ti) True, False, or Don't Know.
□
False Don't Know
D
□ D
□ D
True
1. Jazz is a type of music. D
2. Jazz is different from classical D
music.
3. Some jazz musicians play D
the guitar.
People from Europe and America brought Africans to America as slaves before
and during the nineteenth century. These Africans brought their music with them.
After the American Civil War (1861-1865), the African American people in the United
States were not slaves. Their African American music became famous. It started in the
South, in Louisiana and Mississippi. Then it traveled to the North. This music became
the blues and then jazz.

liked by many people say or tell / A^lguitai music writers; put in, +
100 years
Blues and jazz became very popular in the twentieth century. A person who "sings
111
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
the blues" feels sad. Usually he or she lost something—a person, or maybe money or a
job. Blues songs express sad feelings, sometimes in a funny way. People played the
blues first with only one or two instruments, for example, a guitar, a harmonica, or
sometimes a piano. Sometimes they sang without any instruments. Some famous
blues musicians and singers are Bessie Smith, John Lee Hooker, and B. B. King. B. B.
King named his guitar "Lucille."

harmonica
Jazz came soon after blues. Composers added more musical instruments. Jazz can
be happier than the blues and is often faster. Some famous jazz musicians are Duke
Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, and Wynton Marsalis.

piano
Musicians who play blues and jazz change the music to express their feelings.
They play the music differently each time. People all over the world still like to listen
to blues and jazz.
1 l4
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
century popular added feelings
listen express guitar composers
usually instruments slaves harmonica
blues jazz listen piano
1. This music became____________________and then_______________________
2. People from Europe and America brought Africans to America as
__________________before and during the nineteenth____________________
3. Blues and jazz became very____________________in the 20th century.
4. People played blues first with only one or two________________, for example,
a___________________, a_____________, or sometimes a________________
5. Blues songs____________________sad feelings, sometimes in a funny way.
6______________________ ._____________________________________________
_______________________more musical instruments.
b Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
century popular add piano
listen composed express guitar
usually instrument slaves harmonica
feelings blues jazz composer
1. There are one hundred years in a_____________________
2. You play the___________________and the______________________with your 112
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
hands but not your mouth.
3.________________________________________________________ You play the
____________________________________________with your mouth and hands.
4. Can you these numbers? 456 + 142 + 862 = ?
5.________________________________________________________ Some people
______________________________________their feelings by crying or laughing.
6._____________________________ Mozart classical music.
7. John Lee Hooker sings the________ ______________, and Wynton Marsalis
plays_______________________
8. The piano is a musical_____________________
9. The dolphin is a_____________________ animal at an aquarium.
10.-------------------------worked on American farms in the nineteenth century.
_ n__________________________________________________________________________________
Match each word in Column A with the word or phrase in Column B that means the same.
Write the letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1. ago a. act
2. however b. the top of a house
3. listen c. new
4. affect d. not quiet
5. modern e. before now
6. lovely f. hear
7. thin g. beautiful
8. rice h. a kind of shoe
9. behave i. change
1 roof j
. not fat
0.
1 sandal k. an important food for many people
1.
1 loud 1. but
2.

d Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Why did European and American people bring Africans to America before and
during the nineteenth century?
2. Where did blues and jazz start?
3. When did blues and jazz become very popular?
4. How does a person who "sings the blues" feel?
*5. When do you feel like singing the blues?
113
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
6. With what instruments did people first play the blues?
7. What is the name of B. B. King's guitar?
*8. Why do you think B. B. King gave his guitar a name?
*9. What is the difference between jazz and blues?
*10. Why are blues and jazz popular all over the world?
e Comprehension: True/False
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. The asterisk (*) means you have
to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
_______1. Blues and jazz come from African music.
2. The American Civil War ended in 1865.
---------- 3. Jazz and blues started in the southern part of Europe.
4. A person who "sings the blues" feels happy because he found something.
_______*5. If someone gives you a million dollars, you will sing the blues.
_______ 6. People can sing the blues with no instruments.
_______ 7. John Lee Hooker is a famous blues musician.
_______ 8. Jazz is sometimes happier music than the blues.

_______ 9. Musicians play jazz and blues the same way each time.
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The nineteenth century was an important time for American music.
2. Jazz is happier music than blues.
3. Jazz and blues are two important types of African American music.

114
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
11
Rock and Roll

lesson

3
Before You Read
False Don't Know
□

D D
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (✓) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False

Rock and roll is popular today. D D

Rock and roll musicians don't D D
play instruments.

Rock and roll music is loud. D D

Rock and roll came from jazz and the blues during the 1950s. One of the first rock
and roll songs was Bill Haley's "Rock Around the Clock." One of the first very famous
rock and roll singers was Elvis Presley. Others were Buddy Holly and Chuck Berry.
Now almost every country has many rock and roll bands and singers. Sometimes
performers call their music by different names, like "rap" or "punk." They sing and
115
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
play mixtures of rock and roll and talking or other sounds. Rap and punk both came
from rock and roll, or rock music.
Some fans who like rock music think that classical music is boring. Many fans play
rock music very loudly. They forget about the people who enjoy soft music. Loud
music can make these people nervous. Many fans also like to dance to rock and roll.
When rock and roll was new, people had only records to play the music at home.
After that, people used cassette tapes and records. Now we listen to music on compact
discs (often called CDs). Most modem bands and singers pay companies to make
videos of their songs. With videos, fans can see the performers at the same time that
they listen to the music. Making a recording and the video that goes with it is very
expensive.
ot,,j
^www. irLanguage.com
two or more things put together (noun form of mix)
not loud

record compact disc

[al Vocabulary
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
1. Most modem bands and singers pay________________
their songs.
2. Some____ _ who like rock music think that classical music is boring.
3. They forget about the people who enjoy —____________________music.
4. Loud music can make these people______________________
fans
companies compact discs
to make videos of
records
performers
raise
soft
composers
baskets
nervous
mixtures
116
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
bands
5. Now almost every country has many rock and roll and singers.
to play
6. When rock and roll was new, people had only_______
the music at home.
7. Now we listen to music on--------------------------------
8. Sometimes____________________call their music by different names, like
of rock and roll and talking or
"rap" or "punk."
9. They sing and play___________________
other sounds.
[b] Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text. soft
company nervous boring
mixture records cassettes compact discs
raise fan band performer
1. Hot chocolate is a____________________of chocolate, sugar, and milk.
2._____________________________________ Ahmed works for a large in
Riyadh.
3. Elvis Presley was a wonderful_____________________
4.______________________________________ Students are usually before a big
test.
5. Loud music is not good for our ears, but _______ ___ .music is okay.
6. Are you a __________ ___ of rock and roll or classical music?
7. A large____________________played at Laura's wedding.
8____________ .______ are more expensive than tapes.
9. People listened to music from ______________ ___only at home, not in
their cars.
C| Vocabulary Review
Match each word in Column A with the word or phrase in Column B that means the opposite.
Write the letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1. calm a. east
2. thin b. soft
3. loud _ c. nobody
4. different d. tick
5. before e. save
6. store . f. throw
away
117
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
 7. west g. after
8. all over h. nowhere
9. spend . i. same
10. warm . -
j
cool
11. somebody k. nervous

Idi Questions
S K ------------------—
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. What are rap and punk?
*2. Who was Bill Haley?
3. Where did rock and roll come from?
*4. Why do some rock and roll fans think that classical music is boring?
5. In the 1950s, what did people use to play rock and roll music at home?
6. Why do some fans like videos better than cassette tapes or compact discs?
7. Is it cheap to make a video?
8. Some people don't like loud music. Why?
9. Who were Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, and Chuck Berry?
*10. Why does almost every country have many rock bands and singers?

118
Lesson l : Music and Behavior Jr1
Comprehension: Multiple Choice

Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.

1. Many rock and roll fans like to_________the music.
a. dance to b. collect c. listen to d. listen and dance to
2. Bill Haley's “Rock Around the Clock" was one of the first__________songs.
a. blues b. rap c. rock and roll d. punk
3. Rap is a ______ of rock and roll and talking.
a. mixture b. record c. performer d. company
4. Many fans like their rock music__________
a. soft b. nervous c. loud d. boring
5. Rock and roll came_______classical music.
a. before b. after c. during d. at the same time as
6. The first rock and roll fans listened to “Rock Around the Clock" on a________
a. video b. cassette tape c. compact disc d. record
7. Elvis Presley was a famous ----------
a. farmer b. performer c. band d. company
8. Rock and roll began about________years ago.

a. 10 b. 100 c. 50 d. 25
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Rock and roll is a popular type of modem music.
2. Most rock and roll music is loud.
3. Many rock performers make videos of their songs.

Country-Western Music lesson

4
122 fJ Unit 4: Music
Before You Read
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (V') True, False, or Don't Know.
False Don't Know
True

□
□
□
□
□
□ □
□ □
1. Country-western music is good dance music.
2. You need a guitar to play country-western music.
3. Country-western music is loud.
123
O'j
www. irLanguage.com

4 Country-Western Music
Country-western music is very old. It came from the United States, Canada,
Ireland, and Great Britain. Country-western music is a mixture of music from all of
these places.
cattle

123 fJ Unit 4: Music

make quiet
jf
1
violin
In the American West, cowboys had to take care of the cattle. They had to watch
them all day and all night because the cattle were nervous and sometimes ran away.
A cowboy's life was lonely and dangerous. When he was alone with the cattle, he
drank strong coffee to stay awake at night. He also sang music to the cattle to calm
them. He sang about the stars and the moon, about his family and his friends. The
cattle listened to the cowboy and went to sleep. They did not run away if he sang
beautiful, peaceful music.
The cowboys also sang music when they traveled to town to relax and have a
good time. Sometimes they played either guitars or harmonicas. Later they used
violins and other instruments.
bottle can
In the American South, many people came from Ireland, Scotland, and England.
Other people came from French Canada. They enjoyed their own kind of music. They
used guitars, violins, and harmonicas, too. They also added instruments from their
homes, like bottles, cans, and spoons. When they visited their friends and families on
holidays like Thanksgiving, they usually sang and played country music.
Country-western music describes life. It talks about love, jobs, home, and money.
People in many parts of the world like country-western music because everyone
knows something about these ideas. Also, many fans of this music wear western
clothes and dance together to country-western music. Many bands all over the world
now perform country-western music.
12 4

dangerous bottles cattle calm

either peaceful listened cans
alone visited violins country
1. When he was______________________with the cattle, he drank strong coffee
to stay awake at night.
2. When they___________________their friends and families on holidays like
Thanksgiving, they usually sang and played country music.
3. They also added instruments from their homes, like______________________
______________________, and spoons.
4. Cowboys had to take care of the______________________
5. A cowboy's life was lonely and______________________
6. Sometimes they played_____________________guitars or harmonicas.

124 fJ Unit 4: Music

7. He also sang music to the cattle to____________________them.
8. They did not run away if he sang beautiful,______________________music.

b
9. Later they used____________________and other instruments.
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
dangerous bottles cattle stars
either peaceful cans calms
alone visit country violin
1. It is____________________to drive a car on icy roads.
2. You can buy vegetables and soup in--------------------------------
3. You can buy orange juice in cans and_____________________
4.______________________________ Those children their grandparents every
week.
5. When a war ends, the countries are_______________________
6_____________________ . are mammals.
7. Some people do not like to be_____________________
8.__________________________________ Mario wants to study______________the
guitar or the____________________________________________
9. Sometimes classical music______________________animals and people.
125
Underline the word that does not belong with the other three. irLanguage.com
1. blues, jazz, mammals, rock and roll
2. calm, beside, relaxed, not nervous
3. around, eastern, southern, western
4. violin, guitar, cassette, harmonica
5. cattle, fans, composers, performers
6. grass, jazz, rice, palm
7. lovely, sweet, afraid, wonderful
8. listen, relax, express, slave
Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Where did country-western music come from?
*2. Why was a cowboy's life dangerous?
3. When did the cowboys sing?

125 fJ Unit 4: Music

4. What instruments do people use to play country-western music?
*5. Where did many people in the American South come from?
6. When people in the American South visited their families on holidays, what did
they do to have a good time?
7. What does country-western music talk about?
8. Why do people all over the world like country-western music?

^www.irLanguage.com
e Comprehension: True/False/No Information^
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
_______ 1. Many fans like to dance to country-western music.
_______2. Country-western music is new.
_______3. Country-western music came from the American West and the
American South.
_______ 4. The cattle became calm when they listened to the cowboys' songs.
_______ 5. Cowboys sometimes had to stay awake all night.
_______ 6. Cowboys always stayed alone with the cattle.
_______ 7. Many people in the American South came from Malaysia, China,
and eastern Australia.
_______ 8. Country singers sing about unusual ideas.
_______ 9. Some fans enjoy country-western music instead of rock and roll.

Main Idea Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Guitars and violins are popular instruments for country-western music.
2. Cowboys sang country-western music because it helped them relax.
3. Country-western music describes life.

127

126 fJ Unit 4: Music

Latin Music and Salsa

5
lesson

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (ti) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

1. Latin music is loud. D D □

2. Latin music is good dance music. D D D
3. Latin music is from Africa. D D □
Latin music is very common in countries where people speak Spanish or Portuguese.
However, people all over the world can enjoy it. This music comes from Mexico, the
Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Salsa is one kind of Latin music. Big cities
like Miami, New York, San Juan, Havana, and Panama City have their own kinds of salsa.

cards
Latin music is a mixture of European music and African music. It has a strong beat.
Many years ago, people played Latin music mostly on guitars with drums, but now whole
orchestras with lots of other instruments play it. Composers of Latin music express their
feelings in their music. Sometimes they are very happy, and sometimes they are sad. Ruben
Blades and Juan Luis Guerra are two famous modern Latin American composers. They
perform their own music with their own orchestras. irLanguagecom

128
n
when, at the same time

Unit 4: Music
 People play salsa and other Latin music at home or when they visit their friends.
Sometimes salsa fans play cards in the afternoon or at night on weekends or holidays while
they listen to Latin music. Some people bring guitars and play them while they sing. The
other people relax and enjoy the music, but they don't stop playing cards. They roast or
bake food in the oven or fry it on top of the stove in oil. When the food is ready, they stop
playing cards. They listen to the music while they eat. The food tastes good.
People who dance enjoy Latin music because it is easy to dance to. The beat is very
strong. Dancers can move their whole bodies. They can dance alone or with someone. Other
people enjoy listening to Latin music. Usually the words are in Spanish or Portuguese, but
sometimes they are in English or another language. Many Latin songs have beautiful
words, but if a person does not understand them, it is not important. A person can still
enjoy the music. The sound is international.
129

Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. oven beat common
fry
international cards while bake
orchestras enjoy roast tastes
1. Sometimes salsa fans play______________________in the afternoon or at night
on weekends or holidays_________________ . they listen to Latin music.
2. Latin music is very _ . ._____________ in countries where people speak
Spanish or Portuguese.
3. They .. _ __ ___ or____________________food in the
_____________________or_________________it on top of the stove in oil.
4. The food_____________________good.
5. It has a strong-------------------------------
6. The sound is______________________
7. Many years ago, people played Latin music mostly on guitars with drums,
but now whole ________________________with lots of other instruments play it.
8._________________________________________________________ However, people all
over the world can __________________________________________it.
mm
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.

129
n
beat common cards oven
baked enjoy while tastes

Unit 4: Music
roast international fry orchestra
1._______________________________________________ Rita usually listens to music she
studies.
2. Carmen ---------------------------- a chocolate cake yesterday.
3.___________________ Many people__ playing soccer.
4. Do you know how to play______________________?
5. Sometimes we____________________ meat in oil on top of
the stove. We
bake or_______________________________________________________ food in the
6. There is a dance tomorrow night for the_____________________students.
7. Rock and roll fans enjoy the of the
music.
8. Classical music is
9. Chocolate cake _ _ all over the world. better than grass.
irLanguage.com
Review
fcJ Vocabulary
fan
dangerous
around
describe
instument
sections
. It's not interesting.
salsa?
Put the right word in each blank.
express boring
protect relax
museum even
1. This television program is
2. Can you____________ _
3. What is your favorite musical
4.______________________________ Music is a way to . _
5. Some people love jazz. They
6. Most people like to______ _
7. There are___________________
8. What do you do to
9. Are you a_____
10. The book has four
feelings.
______________listen to it during breakfast.
after work or class.
200 students in the English program. your CDs?
of rock and roll?
_____Each one is about a different subject.
11. There are some beautiful new photographs in the art
12. Bears are____________________, but dolphins are not.
U Questions
6a Comprehension: True/False
130
n
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. The asterisk (*) means you have to

Unit 4: Music
 think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
_______ 1. Caribbean countries have salsa.
_ _ 2. Both African music and European music are part of Latin music.
_______ 3. Ruben Blades usually performs with Juan Luis Guerra's orchestra.
_______ 4. Latin music does not express feelings.
_______ 5. Latin food tastes good.
_______ 6. It is difficult to dance to Latin music.
.. ______ 7. If you don't understand Spanish, you can't enjoy Latin music.
____8. Salsa fans sometimes listen to Latin music while they play cards.
_______*9. If you want to dance to music, it's important to listen to the beat.
_______10. Many Latin songs have beautiful words.

