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Lessons 5-9 PDF

Methods are presented for finding the differential equation of a family of curves. Examples derive the equations for families of circles with centers on a line, parabolas with vertices at the origin and foci on an axis, and circles with centers on an axis. Exercises ask the reader to apply these techniques to find equations for other families of curves.

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Ibarra Kakki
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163 views5 pages

Lessons 5-9 PDF

Methods are presented for finding the differential equation of a family of curves. Examples derive the equations for families of circles with centers on a line, parabolas with vertices at the origin and foci on an axis, and circles with centers on an axis. Exercises ask the reader to apply these techniques to find equations for other families of curves.

Uploaded by

Ibarra Kakki
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Verifying Solutions

Example:
Determine whether the given function a) y = sinx b) y = 4e-x and c) y = Cex
is a solution of the differential equation y” - y = 0.
Solution:
a) y = sinx ; y’ = cosx ; y” = -sinx it follows that:
( -sinx ) - ( sinx ) = 0 ; -2sinx ≠ 0, thus it is not a solution.

b) y = 4e-x ; y’ = -4e-x ; y” = 4e-x it follows that:


( 4e-x ) - ( 4e-x ) = 0 thereby it is a solution.

c) y = Cex ; y’ = Cex and y” = Cex it follows that:


( Cex ) - ( Cex ) = 0 is a solution for any value of C.

Exercises:

Verify the following function if it is a solution of the given differential equation:

1) y = Ce4x for y’ = 4y

2) y = e-2x for 3y’ + 5y = -e-2x

3) y = C1sinx - C2cosx for y” + y = 0

4) x2 + y2 = Cy for y’ = 2xy/( x2 - y2 )

5) y2 - 2lny = x2 for =
Finding a Particular Solution
Example:

For the differential equation xy’ - 3y = 0 , verify that y = Cx3 is a solution and find
the particular solution determined by the initial condition y = 2 when x = -3.

Solution:

y = Cx3 then y’ = 3Cx2 and xy’ - 3y = x ( 3Cx2 ) - 3 ( Cx3 ) =

Therefore it is a solution, furthermore, the initial condition y = 2 when x = -3 yields

y = Cx3 2 = C ( -3 )3 thus C = −

Thus conclude that the particular solution is:

𝟐
y = - x3
𝟐𝟕

Exercises:

Check if the equation is a solution of the given differential equation and find the particular
solution determined by the given initial conditions.

1) y = Ax2 + 2x for xy’ - 2y = -2x


y(1) = 4

2) y = 2C1ex + 3C2e-2x for y” + y’ - 2y = 0


y(0) = 2
y’ ( 0 ) = -1

3) y = Asin2x + Bcosx - 4x2 for y” + 4y + 16x2 + 8 = 0


y ( 0 ) = -2
y’ ( 0 ) = 4
Family of Curves

An equation involving a parameter, as well as one or both of the coordinates of a point in a


plane, may represent a family of curves.

Example:

1) Find the differential equations of a family of circles, each having its center on the line
y = x and each passing through the origin.

Center at ( h , k )
but y = x
thus h = k = c

General equation of a circle:


( x - h )2 + ( y - k )2 = r2 but h = k and r2 = h2 + k2 = c2 + c2 = 2r2
( x - c )2 + ( y - c )2 = 2c2 ; x2 - 2xc + c2 + y2 - 2yc + c2 = 2c2
x2 + y2 - 2c ( x + y ) = 0
Differentiating once with respect to x, we have ; 2x + 2yy’ - 2c ( 1 + y’ ) = 0
Eliminating the arbitrary constant c by substitution , we have:

2c = ; substitute to the derivatives, we find that:

2x + 2yy’ - ( ) ( 1 + y’ ) = 0 will yield to:

𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒚𝟐
y’ =
𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒚𝟐
2) Find the differential equation satisfied by the family of parabolas having their vertices at
the origin and their foci on the y-axis.
Solution:
The general equation of a parabola opening upward or downward is:
( y - k ) = ±4a ( x - h )2
But since the vertices is at the origin in which ( h, k ) be ( 0 , 0 ) and foci on the y-axis and
±4a ( a as distance of vertex to foci ) be a constant A, then the equation becomes:
y = A x2 ( one arbitrary constant, derive once with respect to x )

y’ = 2Ax ; by substitution A = will yield to y’ = 2 ( ) x thus:

y’ = which gives xy’ - 2y = 0

3) Find the differential equation of the family of circles having their center’s on the y-axis.
Solution:
Since center is on y-axis, h = 0 thus equation be : x2 + ( y - h )2 = r2 ( 1 )
With two arbitrary constants , we will derive the equation twice with respect to x.
2x + 2 ( y - h ) y’ = 2r ; x + ( y - h ) y’ = r (2)
1 + ( y’ ) ( y’ ) + ( y - h ) y” = 0
( )
( y - h ) = - (3)
"

Substitute ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) in ( 1 ) will results to:


( ) ( )
x2 + [ - ]2 = [ x +( - ) y’ ] 2
" "

Simplifying :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x2 + ( " )
= x2 - 2x ( "
) y’ + ( " )
( y’ )2

Final equation will yields to:


2xy”y’ [ 1 + ( y’ )2 ] - [ ( y’ )2 - 1 ] [ 1 + 2 ( y’ )2 + ( y’ )4 ] = 0
4) Find the differential equation of all family of straight lines with slope and y-intercept
equal.
Solution:
From the equation of a straight line in intercept form, we have:
y = mx + b but m = b yielding to y = mx + m = m( x + 1 )
Differentiating once with respect to x:
y’ = m ; substitute to the original equation y = y’ ( x + 1 )
Final equation be: y’ ( x + 1 ) - y = 0

Exercises:

1) Find the differential equation of all family of straight lines at a fixed distance p from the
origin.

2) Find the differential equation of family of circles tangent to the x-axis.

3) Find the differential equation of family of parabolas with vertex on the x-axis, with axis
parallel to the y-axis and with distance from focus to vertex fixed as a.

4) Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with axis parallel to the x-axis.

5) Find the differential equation of the cubics : cy2 = x2 ( x - a ) with a held fixed.

6) Find the differential equation of the quartics : c2y2 = x ( x - a )3 with c held as fixed.

7) Find the differential equation of family of circles through the intersection of the circle
x2 + y2 = 1 and the line y = x. Use the “ u + kv “ form; that is, the equation:
x2 + y2 - 1 + k ( y - x ) = 0

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