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Lessons 1-4 PDF

The document discusses differential equations and examples of eliminating arbitrary constants from differential equations. It provides examples of ordinary and partial differential equations. It then discusses linear differential equations and the order and degree of differential equations. The document concludes by providing sample problems for eliminating arbitrary constants from differential equations involving one to three arbitrary constants. Exercises are provided to eliminate arbitrary constants.

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Ibarra Kakki
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353 views4 pages

Lessons 1-4 PDF

The document discusses differential equations and examples of eliminating arbitrary constants from differential equations. It provides examples of ordinary and partial differential equations. It then discusses linear differential equations and the order and degree of differential equations. The document concludes by providing sample problems for eliminating arbitrary constants from differential equations involving one to three arbitrary constants. Exercises are provided to eliminate arbitrary constants.

Uploaded by

Ibarra Kakki
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Examples of Differential Equations

The construction of mathematical models to approximate real-world problems has been one
of the most important aspects of the theoretical development of each of the branches of
science. Differential equations are mathematical models that involves equation in which a
function and its derivatives play important roles. The following are examples of differential
equations:

= sinxcosx ( ordinary )

3 - 4 + 2 = 0 ( ordinary )

= ℎ ( + ) ( partial )

When an equation involves one or more derivatives with respect to a particular variable, that
variable is called an independent variable. A variable is called dependent if a derivative of that
variable occurs. In the equation:

L + R + i = Ecos2t

i is the dependent variable, t is the independent variable and L, R, C and E are called
parameters.
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest-ordered derivative appearing
in the equation. While the degree of the differential equation is the degree of the highest-
ordered derivative appearing in the equation. For example, an equation:

3a ( ) - 2b ( ) + 4c = 0

is called a third-order, second degree ordinary differential equation.


A very important concept in the study of differential equations is that of linearity. An
ordinary differential equation of order n is called linear if it maybe written in the form:

b0(x) + b1(x) + …………………………….. + bn-1(x) + bn(x)y = R(x)

For example, the equation : x3y” - 3xy’ + ( lnx )y = 5x4 is linear.

Elimination of Arbitrary Constants


Methods for the elimination of arbitrary constants vary with the way in which the constants
enter the given relation. A method that is efficient for one problem maybe poor for another.
The number of derivatives that need to be used is the same as the number of arbitrary
constants to be eliminated. We shall in each case determine the differential equation that is of
order equal to the number of arbitrary constants in the given relations, consistent with the
relation and free from arbitrary constants.

Sample Problems: Eliminate the arbitrary constants from the following equations:
1) x3 - 3x2y = C
Solution: Since the equation contains only one arbitrary constant, we will differentiate the
equation only once with respect to x and then eliminate the constant.
3x2 - 3 ( x2y’ + 2xy ) = 0 ( notice that arbitrary constant has been eliminated)
Re-arranging the equation, we have : 3x2 ( 1 - y’ ) - 6xy = 0 ; divide each term by 3x
Therefore: x ( 1 - y’ ) - 2y = 0

2) y = Asin2x + Bcos2x (1)


Solution: Differentiate the equation two times with respect to x ( two arbitrary constants ).
y’ = 2Acos2x - 2Bsin2x (2)
y” = -4Asin2x - 4Bcos2x (3)
Notice that if we will multiply equation 1 by 4 and add to equation 3, arbitrary constants A
and B are eliminated thus we will have:
( 4y = 4Asin2x + 4Bcos2x ) + ( y’’ = -4Asin2x + 4Bcos2x )
y” + 4y = 0
3) y = C1 e-x + C2 e2x (1)
Solution: Two arbitrary constants C1 and C2 needs to be eliminated, we will derive the
equations two times with respect to x.
y’ = -C1e-x + 2C2e2x (2)
y” = C1e-x + 4C2e2x (3)
Then, let’s add equation 1 and 2, we will obtain:
y’ + y = 3C2e2x (4)
Similarly, add equation 2 and 3, we will obtain:
y” + y’ = 6C2e2x (5)
Notice that equation 4 and 5 only contain the arbitrary constant C2, to eliminate let us multiply
equation 4 by ( -2 ) and then add to equation 5. Therefore:
-2y’ - 2y = -6C2e2x
+ y” + y’ = 6C2e2x

Resulting to: y” - y’ - 2y = 0

4) y = C1 e-x cosx + C2 e-x sinx (1)


Solution: Derive two times with respect to x, since there are two arbitrary constants C1 and C2.
y’ = C1 ( -e-xcosx - e-xsinx ) + C2 ( -e-xsinx + e-xcosx )
y’ = - ( C1e-xcosx + C2e-xsinx ) - C1e-xsinx + C2e-xcosx = - y – C1e-xsinx + C2e-xcosx
y’ + y = -C1e-xsin x + C2e-xcosx (2)
y” + y’ = -C1 ( -e-xsinx + e-xcosx ) + C2 ( -e-xcosx - e-xsin x )
y” + y’ = - ( -C1e-xsinx + C2e-xcosx ) - ( C1e-xcosx + C2e-xsinx )
y” + y’ = - ( y’ + y ) - y ( constants eliminated )
Re-arranging will yields to:
y” + 2y’ + 2y = 0
5) y = Ax2 + Bcos2x - Csin2x (1)
Solution: Differentiate the equation three times with respect to x ( 3 arbitrary constants ).
y’ = 2Ax - 2Bsin2x - 2Ccos2x (2)
y” = 2A - 4Bcos2x + 4Csin2x (3)
y”’ = 8Bsin2x + 8Ccos2x (4)
Multiply equation 1 by 4 then add to equation 3 will result to:
( 4y = 4Ax2 + 4Bcos2x - 4Csin2x ) + ( y” = 2A – 4Bcos2x + 4Csin2x )
y” + 4y = 4Ax2 + 2A (5)
Multiply equation 2 by 4 then add to equation 4 will result to:
( 4y’ = 8Ax - 8Bsin2x - 8Cc0s2x ) + ( y”’ = 8Bsin2x + 8Ccos2x )
y”’ + 4y’ = 8Ax (6)
Notice that equation 5 and 6 only contain the arbitrary constant A, by substitution in which

A = from equation 6, then substitute its value in equation 5 will yields to:

y” + 4y = A ( 4x2 + 2 ) = ( 4x2 + 2 )

8xy” + 32xy = 4x2y”’ + 16x2y’ + 2y”’ + 8y’


Re-arranging will result to:
y”’ ( 4x2 + 2 ) - 8xy” + 8y’ ( 2x2 + 1 ) - 32xy = 0

Exercises: Eliminate the arbitrary constant/s:


1) 2x3y + xy2 = 4C

2) y = x2 + C1 e-2x - C2 ex

3) y = C1 ex + C2e-x + C3 e2x

4) y = Ax3 + Bxe-2x

5) y = C1eax cosbx + C2eax sinbx a and b are parameters

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