Write the letters of the supporting details after the topics. Some supporting details are about more
than one topic.
Topics
1. Country Music__________________ 4. Blues__________________
2. Rock and Roll___________________ 5.___________________________Latin Music
3. Classical Music__________________
Supporting Details
a. It is common in countries where people speak Spanish.
b. It began during the 1950s.
c. Musicians play it differently each time.
d. Videos of its performers are very popular.
e. B. B. King plays it on "Lucille."
f. Bach and Mozart composed some of it.
g. People like to dance to it.
h. Cowboys sang this to their cattle.
i. People in the American South who came from Ireland, Scotland, and England sang this.
j. It came from the African slaves' music.

Forming Questions: Past Tense

The verb be: Put was or were before the subject.
Example: subject

Tom washome last night.

Was Tom home last night?
Other verbs: Put did at the beginning of the sentence. Use the simple verb.
Example: subject verb

The farmers planted corn last spring.

Did the farmers plant corn last spring?
Change these sentences to past tense questions.

131
n
1. The dancers listened to the music.
2. The orchestra ate dinner after the performance.

Unit 4: Music
3. The meat was in the oven for two hours.
4. The cowboys raised cattle in the country.
5. The cook fried some thin pieces of meat.
6. The band sold compact discs to fans at the nightclub.
7. The blues singers were asleep on the bus.
8. Our neighbor went to San Francisco to hear Wynton Marsalis.
Irregular Verbs
Memorize these irregular verbs. Put the right verb form in each blank.
Simple Verb Past Tense Simple Verb Past Tense
do did g° went
get got give gave
see saw sell sold
(do) 1. Carlos his homework early
yesterday.
(get) 2. Did you a good grade on your
test?
(see) 3. Helen her friends at the
Student Union this morning at breakfast time.
g
( o)
4. They to the football game last
Saturday.
(give) 5. We our mother a birthday
present every year.
(sell) 6. Did the Browns their house?
(be) 7. Paul and Robert at home last
night.
(grow 8. Coffee in Brazil.
)
(think 9. I of the answer after the
)
teacher asked someone else.
(take) 10 Will you the test next month?
.
(eat) 11 We pizza for lunch yesterday.
.
(come 12 All the students to the class
) .
party last night.
-ly Adverbs
An adverb describes a verb. Many adverbs end in -ly. We can add -ly to many adjectives to
make adverbs.
Example: slow - slowly
Spelling: If the word ends in y, change the y to i.

easy - easily happy - happily

If the word ends in -ble, drop the le.

132
n
possible - possibly
Unit 4: Music
Add -ly to each adjective. Then use the correct adverb in each blank. Underline the verb.
easy different cheap busy
happy loud possible warm
1. You must dress_____________________in winter, or you will
catch a cold.
2.___________________________________________________ You can do the homework in
a half hour.
There are only three short exercises.
3. People from Spain and Mexico speak Spanish, but they speak a
little _______________________
4.____________________________________________________ Could I borrow your car? I
need one this
afternoon.
5. My son plays his CDs very_____________________
6. You can live___________________if you live in a dormitory,
cook your own food, and ride a bicycle.
d Word Forms: Noun and Verb the Same
Many words have the same form for both the noun and the verb. Read these words. Then choose the
right word for each sentence. Use the
correct verb form or the singular plural
or noun
Verb Noun Verb Noun
feed feed taste taste
use use cook cook
poison poison work work
plant plant drink drink
1._____________________________________________ Ruth has lovely growing in front of
her
house. She _________________- them last spring.
2. Robert is a good ____________________He likes to bake cakes,
and he also_______________________international dishes.
3. What are you eating? Can I have a _____________________?
I never_______________________that kind of food before.
135
4. Do you_____________coffee? Would you like a cold____________?

133
n Unit 4: Music
5. I have a lot of_________________to do. I________________all day
yesterday, but the ________________ isn't finished.
6. Farmers buy one kind of _______ _________for chickens.
They_________________________ their horses something different.
Collocations
Collocations are words that we often put together. We often use certain verbs and nouns together.
For example, we often use the verb spend with the noun time or the noun money.
Examples: Ispend a lot of time at school every day.
He spends a lot of money on food.
Which verbs and nouns do we often use together? Write the correct nouns from the list on the lines beside
each verb.
Verbs Nouns
spend time ___________ cards
money______________________ a job
play _______________________ money
____________________________ music
lose ____________________ time
save
Answer the questions. Check (.!) Yes or No.
Yes No

1. Do you like to play cards? D D

2. Did you lose any money last week? D D
3. Did you spend some time reacling □ D
yesterday?

4. Did you save much money last year? D D

1 3 6
-il Unit 4: Music
Writing

Use real information to write your answers.

1. What kinds of music do you enjoy most? Why?
2. Choose two of the kinds of music described in Unit 4. Tell how they are alike. Then tell how
they are different.
3. Describe your country's national music or some other kind of music not described in Unit 4.
137

Walk around the class, and ask questions to find someone who fits each description below.

Write a classmate's name to the left of each description. Classmate's Name Description
Gabriela loves to sing.
_______________________ can play the guitar.
_______________________ watches music videos.
_______________________ likes country music.
_______________________ likes to wear blue jeans.
_________________________. doesn't like music at all.
_______________________ can write songs.
www. irLanguage.com
What kind of music is the video about? Check only one.
Jazz and blues
Rock and roll
. , Country-western
Classical
Latin and salsa
C After You Watch
Word
1. Check (/) the sentences that are true about all three singers in the video.
Study
They are all women.
They all write their own songs. They all wear hats when they sing. They all play the guitar.
2. Work with a partner or a small group of your classmates. Write facts that you learned in the
video about eachà. Before You Watch
of the singers. If you need to, watch the video again to find the answers.
The name of Sherrie Austin's new album:
The kind of clothes Michael Peterson likes to wear:
What Matraca Berg wants to do next:

Video Highlights
www.
iv.irLanguage.com

JJ Unit4: Music
H Draw the Word

What instrument is missing from each of the pictures? Finish the picture by
drawing in the missing instrument. Then write the name of the instrument below
the picture.

Music Bingo
Write one word from the list below in each box of the Bingo card. When everyone
is ready, your teacher will call out a vocabulary word. If you have written the
word in a box, mark it with an X. Whoever has five X's in a row or a column wins
Bingo.
Vocabulary Words to Choose From
alone add beat boring blues
cards common soft classical violins
fans feelings tastes instrument record
Jazz nervous behave popular visit
ùỤj
www. irLanguage.com
Understanding Grammar
1. Look up the words below in your dictionary to find out if they are adjectives
or nouns. Write noun or adjective next to each word. If the word you looked up
is an adjective, change it to a noun. If it is a noun, change it to an adjective.
Example:
boring adjective boredom (noun)
a. classical __________ ____ _ _
b. peaceful ___ _______ _______________
c. danger ___ .
d. natural ________________________ _ _. _ _____
e. nerve _ ________________________ _______ _______
2. Use the correct forms of each word you identified above to complete these
sentences.
a. Gabriela doesn't like_____________________music.
b. After many years of war, the people prayed for
c. Some of the animals in the rain forest are to humans.
d. For thousands of years, the Bakas lived close to
e. The singer was_____________________when she first walked
141
on stage.

Dictionary Page

Unit 4:
Music
Context Clues
For each sentence, choose the word or phrase that means the same as the word in bold
type. Do not use your dictionary. The bold words are new in this unit.
1. She works 40 hours a week and she gets three weeks of vacation. She usually
visits her family during her vacation.
a. money c. hot places
b. exercise d. time not working
2. I have six oranges but I only need two. That means I have four extra oranges.
a. more than needed c. strange
b. less than wanted d. sweet
3. It's the pilot's duty to fly the plane safely.
a. chance c. behavior
b. necessary act d. exercise
4. One of the benefits of exercising is that you feel good.
a. something good c. something natural
b. something bad d. something expensive
5. Everyone was hungry, but they only had one sandwich. They decided to
share the sandwich so that everyone got a little.
a. throw away c. divide in equal parts
b. make d. chew it slowly
6. The loudness of the music continued to increase. Finally, it
was so loud everyone left the room. When something increases, there is of
it.
a. more c. the same amount
b. less d. none
7. If you want to study, don't sit in that chair. It's very comfortable, and you
might fall asleep.
- c. exciting
a. hard
d. boring
b. relaxing
8. He always gets dressed after breakfast because he doesn't want to get food on
his school clothes.
a. takes clothes off c. puts clothes on
b. chooses clothes d. hates clothes
9. What's your favorite meal—breakfast, lunch, or dinner?
a. day of the week c. time to get up
b. time to eat d. part of a movie
10. My fiend has a hundred jazz CDs. Obviously, he likes jazz music.
a. It is hard to believe that c. It is strange that
b. It is better that d. It is easy to see that
Context Clues

lesson Work Hours

1 ________________ _

Unit 4:
Music
 Country Normal Work Hours 1 Vacation Days Each
Each Week Year
HjW
\ .¿S?*

Argentina 48 hours 14 to 35 days

France 35 hours 25 days
Germany 40 hours 30 days
Thailand 48 hours At least 6 days per year
United States 40 hours 10 to 20 days

Before You Read

Look at the chart and the pictures. Read the sentences. Check (/) True, False, or
Don't Know.
True False Don't Know
□ D
□
D D
D
D D
D
1. People in France work more hours than people in Germany.
2. People in Germany have the longest vacations.
3. Most people work about eight hours a day.
ù^i.>:!i Unit 5: Work and Leisure
www.irLanguage.com

1 Work Hours
%
Many people say that they are working too many hours. They don't have
enough time with their families.
They can't take care of things at home. They don't have time to relax.
Work hours vary from one country to another. In are different France, people
spend about 1,646 hours a year at work.
In Japan, however, people work about 2,159 hours a year. That means a Japanese
employee works 513 more worker hours a year than a French employee. That is
more than 12 weeks, or three months, of extra work!
Why do people work so many hours? Some people work extra hours because
they want to earn more money. However, many companies don't pay overtime.
Their employees don't get extra pay for extra work.
These people work extra hours because they think it's their duty. Some people are
afraid they will lose their job if they don't work extra hours.
Many people say that their vacations are too short.
147
In France, people get five weeks of paid vacation. In Germany, they get from four
to six weeks. In the United States, two weeks of vacation is the average. Many
people don't even use all of their vacation days. In one study in Great Britain,
fewer than half of workers used all their vacation days. In English, people say,
"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." If that is true, there boring are a lot
of dull people in the world.
average earn extra pay
dull employee lose vary
duty enough overtime vacations
1. Some people work extra hours because they want to_________________
more money.
2. All work and no play makes Jack a______________________boy.
3. However, many companies don't pay______________________
4. In the United States, two weeks of vacation is the____________________
5. Work hours _____from one country to another.
6. These people work extra hours because they think it's their________
7. A Japanese employee works 513 more hours a year than a French
8. They don't have_____________________time with their families.
9. That is more than 12 weeks, or three months, of ------ work!
10. Some people are afraid they will _______ ____ their job if they
don't work extra hours.
11. Many people say that their______________________are too short.
m
[ii] Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
average earn extra pay
dull employees lose varies
duties enough overtime vacation
1. They left early because the movie was very______________________
2. She didn't buy the book because she didn't have ------money.
Unit 4:
Music
3. At the movies, you______________________before you enter the theater.
4. He worked four hours of ___________last week.
5. In some places, the weather___________ from day to day.
6. He wants to get a job so he can _____ . some money.
7. The____________________ person sleeps about eight hours a day.
148
8. Florida is a popular place for a_____________________
9._______________________________________________________________ Take
care of your passport. You don't want to_____________________________it.
10.________________________ One of my at home is to cook dinner.
11. How many_____________________does his company have?
12. Do you want an_____________________piece of cake?
^ Vocabulary Review
Underline the word that does not belong with the other three.
1. calm, peaceful, relaxed, dangerous
2. guitar, harmonica, broom, violin
3. roast, pretend, bake, fry
4. chew, yawn, laugh, affect
5. basket, office, farm, museum
6. bored, soft, alert, lonely
7. scientist, medicine, composer, farmer
8. cattle, dolphin, date palm, bear
d Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. What do people need more time to do?
2. How many hours a year do people in France work?
3. How many hours a year do people in Japan work?
4. Why do some people work extra hours?
"'5. Why don't some companies pay overtime?
6. In which country do people get the longest vacations?
*7. Why don't people use all of their vacation days?
149
e Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
________1. People in France work more hours than people in Japan.
________2. You don't always earn extra money when you work extra hours.
________3. If your company pays overtime, you get more money when you
work extra hours.
________4. In most countries, people get five weeks of vacation every year.
________5. People in the United States have fewer vacation days than people
in France or Germany.
________6. In Great Britain, most employees use all their vacation days.

f Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Many employees work extra hours, but they don't get paid for it.
2. Some people get longer vacations than others.
3. A lot of people think they are working too hard.
— r~i
150
lesson

Salaries
Unit 4:
Music
2
Before You Read
1 51
Look at the pictures. Read the sentences. Check (vi) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

1. Doctors often work overtime. D D D

2. It's harder to become a pilot than D D D
a waiter.

3. A dentist's pay is higher than ■ D D D

a waiter's pay.
www. irLanguage.com
Salaries
the money paid for doing a job

2
In the United States, you probably shouldn't ask the question "How much
money do you earn?" Many people think that their salary is private information.
However, you can find out the typical salary for different jobs on the Internet.
What are the best-paying jobs? In the United States, doctors, dentists, and
pilots get the highest salaries. Why is that? Maybe it's because it takes many years
of study to enter these professions. Which jobs pay the lowest salaries? All of the
lowest-paying jobs are connected to food. Cooks in fast-food restaurants and
waiters get the lowest salaries in the United States.
and, +
Of course, your salary is not just the money you earn every week or month. In
many jobs, you get a salary and benefits. Benefits are the extra things your
employer gives you. Common benefits are health insurance and paid vacations.
Benefits equal about 25% of an employee's salary. For example, a person with a
salary of $40,000 plus benefits is really earning about $50,000. That's a lot of extra
money!
152

Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
benefits employer pilots doctors
dentists health insurance plus salary
professions Internet private waiters
1. In many jobs, you get a salary and______________________
2. In the United States,____________________,------------------------------ ,
and
______________________get the highest salaries.
3. You can find out the typical salary of different jobs on the___________________
4. A person with a salary of
$40,000 ---------------benefits is really
earning about $50,000.
5. Common benefits are______________________and paid vacations.
6. Cooks in fast-food restaurants and________________ _ get the lowest
salaries in the United States.
7. It takes many years of study to enter these______________________
8. Many people think that their ____________________is
______________________information.
9._____________________________________________________ Benefits are the
extra things your_______________________________________gives you.
b Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank.These are new sentences for words in the text.
benefits employer pilots doctor
dentist health insurance plus salary
professions Internet private waiters
1. Your____________.. pays your salary.
2. When you have a toothache, you should go to a_______________________
3. If the sign on a door says ______, you shouldn't enter.
4. Ten _____ _ ten equals twenty.
5. Her father changed__________________several times during his life. First
he was a doctor, and then he became a business man and then a teacher.
6. People in the United States pay for their own ----------; the
gove^rnment does not provide it.
7.
work in restaurants.
8. One of the
free information.
9. Is your______________
10. A pediatrician is a =—
Unit 4:
Music
11. There are usually two
is a worldwide computer system of facts and news.
12. The . _ i higher this year than last year?
__________for children.
_ ,____________on an airplane.

Vocabulary Review
Match each word in Column A with the word or phrase in Column B that means the
same. Write the letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A
1. hard____
2. relaxed _
3. common
4. boring ____
5. either _____
6. bake
7. dangerous
8. quick _____
9. expensive
Column B
a. usual
b. difficult
c. one of two things
d. not slow
e. not safe
f. not cheap
g. calm
h. cook in the oven
i. not interesting
d Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Which jobs in the United States have the highest salaries?
2. Which jobs have the lowest salaries?
3. What are some common benefits that employers give employees?
4. Where can you find the salaries of different jobs?
*5. Why do you think cooks and waiters get low salaries?
*6. How much is a person with a salary of $20,000 plus benefits really earning?
*7. What is the difference between a job and a profession?
*8. Why do some people think that their salary is private information?
154

[e::: Comprehension: Multiple Choice

Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
1. Paid vacation is_________
a. a profession c. a kind of
benefit
b. a kind of overtime d. for
employers only
2. The money you earn at a job is your_________
a. Internet
c. insurance
b. salary d. employer
3. You get_____ from your employer.
a. a profession c. employees
b. a waiter d. benefits
4. Benefits equal about
a. half
b. 10%
of an employee's salary. c 25%
d. 30%
5. It takes a long time to become
a. an employee
b. a pilot
c. a waiter
d. a cook in a fast-food restaurant

f
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Salary and benefits vary from one job to another.
2. Health insurance is one type of benefit.
3. It takes a long time to become a doctor, dentist, or pilot.

3
lesson

Unit 4:
Music
Family-Friendly Companies

Finland
105 days of paid time off for mothers 42 days of paid time off for fathers
Japan 14 weeks unpaid time off for mothers
United States 12 weeks of unpaid time off for mothers

Before You Read

Look at the picture and the chart. Read the sentences. Check (/') True, False, or
Don't Know.
True False Don't Know
D
□D
1. All countries give paid
time off at the birth of a child.
D
□D
2. In Finland, fathers get paid time off at the birth of a child.
□
DD
3. Most companies are family- friendly.
Ol;i,I J:!I O^j www. irLanguage.com

3 Family-Friendly Companies
In many families today, both the mother and the father have jobs outside the
home. This can make it difficult to take care of the children. To help, some
companies are changing the work rules. These companies are trying to be more
family-friendly.
What are companies doing to become family- friendly? Many companies are
allowing their employees to work flexible hours. With flexible hours, or flextime,
people can work full time, but they don't have to work a nine-to-five schedule.
Some employees choose to come in early and leave early. Some employees choose
to work ten hours one day and six hours the next. Most companies say that
flexible hours increase productivity. In the United States, about one-third of full-
time employees have flexible work schedules.
Family-friendly companies also allow two employees to share one job. Each
employee does half the job and gets half the salary. In the United States, 27% of
companies offer some kind of job sharing.
time off from a job that is not vacation or sick days
time not at work
Many family-friendly companies also give paid leave to both parents when a
baby is born. In many countries, employers have to give female workers time off
before and after the birth of a child. In the United States, for example, female
employees get 12 weeks of unpaid time off. New mothers can stay at home, but
they don't get their salary. In some countries, employers have to give all workers
paid leave for the birth of a child. In Finland, for example, both male and female
employees get paid leave. Women get 105 days of paid leave and men get 42!
The way people work is changing. For many people, that is a good thing.
157
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
allowing flexible time off share leave
choose full time companies schedule become
female increase rules unpaid male
1. Many companies are_____________________their employees to work
________________________hours.
2. Most companies say that flexible hours______________________productivity.
3. Family-friendly companies also allow two employees to___________________
one job.
4. To help, some companies are changing the work_______________________
5. With flexible hours, people can work______________________, but they don't
have to work a nine-to-five__________________________
6. In many countries, employers have to give_______________________workers
________________________before and after the birth of a child.
7. In Finland, for example, both____________________and female employees
get paid leave.
8. In the United States, for example, female employees get 12 weeks of
time off.
9.______________________________________ Some employees to come in early
Unit 4:
Music
and leave early.
10. In some countries, employers have to give all workers paid

________________for the birth of a child.

Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
allow flexible time off share female
choose full-time male employers
schedule
leave increase salary rules unpaid
1. Do you want a______________________job or a part-time job?
2.__________________________ Did your parents you to work when you
were in
high school?

3. Reading helps to_________________

4. In the past, most pilots were_______
many_______________________pilots.
body—a 15-year-old boy or an 80-
5. Do you know the_________________
6. Who has a more ._________________
year-old man?
every year? How many days of paid
7. Do you take_________________ your vocabulary.
____________, but today there are
for American football?
_______________________do you get?
things with their
their own name?
8. Is it important to teach children to friends?
9. Where can I get a bus_____________
10. Do you think people should
C Vocabulary Review
Put the right word in each blank.
exercise
produce
alone
company
louder
visit
instead of stretch
expensive hate
private disease
1. It's hard to eat something you
2. AIDS is a dangerous---------------
3. What crops does your country _
4. Do you know anyone who lives
5. What countries did you_________
last year? _______________________________________airplane.
the city.
6. My employer has his own__________________
7. Many people choose to live in the country______________________
—a video or a CD?
?
8. If y o u . . . your arms, you can touch your toes.
9. Which is more
10. How many times a week do you
159
d| Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. What are flexible work hours?
2. What is job sharing?
*3. Why are some companies becoming more family-friendly?
4. Why do employers like flexible work hours?
5. Why do employees like flexible work hours?
*6. Why are more men getting time off after the birth of a child?
e Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
________1. Most companies offer employees flexible hours.
________2. With job sharing, one person has two jobs.
________3. Paid leave is different from paid vacation.
________4. Family-friendly companies are trying to help employees
with children.
________5. Only employees with children can share jobs.
________6. In Finland, both men and women get time off for the birth of
a child. Unit 4:
Music
f Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The way people work is changing.
2. More people are sharing jobs.
3. Companies are becoming more productive.
Work Clothes

4
lesson

Before You Read

2. All the men are wearing suits.
3. Most companies have rules about work clothes.
Tru False Don't Know
e
□ □ □

□ □ □

□ □ □

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (✓) True, False, or Don't Know.
4
choices
Work Clothes
m
RJP
For some people, it's easy to get dressed for work. Pilots and police officers, for
example, don't have to make decisions about their work clothes. They wear
uniforms to work every day.
rules about what clothes to wear
For many office workers, however, it is more difficult to choose clothes for work.
They do not wear uniforms to the office. Also, many employers are changing their
dress codes. They are allowing their employees to wear casual clothes to work.
The change to casual work clothes began in the 1990s. At first, many companies
in the United States allowed employees to wear casual clothes on one day of the
week—Friday. Friday became “Casual Friday“ or “Dress-down Friday." Today,
however, many companies are allowing their employees to wear casual clothes
every day of the week.
Why are companies allowing their employees to wear casual clothes? Some
studies show that people are more productive when they are wearing comfortable
clothes. Employees also like the casual dress code because they don't need to buy
special clothes for work. They can save money this way.
Unfortunately, a casual dress code can also cause problems. Sometimes
employees dress too casually.
They think they can wear anything. Many companies have rules about casual
clothes. They list the kinds of clothes that are not "business-casual" clothes. Blue
jeans, sandals, and sportswear are examples of clothes that are usually too casual for
the office.
162
casual get dressed police officers
comfortable dress codes special
decisions uniforms sportswear
1. They wear____________________to work every day.
2. Pilots and____________________, for example, don't have to make
______________________about their work clothes.
3. Blue jeans, sandals, and_____________________are examples of clothes that
are usually too casual for the office.
4. That is because many employers are changing their______________________
5. Some studies showthat people are more productive when they are
wearing ___________clothes.
6. They are allowing their employees to wear _______________clothes to work.
7. Employees also like the casual dress code because they don't need to buy
----------------------------clothes for work.

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
8. For some people, it's easy to_______________________________for work.
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
casual get dressed police officers
comfortable dress codes special
decide uniform sportswear
1.__________________________________________ Why did she to become a pilot?
2. There are more male_________________than female ones.
3. Soccer players wear their team's_____________________
4. People don't usually wear_____________________clothes to a wedding.
5. Most schools have______________________-
6. You can wear______________to the lake.
7. Sportswear is more________ than office clothes.
8._______________________________________________ She has clothes that she
wears only to work.
9. How long does it take you to_________________ in the morning?
163
Match each word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the opposite. Write
the letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1. boring a. leave
2. interesting b. public
3. earn c. dull
4. private d. love
5. country e. exciting
6. hate f. calm
7. nervous g. spend
8. stay h. city
d[ Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. What do pilots wear to work?
2. What is happening to dress codes at many companies?
3. What is "Casual Friday"?
*4. What is an example of sportswear?
5. Why do employees like to wear casual clothes to work?
6. Why do employers like the casual dress code?
7. What problems can a casual dress code cause?
3
-S *■

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
164
6 Comprehension: Multiple Choice
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
1. Pilots and police officers wear_________to work.
a. casual clothes c. uniforms
b. sportswear d. blue jeans
2. At first, people wore casual clothes__________
a. every day c. at work
b. on Friday d. any day
3. Some studies show that employees_______ when they are wearing
comfortable clothes.
a. eat more c. buy more
b. work longerhours d. produce more
4. _______are not “business-casual” clothes.
a. Sandals c. Comfortable clothes
b. Shoes d. Pants
5. A dress code tells what you can and can't_________at work.
a. do c. wear

f
b. say d. save
Main Idea
irLanguage.com
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Pilots wear uniforms to work.
2. Dress codes are becoming more casual.
3. Work clothes are special clothes.

lesson Time Off

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
5

Before You Read

Look at the pictures. Read the sentences. Check (✓) True, False, or Don't Know.
False Don't Know
True
D
D
D
1. Watching TV is a popular free-time activity.
2. People spend more time eating than watching TV.
3. Few people had a computer at home 20 years ago.
ül,,j
www. irLanguage.com
□D
D
DD
D
166
5
traveling to work
Time Off
free time
m
Amal works 45 hours a week. It takes him an hour to travel to work every day.
That means he spends 10 hours commuting each week. At home, Amal spends
about 23 hours a week doing work around the house. Of course, he needs to sleep
(56 hours a week) and prepare and eat meals (14 hours a week). So Amal has 20

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
hours of leisure. That is a typical amount of leisure time for someone in the United
States.
What do people do in their leisure time? Obviously, watching television is a
popular free-time activity in many countries. Studies show that people are watching
more TV today than they did twenty years ago. That is probably because there are
many more TV channels today. People can choose programs from hundreds of TV
channels.
Computers are also changing the way people use their leisure time. Today
people are spending more time doing things on their computers. Surfing the Internet
is becoming another popular free-time activity. In fact, some employers are finding
that workers are skipping lunch to surf the Internet.
More and more, people are mixing their work time and play time. They talk on
the telephone while they are commuting to work. They read work papers while they
are eating. They listen to music while they are studying. Maybe this is why people
believe that they have less free time today.
167
channels leisure popular prepare
commuting meals programs typical
computers choose obviously surfing
1. —---------------------are also changing the way people use their leisure time.
2. Of course, he needs to sleep (56 hours a week) and_______________________
and eat_________________________(14 hours a week).
3. ____________________, watching TV is a popular free-time activity in many
countries.
4. That means he spends 10 hours______________________each week.
5________________ . the Internet is becoming another popular free-time activity.
6.______________________________ So Amal has 20 hours of
________________________________ - time.
7.____________________________ That is probably because there are many more TV
____________________________________________________________________today.
8. People can choose____________________.. from hundreds of TV channels.
bj Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
channels probably leisure prepares
commute believe program meal
computer obviously surf mix
1. What is your favorite evening TV _____________________?
2. Too many people______________________to work by car. The roads are
very crowded.

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
3. Do you know how to use a_____________________ ?
4. How much_____________________time do you have each week?
5. Why do people like to______________________the Internet?
6______ . _._ _ she is very smart. She finished high school at age 14.
7. Who___________________the meals in your family?
8. What's your favorite_____________________ -breakfast, lunch, or dinner?
9. How many_____________________do you get on your TV?
168

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
 C Vocabulary
Underline Review
the word that does not belong with the other three.
1. dull, boring, exciting, uninteresting
2. doctor, dentist, employer, waiter
3. benefits, schedule, salary, pay
4. travel, commute, pretend, move
5. lose, and, plus, add
6. dangerous, peaceful, calm, relaxing
7. sportswear, casual clothes, performers, uniforms
8. choose, vary, decide, pick
d Questions
BB1 ■" ■ ■.. . _ —
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
*1. How many hours a day does Amal spend sleeping?
2. How much leisure time does he have every week?
3. What are some popular leisure activities?
4. What do people like to do with their computers?
*5. What kinds of things do employees do during their lunch time?
*6. Why are so many people mixing their work activities and free-time activities?
169
e Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
________ 1. Amal has a very unusual work schedule.
. ____= 2. Amal prepares all of the meals at home.
________ 3. Most people in the United States commute by car.
________ 4. Most people in the United States have about 20 hours of leisure
time each week.
________ 5. Watching TV is a popular leisure activity.
________ 6. There were hundreds of TV channels twenty years ago.
_____ 7. There are more programs on TV today.
________ 8. Instead of working, many employees are surfing the Internet.
_____- 9. People have less free time today than in the past.
________10. People are studying and eating more today.
f Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Leisure time is important.
2. People spend a lot of leisure time watching TV.
3. The way people use their leisure time is changing.
—n
170
a¡ Verbs:5:Present
Lesson Time Continuous Tense
Use
Off the present continuous tense for something that is happening right now. Use am,
is, or are and the -ing form of the verb (be + simple verb + -ing).
Examples: Now she is shopping for food.
The birds are flying south.
Spelling: 1. Use the 1-1-1 rule.
shop - shopping put - putting
2. If a verb ends in e, drop the e and add -ing.
live - living leave - leaving
3. If a verb ends in ie, change the ie to y.
4. If a verb ends in y, just add -ing. study - studying fly - flying
Write sentences in the present continuous tense. Tell something that is happening now.
Use these verbs.
1. visit 4. work 7. relax 10. carry
2. share 5. commute 8. fry
3. sit 6. study 9. use

Irregular Verbs
1. Memorize these verb forms. Then use the past tense of each verb in a sentence.
Simple Verb Past Tense
a. become became
b. buy bought
c. choose chose
d. bring brought
Simple Verb Past Tense
e. feel felt
f. find found
g. p ut
p ut

h. lose lost

a. see________ g. sell-------------
b. go _____ h. get-------------
c. be_________ i. come_______
d. give_______ J. grow_______
e. make________ k. teach----------
f. eat________ 1. take________

c Un- Un- means not.

Add un- to each of these words. Then put the words in the blanks.
happy popular like paid
hurt afraid kind common
1. A kiwi is_____________________It lives only in New Zealand.
2. Sam is________ _ ___ . with his classmates because he is
often-------------------------------to them.
Word
3. Carol is only twelve years old. She was alone in the house
Study
during a storm, but she was_________________________
4. The baby fell off a chair, but luckily she was________________
5. I get a two-week vacation, but unfortunately it's____________
172
6. He's-------------------------------because he lost his job.
d Compound Words
Column A Column B
1. under a. light
2. near b. mate
3. sun c. work
4. sun d. water
5. spring e. food
6. under f. not
7. room g. by
8. sea h. time
9. home i. line
10. can j. rise
Put each word from Column A with a word from Column B to make a compound word. Write
the compound word in Column C.
ColumnC
We often use certain adjectives and nouns together. For example, we often use the
adjective warm with the noun coat. However, we don't use the adjective cold with the
noun coat.
Example: I have a warm coat for the winter.
What adjectives do we often use with the nouns below?
Adjectives Nouns
flexible ___________________ salary
low ___________________ sound
strong ___________________ coffee
popular _____________________________ hours
high ___________________ time
_____________________________________ beat
_____________________________________ activity
_____________________________________ music
ü'1j
www. irLanguage.com
What verb do we often use with each noun below? Draw a line to connect the verb to the noun.
Verbs Nouns
cause •„ the Internet
Unit 5: Work and
earn a job
Leisure
enter a meal
mcrease money
prepare a problem
get a profession
surf productivity
f
WWhat verbs do we often use with the noun money? Add your ideas to the chart.
Verbs Noun

save money
e ________
m ________

Writing
Use real information to write your answers.
1. How many hours and days a week would you like to work?
2. What's a good profession? Why do you thinkso?
3. How do you spend your leisure time?
r~i
r~i _

174

Before You Watch

1. Interview a partner. Write your partner's answers below each question.
a. What job would you like to have?
b. What job wouldn't you like to have? Why?
c. What are some dangerous jobs?
Report your partner's answers to the class.
2. Discuss this scene from the video with your classmates.
a. What is happening?
b. Why do you think this firefighter likes his job?

c. What are some of the difficult things about a firefighter's job?

As You Watch
Listen for these facts from the video. Write in the missing information.
Firehouse 11
The name of the firehouse
The number of firefighters on the crew
175
The number of fires and rescues each year

Video Highlights
C After You Watch
o
o Word
Study
B
irLanguage.
1. Check (/) all the correct answers to the question below.

Why do these firefighters like their job?

_________It is exciting and full of action.
_________There is never anything to do.
_________The firefighters like to save lives.
_________The part of Los Angeles where they work is peaceful
and safe.
2. Complete the sentence, and then share your sentence with your classmates.
I (want I do not want) to be a firefighter in Los Angeles, California, because
oW
w. irLanguage.com
www.
176

Workplace Ladder
Play this game with 3 or 4 people. Choose one of your group to be the judge. The
other people will each need a coin or a button, and the group will need one die. All
players begin with their coins (or buttons) on START. Follow these directions:

1. Put your coin (or button) on START.

2. Roll the die. Move your coin the same number of squares as the number on the
die.
3. When you get to a square, say the word that belongs in the blank and spell it
correctly. The judge decides if you are right or wrong. If you are right, you get
Unit 5:tarn.
another turn. If you are wrong, it is the next player's Work and
4. The player who reaches FINISH first wins the Leisure
game.
 Sylvia is Jon's Kate is a police _. She FINISH
employee. Jon is Sylvia wears a uniform to
's -. work.

A bus driver drives a

bus. A . flies an
airplane.

Tito writes music. He is When you go to a If you have a toothache,

a_. restaurant, the brings you should go to a .
you your food.

Anna is studying the

history of art. She wants
to work in an art

START A manager usually Jorge grows crops and

works in an with a raises animals on a
desk, a telephone, and a s m a l l . .
computer.

Learning Word Forms

1. Use the dictionary definitions to complete the chart below.
employ /cm'pbi, im-/ v. [T]
1 to provide paid work to people: That company employs
1, 000 workers. 2 to use: The company employs computers to keep track of expenses.
em>ploy*able / em'pbiabsl/ adj.
1 ready and able to be employed: She has computer skills and a positive outlook; she's
employable. 2 frml. usable, workable: That computer is employable for accounting purposes.
-n. employability.
em-ploy-ee /em'pbii, empbi'i/ n. s.o. who works for a person, business, or
government: She is an employee of this company.
em*ploy*ment / em'pbimsnt, im-/ n. [U] 1 a job paying a salary or wages: He is out of
work and looking for employment. 2 frml. use: the employment of force will lead to greater
violence.
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
employ

178
2. Use your dictionary to find the missing forms of the words in the chart below.
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
decision
lose
privacy
Word
Study
 flexible
special
prepare

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
2. There are hundreds of square kilometers of forest in the Amazon River area.
Word
There are trees everywhere.
Study
1. Keiko has $100. Betty has $75. Betty has less money than Keiko.
a. more c. not as much
b. the same amount of d. a lot of
For each sentence, choose the word or phrase that means the same as the word in bold type. Do
not use your dictionary. The bold words are new in this unit.

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
a. lots of trees c. lots of water
b. some trees d. some water
Word
3. The company promoted its new product on TV and radio. Now the product is
Study
very popular.
a. paid for c. wrote about
b. lost d. told people about
4. Children start to attend school when they are five or six years old.
a. finish b. solve c. go to d. hold on
5. Eskimos hunt the polar bear. When they find one, they kill it.
a. look for c. hurt
b. study d. appear
6. Because of the deep snow, they made slow progress through the mountains.
a. movement forward c. protection
b. decisions d. crops
7. Perhaps many people will have flexible work hours some day. I hope so.
a. over b. maybe c. below d. at all
8. The company polluted the river with something poisonous. Now we can't drink
the water or swim in it.
a. made clean c. made private
b. made useful d. made dirty
9. We must somehow stop using so much energy, or we will use all of the Earth's
petroleum.
a. somebody c. nobody
b. in some place d. in some way
10. When did you arrive at this university? Did you come here in September?
a. come c. leave
b. alone d. hold on
11. Rio de Janeiro is on the east coast of Brazil.
a. land with water around it c. land near the sea
b. mountain d. lake
12. Java is the name of one island in Indonesia.
a. water with land all around it c. country
b. land with water all around it d. mountains
Context Clues

Unit 5: Work and

Leisure
The Sarni of Northern Europe

lesson

1
Before You Read

182
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (✓) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

The animal in the picture is a camel. □ □ D

The person in the picture is traveling □ D □
by car.

There is snow and ice where he lives. D □ EH

1 The Sarni of Northern Europe

land next to the sea area with lots of trees
The Sarni live in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. There are only about 32,000
of them, and most of them live a modern life on the coast or in the forests. Only a few of them
live a traditional life. These few Sarni are called nomads because they move from one place to
another with their reindeer. Their life is almost the same as it was a thousand years ago.
not as much

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
 Vocabulary

In winter, the reindeer dig through the snow to find plants for their food. In spring, these
plants become very dry, and there are lots of insects. Then the Sarni move their reindeer to the
coast. The deer live on the thick grass there until winter. When the snow becomes deep, the Sami
and their reindeer begin moving slowly back to their winter homes. There is less snow there.
These nomads live in tents because they move so often. They make shoes, jackets, and pants
of reindeer skin. They also wear beautiful blue and red traditional clothes. They walk or travel
on skis. They have sleds, too. Reindeer pull the sleds.

sled
The long trips, often in bad weather, make life very hard for these nomads. More and more
of them are staying in villages on the coast. Sometimes a mother and her children travel by car
and meet the father in their winter home.
There will probably be no more Sarni nomads in the future. People want a more comfortable
life. However, the Sarni will probably always wear their traditional clothes on holidays. They
will teach their children the old stories and songs. People do not want to forget their traditions.

183
www. irLanguage.com
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. traditional coast trips sleds
holidays forests skis nomads
dig tents future less
1. Only a few of them live a______________________life.
2. There will probably be no more Sami nomads in the-------------------
3. There are only about 32,000 of them, and most of them live a modern life
on the______________ -- or in the____________________
4. These few Sami are called_____________________because they move from
one place to another with their reindeer.
5. The long__________________, often in bad weather, make life very hard
for these nomads.
6. They have_____________________, too.
snow there.
7. They walk or travel on .
8. There is_______________
because they move so often. _ through the snow to find
9. These nomads live in__________________

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
10. In winter, the reindeer _________________
plants for their food.
11. However, the Sami will probably always wear their traditional clothes
on
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
forests trip traditions less
tent future dug ski
nomads holidays sleds coast
1. Janet and Tom are going to take a _ ___to England next year.
2. Eastern Canada has large_____________ _____There are millions of trees.
3. In northern countries, children like to play on their_______________________
in winter. They also like to___________________________
4. The Baker family likes to go camping. They sleep in a_____________________
184

5. ___________________in the Sahara Desert travel with their camels.

6. What are your plans for the_____________________ ? What are you going to
do when you are older?
7. Twelve is_____________- than fifteen.
8. I like____________________because I don't have to go to work.
9. People who live on the _____________________often eat a lot of fish.
10. One of our holiday ,________________is to sing special songs in the morning.
11.________________________________________________ They a hole that was two meters deep.
m
^(Vocabulary Review
Match each word in Column A with the word or phrase in Column B that means the same. Write the
letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1 male a. give money to
.
2 female b. and
.
3 dull c. land near the
. sea
4 alone d. woman
.
5 pay e. boring
.
6 plus f. change
.
7 quickly g. grow
.
8 vary h. not with anyone
.
9 increase i. man
. Lesson 1 : The Sarni of Northern
Europe
 1 coast .. J- fast
0
.
d Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
Vocabulary
1. In what countries do the Sami live?
2. Do they all move from one place to another?
3. What are nomads?
4. How do reindeer find their food in winter?
5. Why do Sami nomads move away from the coast in winter?
6. Why do they live in tents?
7. How do they travel?
8. What makes life hard for these nomads?
*9. Where do other nomads live?
10. Why will the Sami teach their children the old songs and stories?
*11. Why do people want to keep their traditions?

*12. Are there roads in northern Scandinavia?

Comprehension: True/False
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. The asterisk (*) means you have to think of
the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
________ 1. There are Sami in Russia.
_____2. Only a few Sami are nomads.
________ 3. Sami nomads raise sheep.
________ 4. Most Sami live in large cities.
________ 5. Reindeer find their food on trees.
________ 6. Sami nomads spend the summer on the coast.
________ *7. Sami nomads probably eat reindeer meat.
________ *8. They carry their tents on sleds.
________9. Traveling in bad weather is difficult for the Sami nomads.
________*10. Nomads in other countries probably want to keep their traditions
and have a comfortable life, too.
f Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. A few Sami live a traditional life, but that life is difficult.
2. Sami nomads move their reindeer every summer and winter.
3. The Sami want to keep some of their traditions.

186
The Ainu of Japan lesson

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
2

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (II) True, False, or Don't Know.
False Don't Know
True
D
D
D
1. The Ainu live in a very cold climate.
D
D D
2. Their clothes are unusual.
D
3. Dancing is a part of their culture. D D

187
www. irLanguage.com
Lesson 1 : The Sarni of Northern
Europe
2 The Ainu of Ja pan
land with water all around it
not dark
100%
Vocabulary
The Ainu live in northern Japan on the island of Hokkaido. They do not look like other
Japanese people. They have round, dark brown eyes and wavy hair. Their skin is not dark but
light. The men have beards and mustaches. Where did these people come from? Did they come
from Europe across Russia to Japan? Did they come from Indonesia? Are they completely
different from all the other people in the world? Nobody knows the answers to these questions.

curly hair
straight hair
wavy
The Ainu are hunters and farmers. They eat fish and grow rice and vegetables on their farms.
The men hunt for brown bears in the forests. They eat the meat and sell the skins. The bear is
also important in their religion.
hair
The Ainu people make their houses from a kind of grass. There is only one room inside. It
has a dirt floor with an open fire in the middle. Their religion tells them that the house must
have one window on the east side.
go to
The Ainu were on Hokkaido 7,000 years ago. In the 1800s, many Japanese people moved
north to Hokkaido. They brought new diseases to Ainu villages, and many people died. The
Ainu people also lost much of their farming and hunting land. Their children had to attend
Japanese schools and speak only Japanese. Over time, the Ainu people began to forget their
traditions and language.
make better known

mustache
hpard

In the 1990s, the Ainu demanded their rights. In response, the Japanese government made a
new law. Now the government has to promote Ainu culture and traditions. The people can
listen to Ainu language lessons on the radio and read a newspaper in the Ainu language. They
can also take classes to learn Ainu traditions.
Today there are less than a few hundred thousand Ainu people left. Will their language and
traditions continue? There is a better chance now that they will.
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
island completely middle continue religion

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
attend mustaches wavy light rights
across beards hunters left promote
1. The men have____________________and_____________________
2. They have round, dark brown eyes and________ ______hair.
3. Are they__________________different from all the other people in the world?
4. The Ainu live in northern Japan on the ____________of Hokkaido.
5. In the 1990s, the Ainu demanded their_______________________
6._______________________________________________ Did they come from Europe Russia to
Japan?
7. The Ainu are_____________________and farmers.
8. The government has to_________ ___ _ Ainu culture and traditions.
9. The bear is also important in their_______________________
10. Their skin is not dark but____________________
11.______________________________________________ Will their language and traditions
_________________________________________________ ?
12. It has a dirt floor with an open fire in the _____________________
13. Their children had to___________________ _. Japanese schools.
14. Today there are less than a few hundred thousand Ainu people .
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
continue attend mustache right light
wavy middle completely beard promote
island across hunting religions left
1. We ate all the bananas. There aren't any______________________
2. The students ____finished the book. They did every page.
3. There are ten questions in this exercise. Number 5 is in the ________________
4. Carlos has_________________dark brown hair. He has a___________________
and a____________________, too.
5. Where did you____________________ high school?

Lesson 1 : The Sarni of Northern

Europe
 6
is a popular sport in some countries. _ the street to the bank.
7. Sarah
. walked
8. We did not have time to finish the lesson. We will____________________
tomorrow.
9.__________________________________________ We went to a beautiful for our
holiday.
10. Do not go out in the sun. Your skin is too_____________________
11. We have the_____________________of free speech in the United States.
12. Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity are kinds of_______________________
13. They put up a big sign to .________________
it
[cl
the opening of the company.
Vocabulary Review
Put the right word in each blank.
increase
leave
background
schedule
meals
feelings
enough roast
Internet future
mixture collection
1. No one knows what will happen in the
2. What's on your
today? Do you have any meetings?
3. She got some interesting information about the Sami from the
in his salary.
He's happy because he got an
5. The manager worked sixteen hours yesterday. He does not have energy to move
fast today.
6. Fertilizer can be a_____________________of plant and animal substances.
7. I like to have some music in the_____________________ while I am eating.
_____________________________________________beef for Sunday dinner.
8. Many Americans have_________ ___
9. He took a month's . ______ because his father was sick.
10. Some people think it's better to eat six small_________________________than

190
® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
d three big ones.
Questions
H. The museum here has an interesting_____________________ of old
Themusical
asterisk instruments.
(*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
12. She hurt my__________________when she didn't call me on the telephone.
1. Where do the Ainu live?
2. What do they look like?
3. Where did they come from?
4. Describe a traditional Ainu house.
5. What happened to the Ainu in the 1800s?
6. Why did Ainu children stop learning their language?
7. How many Ainu are there today?
*8. What will happen to Ainu traditions if the young people don't learn them?
WÊÊÊ
6 Comprehension: Multiple Choice

Lesson 2: The Ainu of Japan © 1 9 1

[fl Main |dea

Put the letter of each supporting detail under the correct main idea.
1. How an Ainu 2. Ainu houses 3. Ainu people
looks

a. The men have mustaches.

b. Many speak only Japanese.
c. They have light skin.
d. There is an open fire in the middle.
e. They were in Hokkaido 7,000 years ago.
f. They have round eyes.
g. There is a dirt floor.
h. They attended Japanese schools.
i. They have wavy hair.
j. It is made of a kind of grass. k. It has a window on the east side.
1. The men have beards.

The Yanomami of the Amazon

lesson

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
3
Before You Read
www.irLanguage.com

93
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (v') True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

1. The Yanomami live in a □ □ □

tropical forest.

2. The Yanomami are farmers. □ □ □

3. Most Yanomami men have beards. □ □ □

3The Yanomami of the Amazon

maybe

The Yanomami people live near the Amazon River in Venezuela and Brazil. They
live in the tropical forest far away from other people. There are now perhaps 27,000
Yanomami in this area. Before outsiders first visited them, they knew nothing about
other people in South America, about the government, or about modern life. They did
not know that they lived in Brazil or Venezuela. They lived in their own world.
The Yanomami are hunters and farmers. They hunt over a large area. They grow
their own crops and medicine in large gardens. The Yanomami are also deeply
religious. For them, the natural world and the spiritual world are one.
people who cut down trees as their job
loud sounds
made afraid
made dirty
In the 1980s, miners found gold on Yanomami land. Soon thousands of miners,
loggers, and cattle farmers were using the land. The noise from the outsiders' machines
and airplanes frightened the Yanomami. The mining companies polluted the water in
the rivers. The loggers cut down the forests. The outsiders also brought new diseases to
the area. In just seven years, 20% of the Yanomami people died.
In 1992, Brazil and Venezuela made the Yanomami land into a park. No one can
mine for gold or cut3:trees
Lesson The on this land. The
Yanomami government said that the land was for the
of the
YanomamiAmazon
people, not for the miners and loggers. Unfortunately, it was difficult to
keep the miners and loggers out of the Yanomami land. In 1993, some gold miners
tried to destroy a Yanomami village, and they killed 16 people.
Today the Yanomami are working to protect their land and traditions. They have
their own school. They are recording their language and history. They also want to
study and learn good ways to use their land. They do not want to live without trees
and clean water. They say they want progress, but without destruction.
Unit 6: Interesting Peopl eof the W°rld
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
perhaps miners died area
spiritual noise outsiders frightened
progress polluted loggers destroy
1. Soon thousands of miners,_____________________, and cattle farmers were
using the land.
2. For them, the natural world and the_____________________world are one.
3. In 1993, some gold miners tried to__________________ . a Yanomami
village, and they killed 16 people.
4. Before____________________first visited them, they knew nothing about
other people in South America.
_____the water in their rivers.
, but without destruction.
5. The mining companies_______________
6. They say they want __________
7. The_____________________from the outsiders' machines and airplanes
________________________the Yanomami.
8. In just seven years, 20% of the Yanomami people---------------------------
9. There are now_______ . 27,000 Yanomami in this_________

10. In the 1980s,_____________________found gold on Yanomami land.

Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
perhaps mining die area
spirits noisy outsider frighten
progress pollution logging destroyed
1_______________________ . companies dig for metals in the ground.
2. Do large animals____________________you?
3. Can you study in a . _ _______room?
4. Too many people
5. They_____________
6. Air _
each year from smoking cigarettes.
the papers by burning them. is becoming a serious problem.
7.
companies cut down trees and sell the wood.
195
8. The Pacific Ocean covers a very large_____________________
9. For some people, there are______________________in trees and rivers.
10. We made a lot of ______ in class today. We completed 20
pages in the book!
11. ____________________she is sick. I don't know.
12. For the first few months in a new city, she felt like an_____________________
Then she began to make some friends.
C Vocabulary Review
Match each word in Column A with the word or phrase from Column B that means the
opposite. Write the letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1. terrible a. dry
2. a few b. dead
3. alive c. a lot
4. began d. less
5. over e. stopped
6. wet f. together
7. varied g. wonderful
8. more h. under
9. future . i. the same
10. alone j. past
d Questions
6. What is killing the Yanomami?
7. What did Brazil and Venezuela do for the Yanomami?
8. What are the Yanomami doing to help themselves?

e
*9. What do you think will happen to the Yanomami? Why?
Comprehension: True/False/No Information
Write T (the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no information
about the sentence in the text.
_______1. The Yanomami live in a tropical forest.
_______2. The Venezuelan and Brazilian governments want to help
the Yanomami.
_______3. Today the Yanomami know that they live in what we call
South America.
Lesson 3: The Yanomami of the
_______4. The Yanomami are nomads.
Amazon
_______ 5. The natural world is important to the Yanomami.
_______ 6. They eat plants and animals.
_______ 7. The Yanomami tried to help the miners and loggers.
_______8. Outsiders destroyed much of the Yanomami land.
_______ 9. The Yanomami are afraid of new things
[fl
_______10. Mining companies are opening schools for the Yanomami.
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The Yanomami are working to protect their land.
2. The Yanomami live in the tropical forest near the Amazon River, but they know
nothing about other South Americans.

3. The Yanomami are very religious.

197
The Hopi of Arizona

4
lesson

www. irLanguage.co'^^^
Before You Read
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (II) True, False, or Don't Know.

True False Don't Know

D D D
D D D
D D D
1. The Hopi live in the desert.
3. The Hopi live in modem houses.

4 The Hopi of Arizona

irLanguage c
The Hopi people live in the northeastern part of Arizona in the United States. The United
States is a very modern country. Tall buildings, highways, computers, and hundreds of other

198
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
modem things are a part of every American's life. Somehow, with modern things in some way
all around them, the Hopi keep their traditions.
goes below 0°C

not alive; stones

There are about 10,000 Hopi, and they live in twelve villages in the desert. The weather is very
hot in summer, but in winter it freezes. The wind blows hard.
Farming is difficult.
Corn is the Hopi's main food, but they plant vegetables, too. They raise sheep, goats, and cattle.
They also eat hamburgers and ice cream and drink soft drinks. They live in traditional stone
houses, but many of them have telephones, radios, and television.
They have horses, but they also have trucks.
"Kachinas" are an important part of the Hopi religion. Kachinas are spirits of dead people, of
rocks, plants, and animals, and of the stars. Men dress as kachinas and do religious dances. People
also make wooden kachinas. No two wooden kachinas are alike. the same
The children attend school and learn English and other subjects. They also learn the Hopi
language, dances, and stories. A few Hopi go to universities. Some of the adults live and work in
nearby towns. The Hopi not children; close to want a comfortable, modern life, but they don't want to
lose their traditions.

kachina

truck

somehow trucks rocks alike

blows goats dead adults
freezes nearby lose highways

199
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
 The wind hard.
2. They have horses, but they also have______________________
3. No two wooden kachinas are_______________________
4. ______ __ with modem things all around them, the Hopi keep
their traditions.
5. Kachinas are spirits of___________________people, of_____________________,
plants, and animals, and of the stars.
6._______________________________ Tall buildings, , computers, and hundreds
of other
modem things are a part of every American's life.
7._____________________________ They raise sheep, — , and cattle.
8. The weather is very hot in summer, but in winter it_______________________
9. Some of the_________________ live and work in ____ towns.
10. The Hopi want a comfortable, modern life, but they don't want to
_______________________their traditions. -
b Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
truck dead adults goats
somehow comfortable freezes alike
nearby blowing rock highway
1. Young people can _______ ________understand the words in rap videos.
2._________________________________________ Do you and your brother look or very
different?
3. Don't be nervous. It is only the wind_______________________
4.__________________________________________ Today most cowboys have a and a horse.
5. Some people like to eat meat from______________________
6. President John F. Kennedy died in 1963. He is______________________.
7.____________________________ Water at 0°C and changes into ice.
8. They are building a new _______ _____ ______into the city because the old
road is too busy.
9._______________________________ He trew a through the window and broke it.
10. Children can go on the boat for free, but______________________need to buy
a ticket.
11.____________________________________________________ Is there a gas station ? My car is
almost out of gasoline.

200
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
C Vocabulary Review
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
deep skiing right nomads
tent sled wavy uncomfortable
attend beard complete continues
trip beat piano coast
1. They drove to the____________________to go swimming in the ocean.
2. No one has the_____ _____to hurt another person.
3. Riding for hours on a motorcycle is_____________________
4. David's parents took a______________ ______to South America last year.
5. The Mississippi River is very________________in some places.
6 .__________________in Central Asia take their sheep into the mountains
in summer.
7. Are you planning to _ _______ the dance next Saturday?
8. The story on some television programs________ ____ from one
week to the next.
9. Ruth and Ann are going camping in the mountains. They have a to sleep in.
10. Oscar didn't have time to______________________his composition before the
bell rang.
11. Howard has__________________blond hair and a short___________________
12. Did you ever go __________ ___in Switzerland in the winter?
J
Cl Questions
1. Where do the Hopi live?
2. What things are a part of every American's life?
3. What is the weather like in the Hopi villages?
4. What is the Hopi's main food?
5. What kind of meat do they eat?
6. Do they eat food that other Americans eat?
7. What is modem about some of their homes? What is traditional?
8. Where do the children learn English?
9. What are kachinas?
10. Why do the Hopi teach their children the Hopi language, dances, and
stories?

*11. Are Hopi children more like Sami or Ainu children? Why?
Comprehension: Multiple Choice
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You

201
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
cannot find it in the text.
1. The Hopi live in the state of_________
a. Utah
b. New Mexico
c. Arizona
d. NewYork
2. The Hopi________.
a. want modern things instead of traditional ones
b. want traditional things instead of modem ones
c. don't want to remember their traditions
d. want both modern and traditional things
3. Winters in this part of Arizona are_________
a. hot b. warm c. cool d. cold
4. The main Hopi food is_________
a. corn c. beef
b. hamburgers d. vegetables
*5. A truck is useful for people___________
a. in a city apartment c. in New York City

b. on a farm d. near an airport

202
*6. The Hopi probably eat__________sometimes.
a. insects c. potato chips and pizza
b. polar bears d. reindeer meat
7. Kachinas are________
a. men c. animals
b. something to eat d. spirits
8. The Hopi don't want to_________their traditions.
[fl
a. lose b. burn c. remember d. learn
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The Hopi raise crops and animals in the Arizona desert.
2. Kachinas are spirits of the things around the Hopi.
3. The Hopi keep their traditions even with modem life all around them.

The Maori of New Zealand

5
lesson

■^ww. irLanguage.com

202
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
Before You Read
Look at the picture and the map. Read the sentences. Check (II) True, False, or Don't Know.
□
□
D
□
1. New Zealand is an island in the Pacific Ocean.
2. New Zealand is a large country.
3. Traditions are important to the Maori.
True False Don't Know
D D 1J
D D
5 The Maori of New Zealand
Polynesians live on islands in the Pacific Ocean. The Maori are Polynesians, and they live at the
southern end of Polynesia in New Zealand.
came
more than
The Maori arrived in New Zealand from other Polynesian islands over a thousand years ago.
They were the first people to live in New Zealand.
In the late 18th century, Europeans came to live in New Zealand. At that time, there were

203
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
perhaps 250,000 Maori in New Zealand. Over the next 100 years, wars and disease killed many
Maori. By the end of the 19th century, there were only about 40,000 Maori left. During the 19th
century, the Maori also lost much of their land to the Europeans. Many Maori were afraid that they
might lose their traditions and language, too. But this did not happen.
number of people living in an area
Today the Maori population is increasing. There are about 500,000 Maori in New Zealand.
Most live like other New Zealanders. But they are keeping the Maori language and traditions
alive. There are now Maori radio and television stations. Many schools teach in the Maori
language. Nearly one half of Maori language speakers are 25 years old or younger.
Maori culture is also alive and well. At the center of Maori culture is the “marae." This is a
special place for ceremonies and meetings. Today the number of marae in New Zealand is
increasing. Many of the new marae are in the cities. Now people in the cities can meet and learn
about their Maori traditions.
every year irLanguage.com
Today most New Zealand cities have yearly Maori festivals. Among the festival activities are
competitions in speaking, dancing, and singing. Children practice for months. Then all the Maori
in the area arrive to watch the competitions and see who wins.
Today the Maori live a comfortable, modern life. However, they are not losing their traditions,
because they are passing them on to their children.
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text. arrivedcompetitions practice
wms
ceremonies festivals population yearly
culture over wars among
1. This is a special place for_____________________and meetings.
2. Over the next 100 years,____________________and disease killed many Maori.
3. Maori_____________________is also alive and well.
4. Today the Maori___________________is increasing.
5. Today most New Zealand cities have______________________Maori
6. Then all the Maori in the area arrive to watch the competitions and see
who__________________________
7. Children ____ _. for months.
8. The Maori____________________in New Zealand from other Polynesian
islands______________ a thousand years ago.
9______________________ .________________________the festival activities are in
speaking, dancing, and singing.
m
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
arrive competition practice won
ceremony festival population yearly

204
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
cultures over war
1. There is a sports____________________this week. Students from six
universities are coming.
2._____________________________________ What time does your plane in Chicago?
3. The Olympics is not a_______ event. It takes place every
four years.
4.______________________________________ The Ainu arrived in Japan 7,000 years ago.
5.____________________________ In most______________________________, there is a special
______________________________when

people get married.

206
6. What is the____________________of New Zealand today?
7. Who______________the football game last week?
8. Many people die when there is a______________________
9. If you want to become good at something, you need to_____
10. In my town, there is a big______________________every spring.
{&
[cl Vocabulary Review
Match each word in Column A with the word or phrase in Column B that means the same. Write the letter
on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1 attend a. more than
2. thick b. not dead
3. over c. not
interesting
4. yearly d. is the same as
5. alive e. speak
6. many f. not thin
7. dull g. frightened
8. equals h. a lot of
9. communicate i. g° to
10. afraid j
. every year

[dl Questions

The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Where did the Maori come from?

205
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
2. When did Europeans come to live in New Zealand?
*3. What happened to the Maori population after the Europeans arrived?
4. How many Maori are there in New Zealand today?
*5. Why do more young people than older people speak the Maori language? *6. How is Maori
culture kept alive in the cities?
*7. Why are the marae important?
*8. Why do the Maori have yearly competitons?

206
-® Unit 6: Interesting People of the World
e Comprehension: True/False
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false.
_ 1. The Maori are Polynesians.
_______ 2. New Zealand is an island country.
_______ 3. The Maori gave their land to the Europeans.
_______ 4. Europeans arrived in New Zealand before the Maori.
_______ 5. Many Maori died from disease in the 19th century.
_______ 6. In New Zealand, you can listen to the Maori language on
the radio.
_______ 7. A marae is an important meeting place for the Maori.
_______ 8. Every year Maori children compete in speaking, dancing,
and singing.
---------- 9. The Maori are losing their traditions and language.

f| Main Idea
— irLanguage.com
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The Maori have yearly competitions in singing, dancing, and speaking.
2. It's important to keep your traditions alive.
3. The Maori are keeping their traditions and language alive.

-self Pronouns (Reflexive Pronouns)

A mirror reflects. A reflexive pronoun reflects the subject of the sentence.
Examples:
You see yourself in the mirror.
I don't need any help. I can do it myself.
Subject Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
I myself
you yourself
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
you yourselves

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
 they themselves
Put the right -self pronoun in each blank.
at the
1. We usually speak English among________________
Student Union.
2. No one can practice English for you. You have to do it
3. You should practice among_______
4. The officials talked among_______
5. A machine can't move by_________
6. The woman sang the song by_____
7. No one told me about it. I saw it
20 9

how to speak English.

8. Carlos taught___________________
Superlatives

When we compare two things or people, we use the comparative forms -er than,
more than, better than, worse than, and farther than.
When we compare three or more things or people, we use the + adjective + -est
for adjectives of one syllable.
Example: Tom is the oldest student in the class.
We use the most + adjective for adjectives of three or more syllables.
Example: Ann is the most intelligent student in the class.
Irregular forms: good - better than the best
bad - worse than - the worst far - farther than the farthest
Examples: Ann is the best student in the class.
Sarah is the worst student in the class.
Mary ran the farthest.
Spelling: Use the 1-1-1 rule. big-biggest
Put the superlative form of the adjective in the blank. Use the.
(beautiful) l. Switzerland is _ country in Europe.
(expensive 2. A Rolls Royce is one of_ cars
)
in the world.
(good) 3. This morning Kumiko wrote
composition that she ever wrote.

Word
Study
 (tall) 4. Who is student in the class?
(important 5. Rice is food for millions of people.
)
(far) 6. Who drives . _ to come to class?
(bad) 7. The jobs sometimes have
the best benefits.
(dark) 8. Black is color.
(flexible) 9. Who is person in your family?
Put the right word form in each blank. Choose a word form from Line 1 for Sentence 1.
Choose a word form from Line 2 for Sentence 2, and so on.
1. The animals can't drink the water because it is________________
2. Northern Brazil is a ___________area.
3. You can___________________your tea with some sugar.
4. An ice cream soda is a__________ of ice cream and a cola.
5. How much does a compact disc ______________ __?
6._____________________________ A computer is a very thing.
7. Music is an important Maori______________________
8._________________________ Hopi do not live in houses.
9. What is your_____________________?
10. Some children are very______________________
Verb Noun Adjective
1. freeze freeze frozen
2. (none) tropics tropical
3. sweeten sweetener sweet
4. mix mixture mixed
5. weigh weight weighty
6. use use useful
7. (none) tradition traditional
8. (none) wood wooden
9. (none) religion religious
10. (none) noise noisy
d Irregular Verbs
1. Memorize these verb forms. Then use the past tense of each verb in a sentence.
Simple Verb Past Tense Simple Verb Past Tense
a. choose chose e. become became
b. begin began f. tell told
c. blow blew g. dig du
g

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
 d. know knew h. win won
2. Write the past tense of each verb.
a. become ____________ _
b. buy_____________________
c. bring________ ______
d. cut _____ ____ _______
e. come____________________
f. find________________
g. g ——
fi ht
h
- g° - —-------------------------------
i
- get------------------------------------
j. see ___
k. teach___________________ __

1. win_________ ____
Writing
Use real information to write your answers.
1. Imagine that you can go to live with one of the groups of people in Unit 6 for one
year. Who do you want to live with? Why?
2. Which group of people in Unit 6 has the most difficult life? Why do you think so?

3. In what ways is modern life good for traditional people? In what ways is it bad?
a Before You Watch
1. You have read about the Hopi people of Arizona. Write down two facts that you
already know about the Hopi.
a .____________________ ____________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________
2. These words will help you understand the video. Read the words and their
definitions.
Congress - a government group that makes new laws in the United States
dispute - a disagreement or argument
Navajo - a group of Native Americans who live in parts of
Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico
reservation - land that is set aside by the government for Native Americans to live on
Choose one of the words above for each of these sentences:
a. Many Native Americans in the United States and Canada
live on a__________________________

Word
Study
b. When two groups of people do not agree about something,
they are having a__________________________
c. The members of_____________________often disagree about
what is best for the country.
d. The Hopi and the____________________ both live in the
southwestern part of the United States.
Video Highlights

irLanguage
Two groups of people, the Hopi and the landowners, want the
same land. As you watch the video, complete each of the
following sentences.
1. The _ ________________ _ want the land so that they can use it
for hiking, bicycling, and camping.
2. The____________________want the land because it was theirs
historically. It is also very sacred to them.
C After You Watch
1. Read the following passages. Fill in the blanks with information from the video.
a. The landowners in the video are Americans. They live in
------------------------------------They own--------------------------------and
businesses there. Some of them, like Bob Alexander, live on
________________________ land. This sacred land belonged to the
Hopi long ago. The landowners do want the
------------------------------------to control the land again. They are
afraid that they will lose everything.
b. The Hopi are a group of Native Americans. They live in Arizona, in
communities called "pueblos." The Hopi are
peaceful. They are__________________________ and sheepherders.
They also have exciting ceremonies. One famous ritual is
called the_________________________Dance. The dancers perform
with live snakes in their__________________________
www. irLanguage.com

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
214
2. Discuss: Who do you think the land should belong to? Why?

Compare Groups Use the diagram below.

Write the letters of facts that are only true for the Ainu people of Japan in the left
circle.
Write the letters of facts that are only true for the Maori people of New Zealand in the
right circle.

Write the letters of facts that are true for both groups of people in the middle.
Ainu
Maori

a. have yearly festivals

b. have special meeting places
c. live a modern life
d. hunt brown bears
e. can hear their language on the radio
f. make houses from grass

Word
Study
g. grow nee
h. are increasing in number
21 5
b Who Am I?
You and a partner choose roles. Partner A is the interviewer. Partner B chooses a
culture from Lessons 1-5. Partner B pretends to be a person from that culture. Partner
A asks Partner B questions about his or her culture. Continue until Partner A knows
which culture Partner B has chosen.
Example:
A: Where are you from?
B: I am from Norway.
A: Where do you live?
B: In the mountains.
A: What kind of house do you live in?
B: I live in a tent made of reindeer skin. Do you know who I am? A: Yes, you are a
Sami from Norway.
Choosing the Correct Definition
Words often have more than one meaning. Read all of the different meanings of the
noun light.
light /lait/ noun
4 something that can start a fire, such as a match: She took out a cigarette and asked her
friend for a light.
5 a traffic signal: Turn right at the next light.
6 a way of understanding: He now looks back on his life and sees it in a new light.
1 (no plural) energy from the sun, electric lights, fire, etc., that allows us to see
2 (no plural) sunshine, daylight:
He walked out of the house and into the light.
3 something that produces light, such as light bulbs or lamps: When it is dark, we
turn on the lights.
Now read each of the following sentences. How is the word used in each sentence? Which
definition is correct for each sentence? Write the number of the definition next to each
sentence.
Example: ____3___Please turn out the lights before you leave.

1. ______ Excuse me, do you have a light?

2. _ _ I hope we'll get there while it's still light outside.

3. ______The light was shining down through the trees.

4. ______ The speeding car did not stop for the red light.

5. ______ After Dennis listened to the Hopi side of the story, he understood

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
the dispute in a completely different light.

Word
Study
Unit 6: Interesting People of the
World
For each sentence, choose the word or phrase that means the same as the word in bold type. Do
not use your dictionary. The bold words are new in this unit.

1. Captain James Cook was a famous English explorer. He was the first European to
visit most of the Pacific islands.
a. a place that has water all around it
b. a businessman who travels to different countries
c. a person who goes to new places and brings back information about them
d. a ship that travels to new places
2. Captain Cook's ship had many sailors on it, because there is a lot of work on a
ship.
a. men who do the work on a ship
b. men who live in colonies
c. people in competitions
d. people who travel on ships during their vacation
3. A camel keeps a supply of food in its hump.
a. bottle c. store
b. uniform d. basket
4. Ruth had to study the history of Europe in school. She learned about wars, kings,
governments, religion, and everything that happened there.
a. the mountains, rivers, and lakes
b. the countries, cities, and towns
c. scientists and the things they invent
d. everything that happened in the past
5. Abdullah always gets good grades on his tests, so I suppose he will get a good

Word
Study
 grade on this one.
a. think c. want
b. dinner d. have to
6. Helen's family and friends had a party and gave her gifts on her 21st birthday.
a. $100 c. food
220
b. presents d. cattle
7. Helen was very pleased when she saw the gifts.
a. unhappy c. afraid
b. deep d. happy
8. A hippopotamus isheavy. An insect is not heavy.
a. deep c. weighs a lot
b. very tall d. has six legs
9. Masako was playing basketball, and she injured her arm.
She went to the doctor and cannot play again for six months.
a. hurt c. arrived
b. told d. won
10. His destination is New York. He will probably arrive there in a week.
a. place someone isgoingto c. place where people live
b. place someone isleaving d. a large city
11. Dan is three years old. He is able to walk and talk, but he can't read or write.
a. can c. wants to
b. has to d. plans to
12. This television program is one hour long. It starts at 8:00 and is over at 9:00.
a. wonderful c. fimshed
b. double d. middle
Context Clues
The Polynesians
lesson

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
1

Before You Read

1. The Polynesians liked to travel.

2. They traveled in special boats.

3. They lived in a warm area.

True False Don't Know

D D D
D D D
□ □ D
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (ti) True, False, or Don’t Know.

Word
Study
1 The Polynesians
strips of moving water

less dangerous to
4$l
The Polynesians were probably the best explorers in the history of the world.
They traveled thousands of kilometers across the Pacific Ocean in large boats called
"double canoes." They could look at the stars and know which way to go. They also
understood the winds and the ocean currents. They made maps of the stars and the
ocean currents. They made these maps out of sticks and shells.
About 4,000 years ago, a group of people lived in southern China. They were a
mixture of white, black, and Mongol people. When the Chinese moved farther and
farther into the south, these people needed to find safer homes.
Slowly these people left China in their double canoes and started toward the
southeast. They took animals and plants with them. A group of people might arrive
at an island and stay there until they had children, grandchildren, and great-
grandchildren. Then a few families might start traveling again. Some canoes went
one way and some another. It took hundreds of years for them to reach all of the
islands in Polynesia.
best, most wonderful
The double canoe is one of the greatest inventions in history. The Polynesians
were among the greatest sailors in history. They understood how to sail by the stars
and use the winds and ocean currents. This made them great explorers.
explorers safer history maps
greatest toward sailors ocean
shells inventions reach currents
1. The Polynesian double canoe is one of the______________________
_______________:_______in history.
2. When the Chinese moved farther and farther into the south, these people
needed to find _ _ _ _ _=__________homes.
3. The Polynesians were probably the best---------------------------------in the
_______________________of the world.
4. Slowly these people left China in their double canoes and started the southeast.

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
5.____________________________________________________________ The
Polynesians were among the greatest_____________________________in history.
6. They also understood the winds and the ocean_______________________
7. They made _ ___of the stars and the ocean currents.
8. They made these maps out of sticks and______________________
9. It took hundreds of years for them to , all of the islands
in Polynesia.
b Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
explorer safe history map
great toward sailor current
shell invented reached group
1. Madame Curie was a_____________________scientist.
2. Children study the______________________of their country.
3. Horses are sometimes afraid of people. You should move______________
them slowly.
4. A warm ocean_____________________off the coast of Norway makes
Norway warmer than Sweden.
5. A--------------------- . works on a ship.
6. Can you find Polynesia on the___________
7.________________________ It isn't for a little child to play alone in a
swimming pool.
8. A is a small sea animal's house.
9. Do you know who______________________the Internet?
10. Marco Polo was a great __________He crossed Asia and lived
in China for several years in the 13th century.
11. They_____________________the North Pole after traveling for many weeks.
C Vocabulary Review
Put the right word in each blank.
relaxing country describe calmer
century breathe enough enJoy
allow frighten alike around
1. Some people work in town but do not enjoy city life. They like to live out
in the_________________________
2. The students are_____________________under a tree.
3. You don't have________________. time to have lunch before your next class.

Word
Study
4. We are now in the 21st_____________________
5. His parents won't____________________him to sail alone.
6. It's difficult to_____________________after ruming for 30 minutes.
7. How would you ____ a double canoe?
8. Do insects_____________________you?
9. I don't____________________sailing, but I don't hate it either.
10. How long does it take to sail_____________________the island of Japan?
____________________________________________________________________________ ^-^25
Lesson 1: Tine? Polynesians
1. What did the Polynesians travel in?
2. How did they know which way to go?
3. What did they make their maps out of?
4. Where did Polynesians come from in the beginning?
5. Why did they leave China?
6. What did they take with them?
7. How long did it take for them to reach all of Polynesia?
8. What made the Polynesians great explorers?
*9. Are ocean currents important for ships today? Why?
*10. Are the stars important for ships today? Why?
0 Comprehension: True/False
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
________ 1. Hawaiians are Polynesians.
________ 2. Maori are Polynesians.
________ 3. Polynesians came from southern China.
4. Polynesians are a mixture of different groups of people.
________ 5. They traveled from one group of islands to another very quickly.
________ 6. They took dogs with them from China.
7. Some people died on the way to new islands.
8. The double canoe is a great invention.
________ 9. The Polynesians were great sailors and explorers.
________10. They made maps on paper.
f Main Idea
■ i ______________________
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. The Polynesians left China and became some of the greatest explorers in history.
2. The Polynesians went from China to hundreds of Pacific Islands.

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
3. The Polynesians invented the double canoe.

A Giraffe in Central Asia less0n

Before You Read

-~~ -_
Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (ti) True, False, or Don't Know.
True False Don't Know

1. A giraffe has a short neck. D D D

2. Giraffes can move quickly. D D D
3. Giraffes live in cold areas. D D D

Word
Study
2 A Giraffe in Central Asia
Tamerlane (1336?-1405) was a very strong Mongol leader. He and his soldiers
fought until Tamerlane became the ruler of all Central Asia. Rulers of other countries
wanted to make friends with Tamerlane. It was safer to be friends than enemies.
presents
cj
Q' iewehy
Ambassadors from many countries took gifts to Tamerlane. They took beautiful
cloth, jewelry, gold, and silver. They often tried to take something unusual as a gift,
too.
In 1404, near the end of Tamerlane's life, an Egyptian ambassador arrived in
Samarkand. This was where Tamerlane lived. The ambassador and his men traveled
on horses and camels. They brought a giraffe from Africa as a gift.
Egyptian camels and horses were used to walking in the desert. They did it all the
time. A giraffe is not used to the desert. But this giraffe walked 5,000 kilometers from
Cairo to Samarkand.
think, guess
ha
ppy
We know about the Egyptian ambassador's gift because several people wrote
about it. No one wrote that Tamerlane liked it. However, we suppose that he was
very pleased to have this strange African animal in Central Asia.
22 8
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
make friends used to leader suppose
ambassadors ruler pleased silver
jewelry gifts gold giraffe
1. _______________from many countries took___________________to Tamerlane.
2. Egyptian camels and horses were___________ walking in the
desert.
3. Tamerlane (1336?-1405) was a very strong Mongol_______________________
4. They took beautiful cloth,__________________,________________, and
5. However, we ________________that he was very__________________to have
this strange African animal in Central Asia.
6. He and his soldiers fought until Tamerlane became the___________________of
all of Central Asia.

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
7. They brought a= .
from Africa as a gift.
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
giraffe leader jewelry soldiers
suppose gold ruler pleased
used to silver gifts ambassador
1. Who is your country's_____________________to the United States?
2.---------------------------------- A has a very long neck.
3._____________________ ______________________________jewelry is expensive.
______________________jewelry is
less expensive than gold.
4. Some women like to wear a lot of______________________
5. Masako has never been absent from class, but she is not here today. I she is
sick.
6.______________________________________________ A king is the of a country.
He is also the
---------------------------------of his people.
7. When Japanese students study in the United States, they can't get the food
because it is very strange to them.

8. Ali got an excellent grade on his quiz. He was___________________

9. Americans usually get_____________________on their birthdays.
C Vocabulary Review
Match each word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the opposite. Write
the Letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1. arrive a. performers
2. safe b. fewer
3. inside C. find
4. fans d. leave
5. start e. outside
6. dead f. dangerous

Word
Study
 7. lose g. lower
8. higher h. stop
9. more i. alive
10. somebody j. nobody
d Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
*1. What does the question mark in "(13367-1405)" mean?
2. Who was Tamerlane?
3. Why did rulers of other countries want to make friends with him?
*4. Why did ambassadors take gifts to Tamerlane?
5. What kind of gifts did they take?
*6. Why did they often try to take something unusual?
7. Who took a giraffe to Tamerlane?
8. How did the giraffe get to Samarkand?
*9. Do you think Tamerlane liked the giraffe? Why do you think so?
I!] Comprehension: Multiple Choice
c. a Mongol
d. anArab
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
1. Tamerlane was________leader.
a. an Egyptian
b. a Chinese
2. Tamerlane became the ruler of Central Asia because of .
a. ambassadors
b. wars
3. Rulers of other countries wanted to
a. make
b. give
4. A giraffe was________gift.
a. an unusual
b. a safe
c. enemies
d. gifts
___friends with Tamerlane.
c. buy
d. find
c. a double
d. a dead
5. Giraffes are not
a. afraid of
b. interested in
___walking in the desert.

Unit 6: Interesting People of the

World
c. used to
d. tired of
6. Tamerlane was probably________to have this unusual animal.
a. strong c. safer
b. dangerous d. pleased
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. An Egyptian ambassador took a giraffe to Tamerlane.
2. Tamerlane was a strong Mongol ruler of Central Asia.
3. Ambassadors took beautiful and unusual gifts to Tamerlane.

Word
Study
The First Woman on Mount Everest

3
lesson

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (v') True, False, or Don't Know.
True False

D D
D D
2. She is doing something dangerous.
1. This person is in a very cold place. D
False Don't Know
□
□
D
D D
3. She is on a mountain.

— & Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

3 The First Woman on Mount Everest

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. It is in the Himalayas between
Nepal and China, and it is 8,900 meters high. Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand
and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal were the first people ever to climb Mount Everest.
They climbed it in 1953. Men from several different countries climbed it after that.
planned
hurt
could
in the past and now
Junko Tabei, a Japanese from Hokkaido, was the first woman to make this difficult
climb. A Tokyo newspaper-television company organized the Mount Everest climb in
1975. They chose fifteen women from mountaineering clubs to go to Nepal. The group
climbed for several days. Then there was an avalanche. The heavy ice and snow
injured ten of the women.
They had to stop climbing. The other five continued.
Only Ms. Tabei was able to climb the last 70 meters. She was standing on top of the
world. She was the first woman there.
Ms. Tabei was 35 years old at the time. She started climbing mountains in 1960. She
still climbs mountains. She is not an ordinary Japanese housewife. Her husband works
for Honda Motor Company. He likes to climb mountains, too. But he can't get enough
vacation from his work to go with his wife all the time. So he stays home to work and
take care of the house.
In 1992, Ms. Tabei became the first woman to climb the highest mountain on each
of the seven continents. Now her goal is to climb the highest mountain in every
country of the world. To do this, she travels to foreign countries several times a year.
Ms. Tabei also helps an organization that is working to protect mountain
environments.
233
injured ordinary climb heavy
was able to still organized goal
environments mountain continents
1. Ms. Tabei became the first woman to climb the highest mountain on each

Lesson 3: The First Woman on Mount

Everest 01,,J
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of ■
theVocabulary
seven__________________________
2. Only Ms. Tabei_______ ____ climb the last 70 meters.
3. Put the right word in She
each_blank.
_ The sentences are from
climbs the text.
mountains.
4. A Tokyo newspaper-television company______________________the Mount
Everest climb in 1975.
5. She is not an____________________Japanese housewife.
6. The______________ice and snow__________________ __ ten of the women.
7. Now her is to climb the highest
mountain in every
country of the world.
J

8. Mount Everest is the highest_____________________in the world.

9. Ms. Tabei also helps an organization that is working to protect mountain
10. Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay from Nepal were the
first people ever to_______________________________Mount Everest.
[bjj Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
injured ordinary environment climbed
was able to still organize heavier
goal mountainous continent
1. The smallest_____________________in the world is Australia.
2. Abdullah took the test four times. He______________________ pass it the
fourth time.
3. He_____________________ a ladder to get to the roof of the house.
4. The students are going to___________ a party for the last day of classes.
234
5.__________________________ A hippopotamus is
____________________________than a camel.
6. Robert ______________________ his leg while he was skiing.
7. He walked 20 kilometers, but he __________ _____ wasn't tired.
8. There was nothing___________________ _ about the food at his house. It
was very special.
9._____________________________________ Switzerland is a country. That's why a
lot of people

Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

there can ski.
10. His____________________is to become a famous musician.

11. Cars pollute the air and hurt the_______________________

Vocabulary Review
Match each word in Column A with the word in Column B that means the same. Write the
letter on the line following the word in Column A.
Column A Column B
1 gift a. maybe
.
2 pleased b. loud
.
C.
3 great think
.
4 noisy d. ruler
.
5 leader _ e. wonderfu
. l
6 completely f. present
.
7 fewer g. less
.
8 commute h. happy
.
1.
9 suppose all
.
1 perhaps j. travel
0
.
d Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. When did the first mountain climbers reach the top of Mount Everest?
2. Where is Mount Everest?
3. Is Mount Everest an ordinary mountain? Why?
4. Who was the first woman to climb Mount Everest?
5. Who organized the climb?
6. What happened to ten of the women climbers?

7. Is Mount Everest the only mountain Ms. Tabei has climbed? *8. Why isn't Ms.
Tabei an ordinary Japanese housewife?
[el
*9. Why does Ms. Tabei want to protect mountain environments? *10. Will Ms. Tabei

Lesson 3: The First Woman on Mount

Everest 01,,J
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stop climbing mountains soon?
■ Vocabulary
Comprehension: Multiple Choice
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the
Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
answer. You cannotfind it in the text.
*l. When people climb Mount Everest, most of them start in____________________
a. Japan c. the United
States
b. New Zealand d. China or
Nepal
2. Two people climbed Mount Everest in 1953. They were from
a. Japan c. China and Nepal
b. China d. New Zealand and Nepal
3.______________________ Japanese women started to climb Mount Everest.
a. One b. Five c. Two d. Fifteen
4. A company in____________________organized the climb.
a. Tokyo c. Nepal
b. Hokkaido d. New Zealand
5____________ .___________ injured ten of the women.
a. A club b. An ordinary c. An avalanche d. A storm
6. Ms. Tabei practiced climbing for _____________________ years before she
climbed Mount Everest.
a. 15 b. 25 c. 30 d. 40
*7. When Ms. Tabei has climbed all the high mountains in the world, she will feel
a. afraid b. lonely c. nervous d. pleased
Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
2. Junko Tabei, an unusual Japanese housewife, climbs many high mountains.
3. Junko Tabei was happy when she reached the top of Mount Everest.
236

4
lesson

Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

The Iditarod Race

Before You Read

Look at the picture. Read the sentences. Check (II) True, False, or Don't Know.
False Don't Know
True
□
□
□
D
□
□□□□
1. The dogs are in a warm environment.
2. The dogs are pulling a sled.
3.
237
The Iditarod is a dog race.

Every year in early March, dogs pull sleds in a race along the Iditarod Trail. This
trail is 1,770 kilometers long. It goes from Anchorage to Nome, Alaska. The people
who drive the dog teams are called "mushers."

Lesson 3: The First Woman on Mount

Everest 01,,J
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 ■ Vocabulary

Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.

bad weather
place to walk
A musher is an adventurer. Each musher races alone with a team of dogs. Some
mushers are women. Susan Butcher is a famous musher. She won the Iditarod race
four times. Rick Swenson won the race five times.
Mushers are very brave to go on this adventure. The dogs run across snow and ice
pulling their sleds. Sometimes the mushers ride, and sometimes they walk. In 1991,
Rick Swenson led his dogs through heavy snow in a bad storm. It was so dark that no
one could see.
under
He fell to his knees and got up again. In 1990, Susan Butcher's dogs got sick. Then they
came to a river where there was water on top of ice. They were very lucky that they
didn't fall through the thin ice. No one could live in the icy water below.
At night, the mushers sleep in tents. In the morning, they can see footprints of wild
animals near the camp. Sometimes they have to shoot at the wild animals to make
them go away.
footprints

shoof
The Iditarod race is very long, dangerous, and cold. The mushers spend eleven or
twelve days running this race. The temperature can go down to -46 °C (minus forty-six
degrees Celsius). The dogs and the mushers take care of each other during this
adventure.
brave
teams
adventurer
trail
shoot
footprints
knees
below
storm
1. A musher is an .
at the wild animals to make

Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

2. Sometimes they have to them go away.
3. Mushers are very________
4. In the morning, they can see the camp.
and got up again.
5. He fell to his________________
to go on this adventure. of wild animals near
6. No one could live in the icy water______________________
7. In 1991, Rick Swenson led his dogs through a snow ______________________
8. The people who drive the dog______________________ are called “mushers."
9. This____________________is 1,770 kilometers long.
Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
footprints brave
trail knees
shoots team
_____________________________________won the game.
_________________________________________when she climbed Mount Everest.
3. When a hunter finds an animal, he usually________________it.
4. Your_____ are in the middle of your legs.
5. It was difficult to find the
6. When you walk on the beach, you leave your .
7. Junko Tabei is a_____________________woman.
fii]
below stormy adventure
1. Our volleyball__________
2. Junko Tabei had a great
because the snow covered it.
in the sand.
weather.
8. He doesn't like to fly in_________________
us.
9. From the airplane, I could see the ocean
invention competition map shells
history toward current silver
gdd ambassador jewelry used to
club chose able future
1. The teacher
2. Carol has some beautiful
someone to answer the next question. Some of it is
. , and some is

Lesson 3: The First Woman on Mount

Everest 01,,J
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of North America?
■ Vocabulary
from France met with Queen Elizabeth
3. Did you have to study the
4. The new _________________
Put themusic.
Chinese right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.
It sounds
. ? Are you
because he likes to
in the early part of
me.
in London.
5. Most Europeans can't get__________________
strange to them.
6. Can you find India and Burma on the________
----------------------------------to find them?
7. Paul belongs to a photography______________
take pictures.
8. The airplane was an important______________
the 20th century.
9. I was afraid when the bear walked___________
10. The Peru______________________brings cold water from Antarctica along
the west coast of South America.
24<
1. In what month is the Iditarod race?
2. What is the weather like in Alaska then?
*3. Did Rick Swenson always ride in his sled?
4. How many other people travel with the mushers?
5. Why do mushers sometimes shoot at wild animals?
6. How do the mushers know that wild animals come near the camp at night?
*7. Why couldn't Susan Butcher's dogs see the ice?
8. Who won the race more often—Swenson or Butcher?
*9. How do the dogs and the mushers take care of each other?
*10. About how far each day do the dogs have to run?
0 Com; prehension: True/False/No Information
Write T if the sentence is true. Write F if the sentence is false. Write NI if there is no
information about the sentence in the text.
________1. The end of the Iditarod race is in Anchorage, Alaska.
________2. Susan Butcher is a young woman.
________3. The first dog is called the musher.

Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

________4. Rick Swenson helped his dogs through a storm.
________5. Butcher's dogs didn't fall through the ice.
________6. Sometimes wild animals come near the camps at night.
________7. Swenson went to the University of Anchorage.
________8. The dogs eat a lot of food during the race.
________. 9. The temperatures during the Iditarod are below freezing.
________10. The mushers have radios to call for help.
________. ll. Butcher's team won more Iditarod races than Swenson's team.
24
’

f Main Idea
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Susan Butcher won the Iditarod four times.
2. Mushers and their dogs take care of each other.
3. The Iditarod is a big adventure.
Sailing Alone

lesson

Lesson 3: The First Woman on Mount

Everest 01,,J
www.irLanguage.com
5
■ Vocabulary

Put the right word in each blank. The sentences are from the text.

Before You Read

Look at the picture and the map. Read the sentences. Check (ti) True, False, or Don't
Know.
□
D
1. It is possible to sail from Japan to the United States.
2. You need wind to sail.
3. It's dangerous to cross the ocean in a sailboat.
True False Don't Know
D D D
D D D D
243
5
m
Sailing Alone
In 1996, Subaru Takahashi sailed alone across the Pacific Ocean. Many other people
did this before Subaru, but he was special. At age 14, he was the youngest person to
sail across the Pacific by himself.
Subaru left Tokyo on July 22, 1996. His boat was 30 feet (9 meters) long. In the boat
he had a two-month supply of food and water. He also had a radio and other modem
equipment for sailing.
difficulties
stopped
share information end of a trip
The beginning of the trip went very well. Subaru often talked to his parents by
radio. He didn't have any problems with his boat. Then, on August 11, the engine in
his boat quit. Suddenly, Subaru was without electricity. This affected his navigation
equipment.
Then, five days later, his radio quit. Now he wasn't able to communicate with anyone.
And he was still 2,770 miles (4,490 kilometers) away from his destination— San
Francisco.
finished
By the end of August, many people believed that Subaru was lost. No one was able

Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

to contact him by radio. His parents expected him to arrive in San Francisco on
September 3, but he didn't. Then, on September 13, Subaru sailed into San Francisco.
After 55 days in his boat, his trip was finally over.
Many people believe that Subaru was too young to sail alone. They say that parents
shouldn't allow children to make such dangerous trips. However, other people say that
children should have adventures, too. What do you think?

■
■L
communicate electricity expected problems
contact engine quit suddenly
destination equipment over supply
1. After 55 days in his boat, his trip was finally_____________________
2. He didn't have any____________________with his boat.
3. No one was able to _____________ him by radio.
4. In the boat, he had a two-month_____________________of food and water.
5. Now he wasn't able to _______________ _ with anyone.
6. His parents____________________him to arrive in San Francisco on
September 3, but he didn't.
7. Then, on August 11, the__________________in his boat___________________
8. He also had a radio and other modern______________________for sailing.
9. And he was still 2,770 miles (4,490 kilometers) away from his —San Francisco.
10._________________, Subaru was without__________________________.
§Üf
[ii] Vocabulary: New Context
Put the right word in each blank. These are new sentences for words in the text.
communicate electricity expecting problems
contact engine quit sudden
destination equipment over supply
1. It's faster to_____________ someoneby phone than by letter.
2. A car won't go anywhere without an_____________________
3. What_______________ . do you need to play soccer?
4. Don't make any_____________movements. You might frighten the animals.
5. Don't_______________school early. It's good to get a university education.

Lesson 3: The First Woman on Mount

Everest 01,,J
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6. ■She was tired when the test was_____________________
Vocabulary
7. If your__________________ is across the ocean, you can't get there by car.
8. Put
Aretheyou
righthaving
word inany_____________________with
each blank. The sentences are fromyour
the text.
car?
9. I need to get a____________________of paper for my office.
245
with their hands.
10. Many hearing-impaired people
11. They are
12. They use
a new baby in two months. to heat their house.
C Vocabulary Review
Underline the word that doesn't fit with the other three.
1. sail, ski, swim, win
2. leader, ruler, hunter, winner
3. festival, sailor, dentist, pilot
4. beard, mustache, eyelash, knee
5. trail, ocean, highway, road
6. holiday, truck, sled, boat
7. dark, careful, wavy, thick

8. nervous, brave, calm, shiny

Questions
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Where did Subaru Takahashi sail from? Where did he sail to?
2. Who did he sail with?
3. How did he communicate with his parents?
4. How long did it take Subaru to sail across the Pacific?
5. What problems did he have on this trip?
6. Why did he arrive in San Francisco late?
7. Why was Subaru's trip unusual?
8. How much food and water did he take with him?
9. Why did people think he was lost?
*10. Why did Subaru take this trip?

Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

e Comprehension: Multiple Choice Put a circle around the letter of the best answer.
1. Subaru's trip was unusual because he
a. was brave c. was comfortable
b. was very young d. didn't have a radio
When Subaru left Tokyo, he did not have in his boat.
a. his parents c. a radio
b. navigation equipment d. food and water
At the beginning of the trip, Subaru
a. had terrible weather c. didn't have any problems
b. didn't have a radio d. didn't eat well
When his radio quit, Subaru
a. called his parents c. continued his trip
b. went back to Japan d. turned on the electricity
Subaru's trip was .
a. from Tokyo to San Francisco c. from San Francisco to Tokyo
b. around the world d. from south to north
During his trip, Subaru wasn't able to communicate with people
for
a. several days c. about two weeks
b. a week d. about a month

Main Idea
----------------------—
Circie the number of the main idea of the text.
1. Subaru Takahashi was very young when he sailed across the ocean.
2. People were nervous because Subaru Takahashi reached his destination late.
3. It's hard to sail without modern equipment.
irLanguage.com
247

Lesson 5: Sailing Alone d

Verbs: Past Continuous Tense
Example: It is 5:00. Glen is studying.
At 5:00 yesterday, Glen was studying.
The past continuous tense is like the present continuous, but it shows that something
continued to happen in the past. Use was/were instead of am/is/are and the -ing
form of the verb.

We often use the past continuous to show that one action interrupted another action.
Use the simple past for the other verb.
Example: Glen was studying when the phone rang.
The phone rang while Glen was studying.
We usually use the past after when and the past continuous after while (when +
past, while + past continuous).
Put the correct form of the verb in each blank.
1. While Subaru (travel)______________________across the ocean,
he (have)_________________________problems with his engine.
2. While David (walk)_____________________, he (fall)
through the ice.
_____________to pull him out of his tent
. his knee while he (play)
soccer.
3. A bear (try)______
while he (sleep) -
4. Howard (injure)
home
to snow.
5. At 7:00 yesterday, David (arrived)_______
from work.
6. Tony (ski)______________when it (start)

f, Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

7. Ann (enter)
the building when she (see)
«
an old friend.
8._____________________________ Jean (sleep) when the telephone
------------------------------(ring).
9._____________________________________________ Ali (leave) the classroom when
the
teacher (speak)_______ _______ to him.
10. While Marie (write)_____________ _______a letter, Pierre
(telephone)________________________her.
b Spelling Review
1. Add -y to each of these nouns to make an adjective.
noise storm rock wave
2. Add -ing to these verbs.
study plan write go
swim fly bring come
3. Write the plural form of each of these nouns.
century ruler ceremony child
adventure gift goal day
4. Write the past tense of each of these verbs.
try mix invent belong
expect shop carry play
5. Add -est to these adjectives.
big thick heavy low
high safe small hot
C Word Forms
Verb Noun Adjective

1. (none) danger dangerous

2. invent invention inventive
inventor
3. (none) science scientific
scientist
4. explore exploration exploratory
explorer
5. sail sail (none)
sailor
6. be born
7. lead
8. rule
9. organize
10. injure
Word
Study
birth
(none)
(none)
(none)
organized
injurious
leader
ruler
organization
lnJUry
Put the right word form in the blanks. Choose a word from Line 1 for Sentence 1, and so on.
Use the right tenses. Some nouns are plural.
1. Always think about the_______ ______ when you walk
across the street.
and be a
2. The computer is a wonderful______________________
the Pacific Ocean in the
3. Kumiko plans to study__________
4. Captain Cook__________________
18th century. He was an
had
did the work on sailing ships. These ships _____________to catch the wind. They
all over the world.
6. The_______________
7. The captain will
8. A king_____
9. You need to Good
of a child makes the family very happy. the soldiers into the town.
_____ his country. He might be a good
. , but he might not be.
_____________your compositions better.
is important in compositions.
10. Oscar's car hit a tree. He has several
Hü
Irregular Verbs
1. Learn these verb forms. Then use the past tense of each verb in a sentence.
Simple Verb Past Tense Simple Verb Past Tense
a. choose chose e. fall fell
b. leave left f. meet met
c. spend spent g. sleep slept
d. send sent h. understand understood
2. Write the past tense of these verbs.
g begi
. n

f, Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

 h cut
.
i find
.
J give
- _
k put
.
1 sell
.
a.
be _____ ____
b.
blow___________________
c.
do________________-
d.
get -------------------- --------------
e.
know
f.
ring _
e Collocations
We often use certain adjectives and nouns together. For example, we say deep snow
and thick ice. We don't usually say thick snow and deep ice.
Which adjective do we use more often with each of the nouns below? Circle the correct word.
(juicy / wet) soil (deep / thick) skin (high I tall) salary (high I loud) music (fast /
quick) music (thick / strong) leader
(^^^/ thick) snow (thick /wide) hair (long I tall) trip (bad / ugly) weather (old /
traditional) life (hot / warm) coat (thick / wide) river
What verbs do we often use with the nouns below? Draw a line to connect them.
Verbs Nouns
attend ■=--------------------------------classes
demand crops
grow the environment
make friends
pollute your feelings
show your rights
take school
& 25

What verbs do we often use with these nouns? Check (./) your answers.
have get make
[Z]
D D
□ D D
D D D
D D D
D D D
a problem a job a class a sound a decision
■■
m
ii, Writing
Use real information to write your answers.
1. Which lesson in Unit 7 was the most interesting for you? Why?
Word
2. If you could travel through time and go with the people on one of the adventures
Study
 in Unit 7, which adventure would you go on?Why?
252
3. Describe an adventure of an important explorer from your country.

CM
Before You Watch
You have read about the Iditarod race. Now answer these questions.
1. What is the Iditarod?
2. Who are mushers?
3. Do you think that the Iditarod is a dangerous adventure? Why or why not?
b As You Watch
Finish this sentence with at least two more reasons.
The dogs are important to the mushers because ...
the do(Js are like pets for them.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
C After
253
You Watch
t^-
Video Highlights
1. Think about the Iditarod. In the video, you heard two points of view. On one side,
there are the animal activists. They are worried about the dogs, and they want the
race to stop. On the other side, there are the mushers. They say that the race should
continue.

f, Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

2. Take a Side. Which side are you on? Do you agree with the animal
activists or the mushers? Give two more reasons to support the side
you choose.

Animal Activists
Example: The dogs are tied up when they are not racing.
1.
Mushers
Example: The race is a tradition in Alaska.
1.
2.
3. Read your reasons aloud to the class. How many people in the class
think that the race should continue? How many think that it should
end?
ü^'^’ üt,,j www. irLanguage.com
We're going to Alaska to see the lditarod. We'll need heavy coats, boots, gloves, sunglasses

& Unit 7: Exploration and Adventure

 www.irLanguage.com , :

1. To travel long distances across the sea like the Polynesians, I

am going to need a________________________
Pretend you are a famous explorer. Think of what you will need
to take with you. Use the pictures to help you think of the words.
HI Go on an Adventure
Travel Plans

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 www.irLanguage.com , :

Example: To sleep at night, I will need a tent.

2. To travel across the desert, I must have a to ride on.
3.__________________To travel across the snow in Alaska, I will need
___________________to pull my sled.
4. To travel through mountains where the snow is deep, I will
need____________________
5. To walk across New Zealand, I will need strong leg
Work with a partner. Decide where you would both like to go.

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 www.irLanguage.com , :

Together, write a sentence explaining what you want to do when you

get there. Then make a list of the things you will need to bring with
you. Tell about your trip, and read your list to the class.
255
Finding Synonyms
Synonyms are words that have the same (or very similar) meanings.
Not all words have synonyms.
1. Read the definition of the word gift. What is its synonym?
gift/ gift/ noun
1 something given freely to another, (synonym) a
present: My father gave me a watch as a birthday gift.
2 a special natural ability: She has a gift for languages; she
can speak five different languages.
2. Draw a line between each of the following words and its synonym.
Use your dictionary to check your work.
happy

choose
dull
terrible
glad
hurt
present
horrible
boring
3. Work with a partner. Partner A reads each sentence aloud. Partner
B repeats the same sentence, but substitutes a synonym for the
underlined word.
Example:
Partner A: He thought the trip was very dull.
Partner B: He thought the trip was very boring.
a. Something terrible happened during their trip.
b. Tamerlane was probably very glad to have such an unusual
present.
c. We don't know why Junko Tabei chose to climb the highest
mountain in the world.

Unit 7:' Exploration and Adventure

Activity Page &

 www.irLanguage.com , :

below 238

9
about 7
benefit 152
beside 16
better 78
above 16 blow 199
across 188 blues 114
add 114 bored 37
adult 199 both 57
adventurer 238 bottle 124
affect 109 brave 238
afraid 11 breathe 16
ago 73 broom 83
alert 37 bum 73
alike 199 by hand 93
alive 16
all over 7
§sp
allow 157
alone 124
also 7 calm 124
ambassador 228 camel 7
among 205 can 124 card
area 194 129
around 88 careful 109
arrive 205 carry 47
art 73 casual 162
attend 188 catch 11
average 147 cattle 124
century 114
each other 57 earn 147 earth 47 eastern 83 either 124 electricity 244 employee 147
employer 152 enemy 52 energy 78 engine 244 enjoy 129 enough 147 environment 233
equals 42 equipment 244 evaporate 47 even 83 excited 37 exercise 42 expect 244
expensive 52 explorer 223 express 114 extra 147 eyelash 7
ceremony 205 chance 93 channel 167 cheap 52 chew 109 choose 157 classical 109 climb
233 cloud 47 club 42 coast 183 collect 52 comfortable 162 common 129 communicate 244
commute 167 compact disc 119 company 119 competition 205 completely 188 composer
114 computer 167 connect 42 contact 244 contagious 37 continent 233 continue 188 cool 7
country 93 crop 78 culture 205 current 223
m
u

a
famous 47 fan 119 farm 52 farmer 52 feather 3 feed 73 feeling 21 female 157 fertilizer 78
background 109 bake 129 band 119 basket 73 be able to 233 beak 3 bear 11 beard 188 beat
129 become 78 behave 109 believe 21
dance 57 dangerous 124 date 73 dead 199 decision 162 deeply 37 dentist 152 describe 7
desert 7 destination 244 destroy 194 die 194 difficult 57 dig 183 disease 78 doctor 152

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 www.irLanguage.com , :

dolphin 21 dress code 162 dull 147 during 3 duty 147

257
festival 205 flexible 157 fly 3
footprint 238 forest 183 freeze 199 frighten 194 fry 129 full time 157 future 183

kill 3 kind 52 knee 238

jazz 114 jewelry 228 just 78

get dressed 162 gift 228 giraffe 228 goal 233 goat 199 gold 228 government 3 grass 83 great
223 group 21 grow 52 guitar 114

258
half 93 hard 42 harmonica 114 hate 78 health 152 hearing-impaired 57 heat 7 heavy 233
high 16 highway 199 history 223 holiday 183 however 37 hump 7 hunter 188 hurt 3

lose 147, 199 loud 109 lovely 88 luck 21

ice 11 idea 57 if 52
increase 157 injure 233 insect 83 instead of 52 instrument 114 insurance 152 international
130 Internet 152 interpret 57 invention 223 island 188

lake 16 large 16 laugh 42 leader 228 leave (time off from a job) 157 leaves (parts of a plant)
73 left 188 leisure 167 less 183 light 188 logger 194 lonely 21

over (more than) 205

overtime 147
machine 78 male 157 mammal 16 map 223 meal 167 medicine 42 middle 188 might 37
miner 194 mix 47 mixture 119 modem 93 mountain 233 move 47 muscle 37 museum 73
music 109 mustache 188

naturally 42 nearby 199 nervous 119 noise 194 nomad 183 north 11

race 37 raise 88

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 www.irLanguage.com , :

quickly 37 quit 244

obviously 167 ocean 47 only 3 orchestra 129 ordinary 233 organize 233 outsider 194 oven
129 over (finished) 244

palm 73 pay 147 peaceful 124 percent 47 performer 119 perhaps 194 piano 114 pick 93 pilot
152 plant 16 pleased 228 plus 152 poisonous 52 polar 11 police officer 162 pollute 194
popular 114 population 205 practice 205 prepare 167 pretend 42 private 152 probably 83
problem 244 produce 93 profession 152 program 167 progress 194 promote 188 protect 93
reach 223 record 119 relax 42 religion 188 rice 83 rights 188 roast 129 rock 199 roof 83 rug 83
rule 157 ruler 228
safe 223 sailor 223 salary 152 salt 47 sandal 83 save 21 schedule 157 scientist 21 section 88
seed 88 share 157 shell 223 shiny 88 shoot 238 show 21 sign 57 silver 228 size 3 ski 183 skin
88 slave 114 sled 183 smell 3 snow 11 so 78 soft 119 soil 83 somehow 199 soon 42 sound 21
south 11 southern 73 special 162 spend 16 spiritual 194 sportswear 162 star 57 stay 16 still
233 stomach 16 stone 73 store 7 storm 238 strange 3 stretch 37 suddenly 244 supply 244
suppose 228 surf 167 sweet 88 swim 11
tail 2 taste 129 team 238 tent 183 thick 7 thin 88 time off 157 together 21 toward 223
traditional 183 trail 238 travel 21 trip 183 tropics 52 truck 199 typically 93

B
unfortunately 93 uniform 162 unpaid 157 used to 228

vacation 147 vary 147 violin 124 visit 124 II

B
waiter 152 war 205 warm 11 wavy 188 weigh 11 well 42 west 83 while 129 whole 57 wide
11 wild 88 win 205 wing 3 wonderful 73 wood 73

yawn 37 yearly 205

I CJty'

259
www. irLanguage.com

ACTIVITY PAGE
Acting out words, 66 Comparing groups, 215 Crossword puzzle, 30 Drawing instruments,
140 Going on an adventure, 255 Guess the animal, 31 Lists, 103 Music bingo, 140 Travel
plans, 255 Unscrambling words, 103 Who am I?, 215-216 Word search, 66 Workplace
ladder, 177
DICTIONARY PAGE

Activity Page &

 www.irLanguage.com , :
Antonyms, 32 Definitions, 217 Parts of speech, 141 Spelling, 104 Synonyms, 256 Word
forms, 67-68,178
LISTENING/SPEAKING
Ask and answer questions, 31,64 Discussion, 29,65,101,102, 175, 254 Facts from video, 175
Group activities, 175, 254, 255 Guess the animal, 31 Interviewing, 175, 215-216 Partner
activities, 31, 32, 64,103,175, 215-216, 255,256
Reading aloud, 103, 254, 255, 256 Role playing, 215-216
READING
Charts, 146
Comprehension, 5,9,14,19, 21,24, 40,45, 50, 55, 60, 76, 80, 86, 91,95, 111,117,122,127,
132,150,155,160,165,170,186,191,197, 202-203,208,214,226,236,241,247 Definitions, 256
Main idea, 5,9,14,19, 21,24,40,45,50, 55, 60,
76, 81, 86, 91,96,112,117, 122,127,132, 150,155,160,165,170,186,192,197,204,
208,226,236,242,247 Paragraphs, 65
Prereading activities, 2, 6,10,15, 20,36,41, 46, 51,56, 72, 77, 82,87, 92,108,113,118,123,
260
128,146,151,156,161,166,182,187,193,
198.204.222.227.232.237.243 Sentences,2,6,10,15,20,36,41,46,51,56,72,
77, 82, 87, 92,101,108,113,118,123,128,
146,151,156,161,166,182,187,193,198,
204.222.227.232.237.243 Vocabulary, 34-35,38-39,43-44,48-49,53-54,
58-59,70-71, 74-75,79-80,84-85,89-90, 94-95,106-107,110-111,115-116,120-121, 125-126,130-
131,144-145, 148-149, 153-154,158-159,163-164, 168-169, 180-181,184-185,189-190, 195-196, 2()
(}..201,206-207,220-221,224-225, 229-230,234-235,239-240,245-246
TEST-TAKING SKILLS
Categorizing, 13, 23,192, 215 Checking choices, 2, 6,10,15, 20,28, 36,41,46, 51, 56, 64, 72, 77,
82, 87,92,108,113,118, 123, 128, 136, 138, 139,146, 151, 156, 161,
166,176,182,187,193,198,204,222,227, 232,237,243,252 Circling choices, 14,19,
24,40,45,50,55, 60, 76, 86,91,112,117,122,127,150,155,160,165,
170,186,197,203,208,226,231,236,242, 247
Fill in blanks, 4, 8,12,17, 22, 25, 27, 38-39,
43- 44,48,53-54,58-59,62-63,67-68, 74-75, 79, 84-85, 89-90, 94,97-98,110,115, 120-
121,125,130-131,134,135-136,138, 139,142,148-149,153-154,158-159,159, 163,168,172,184-
185,189-190,190, 195-196,200-201,206-207,209,210,211, 213,214,224,225,229-230,234-235,239,
240,245,248-249,250-251,255
Matching, 32,39, 80, 81, 85,96,116,121,132, 154,164,173-174,185,196,207,230,235, 251-252,256
Multiple-choice questions, 9,14,18,24, 34-35, 44,55, 70-71, 76, 91,122, 144-145,155,165,
170,180-181,186,191,197, 202-203, 220-221,236,242,247 Sentence completion, 176, 214,253
Short-answer questions, 5, 9,13,18, 23,28, 39,
44- 45,49, 54, 59, 75, 80, 85, 90,95,111,116, 121,
126,131,149,154, 160,164, 169, 185-186,191,196-197, 202, 207, 226, 230, 235-236,241,246
True/false questions, 5,40,45, 50,60, 80-81, 86, 95,102,132,150,186,197,208,226,241
Underlining choices, 49,95,111,126,149,169,246
TOPICS
Animals, 1-24 Camel, 6-9 Dolphin, 20-24 Hippopotamus, 15-19 Kiwi, 2-5 Polar bear, 10-14
Exploration and adventure, 219-247 First woman on Mount Everest, 232-236 Giraffes,
227-231 Iditarod race, 237-242 Polynesians, 222-226 Sailing alone, 239-247 How? Why?,
33-60 How can a plant kill?, 51-55 How do many hearing-impaired people talk?, 56-60
Why do people laugh?, 41-45 Why do we yawn?, 36-40 Why is the sea salty?, 46-50
Music, 105-132 Blues and jazz, 113-117 Country-western music, 123-127 Latin music
and salsa, 128-133 Music and behavior, 108-112 Rock and roll, 118-122 People of the
world, 179-207 Ainu of Japan, 187-192 Hopi of Arizona, 198-202 Maori of New
Zealand, 204-208 Sami of northern Europe, 182-186 Yanomami of the Amazon, 193-197
Plants, 69-96 Coffee plant, 92-96 Date palm, 72-76 Oranges, 87-91 Rice, 82-86 Water

Activity Page &

 www.irLanguage.com , :
hyacinth, 77-81 Work and leisure, 143-170
Family-friendly companies, 156-160
Salaries, 151-155
Time off, 166-170
Work clothes, 161-165
Work hours, 146-150
VIEWING
Maps, 204
Pictures, 2,6,10,15, 20,36,41,46, 51, 56, 72,77, 82, 87,92,108,113,118,123,128,146,151,
156,161,166,182,187,193,198,204,222,
227,232,237,243
Video highlights, 28-29,64-65,101-102, 138-139,175-176,213-214, 253-254
WORD STUDY
Adjectives with -y ending, 99-100 Collocations, 136,173-174, 251-252 Comparisons, 27,98
Compound words, 63,173 -er ending for people, 62-63 -ly adverbs, 134-135 Nouns
Noun and verb the same, 135-136 Plural, 99 Pronouns Possessive, 25 -self pronouns,
209 Questions Past tense, 133 Present tense, 61 -selfpronouns, 209 Spelling, 249
Irregular verbs, 26
Plurals of verbs ending in s, ch, sh, x, or z, 26 Plurals of verbs ending in y, 26 Words
ending in -er, 27 Superlatives, 210 there is/there are, 62 un-, 172 Verbs
Irregular verbs, 26,97,133-134,171-172,212, 250-251
Noun and verb the same, 135-136 Past continuous tense, 248-249 Past tense, 97-98,133,
212 Present continuous tense, 171 Present tense, 26,61 Word forms, 211,249-250 Writing
short answers, 27,63,137,174, 212, 252 -y ending, 99-100
WRITING
Charts, 81,96,174,175,178,192 Crossword puzzles, 30 Diagrams, 29, 215 Group activities,
139 Lists, 103,255 Partner activities, 103,139 Questions, 65 Sentence completion, 102
Sentences, 26,61, 171, 212, 255 Short answers, 27, 29, 63,100,137, 174,175, 212, 213, 252, 253
261

Past
hurt
kept
knew
led
left
lost
made
met
paid
put
ran
g
ran
saw
sold
sent
slept
slid
spoke

Activity Page &

 www.irLanguage.com , :

spent
swept
took
taught
told
thought
understood
wore
won
wrote
Simple
hurt
keep
know
lead
leave
lose
make
meet
pay
put
rin
g
run
see
sell
send
sleep
slide
speak
spend
sweep
take
teach
tell
think
understand
wear
win
write
Past
was, were became began blew brought built bought caught chose came cut did drank
drove ate fell felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
froze
got
gave
went
grew

Activity Page &

 www.irLanguage.com , :

had
heard
hit
Simple
be
become
begin
blow
bring
build
buy
catch
choose
come
cut
do (does)
drink
drive
eat
fall
feel
fi ht
g
find
fly
forget
freeze
get
give
go (goes) grow have (has) hear hit
www. irLanguage.com
262
Irregular Verbs
Reading & Vocabulary Development Series
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Visit Thomson ELT online at efc.thomson.com For your learning solutions;

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THOMSON
• Focus on grammatical structure. The first two units use only the
present tense, and the sentences are short. The past tense is introduced
in Unit 3 and the present continuous in Unit 5. The
• Main Idea. Students must choose the main idea of the text from
three possibilities.
• Skills Index. This index provides teachers and students with a
handy reference for all of the reading and writing skills introduced in
Fact & Figures, as well as all of the grammatical structures found in the
text.
• A new website
(http://elt.thomson.com/readingandvocab- ulary) features
vocabulary flashcards, crosswords, quizzes, and more to help students
revise for tests.
2. The camel has a tail.
3. All camels have two humps on their backs.
Circle the number of the main idea of the text.
1. There are two kinds of camels.
2. The camel has a good body for life in the desert.
3. The camel stores food in its hump.

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The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in
the text.
1. How do people yawn?
2. What happens to your muscles when you yawn?
3. What usually happens when you see someone yawn?
4. How long does a yawn last?
*5. Why do Olympic runners yawn before a race?
*6. What other things are contagious?
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in
the text.
1. How do people use the palm tree?
*2. What is the name of the fruit of the palm tree?
3. Where did the date palm come from?
4. When did Syrians and Egyptians start to eat dates?
5. How many kinds of palm trees are there?
6. Why can't most of them grow in the Middle East?
7. Where can we see beautiful old pictures of palm trees?
*8. Why did Syrians and Egyptians make pictures of
palm trees?
*9. Why do date palms grow in the Middle East?
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in
the text.
1. Where does Latin music come from?
2. What is salsa?
3. Name some cities that have their own types of salsa.
4. What kinds of music were mixed to get Latin music?
*5. Why does Latin music have a strong beat?
6. Who are Juan Luis Guerra and Ruben Blades?
*7. What are some things to do while you are listening to Latin music?
8. What is the difference between roasting and frying?
9. How does a person dance to Latin music?
*10. How is Latin music different from the blues or country-western
music?
Put a circle around the letter of the best answer. The asterisk (*) means you
have to think of the answer. You cannot find it in the text.
1. Ainu have________eyes.
a. green c. blue
b. black d. brown
2. Ainu are different from other Japanese people because they have__________
a. hair c. large hands
b. eyes d. round eyes
*3. Ainu and other Japanese people are alike because they all___________
a. have grass houses c. hunt bears

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b. have wavy hair d. eat fish and rice

4. After many Japanese people moved to Hokkaido in the 1800s, the
Ainu
a. taught them their language c. stopped going to
school
b. lost much of their land d. started a newspaper
5. The traditional Ainu house has a window on the east side__________
a. to let in sunlight c. to look at the
mountains
b. because of their religion d. to look for bears
6. Young Ainu had to attend________
a. Ainu schools c. Japanese schools
b. Japanese dances d. soccer games
The asterisk (*) means you have to think of the answer.You cannot find it in
the text.
1. Where do the Yanomami live?
2. About how many Yanomami are there?
"'3. Why didn't the Yanomami know about other people?
*4. What do the Yanomami eat?
*5. Name some changes in the daily lives of these people.

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