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eROU02 OSPF Basics PDF

The document provides an overview of OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) including that it is a link state routing protocol used within TCP/IP networks. It describes OSPF's features such as fast convergence, neighbor discovery process, packet types, network topologies, and how it uses shortest path first algorithms and link state advertisements to share routing information.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
60 views32 pages

eROU02 OSPF Basics PDF

The document provides an overview of OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) including that it is a link state routing protocol used within TCP/IP networks. It describes OSPF's features such as fast convergence, neighbor discovery process, packet types, network topologies, and how it uses shortest path first algorithms and link state advertisements to share routing information.

Uploaded by

Chris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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APNIC eLearning:

OSPF Basics

Contact: [email protected]

eROU02_v1.0
Overview
•  OSPF Basics and Features
•  Link State Routing Protocol
•  Fast Convergence
•  Basic OSPF Operation
•  OSPF Neighbor Discovery Process
•  OSPF Packet Types and Format
•  OSPF Network Topology
OSPF
•  Open Shortest Path First •  Designed for:
–  TCP/IP environment
•  Link state or SPF technology
–  Fast convergence
•  Developed by OSPF working –  Variable-length subnet masks
group of IETF (RFC 1247) –  Discontiguous subnets
•  OSPFv2 (IPv4) standard –  Incremental updates
described in RFC2328 –  Route authentication

•  OSPFv3 (IPv6) standard •  Runs on IP, Protocol 89


described in RFC2740
Link State Routing Protocol

Z’s Link State


Q’s Link State
Z

A Q 2
B Z 13
Q Y
C X 13

Topology Information is kept


X in a Database separate from
the Routing Table
X’s Link State
What is Link State Routing
•  Do not send full routing table on periodic interval
•  Maintain three tables to collect routing information
–  Neighbor table
–  Topology Table
–  Routing table
•  Use Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to select best path
from topology table
•  Send very small periodic (Hello) message to maintain link
condition
•  Send triggered update instantly when network change
occur
Link State Data Structure
•  Neighbor Table
–  List of all recognized neighboring router to whom routing information
will be interchanged

•  Topology Table
–  Also called LSDB which maintain list of routers and their link
information i.e network destination, prefix length, link cost etc

•  Routing table
–  Also called forwarding table contain only the best path to forward
data traffic
Shortest Path First (SPF) Tree

•  Every router in an OSPF network maintain an identical


topology database
•  Router place itself at the root of SPF tree when calculate
the best path
Low Bandwidth Utilisation

LSA

X R1

LSA

•  Only changes propagated


•  Uses multicast on multi-access broadcast networks
Fast Convergence
•  Detection Plus LSA/SPF
–  Known as the Dijkstra Algorithm

Alternate Path R2

N1
R1 X
Primary Path
R3
N2
Fast Convergence
•  Finding a new route
–  LSA flooded throughout area
–  Acknowledgement based
LSA
–  Topology database synchronised

X
–  Each router derives routing table to
N1
destination network
R1
Basic OSPF Operation
•  Neighbor discovery
–  Send L3 multicast message (hello) to discover neighbors

•  Exchanging topology table (LSDB)


–  Send L3 multicast message (DBD packets)

•  Use SPF algorithm to select best path


–  Each router independently calculates best path from an identical
topology database of an OSPF network or area

•  Building up routing table


–  All the SPF selected best paths are installed in routing table for the
traffic to be forwarded
OSPF Neighbor Discovery Process

•  Use IP packet to send hello message. At start routers are at


OSPF Down State
•  Use multicast address 224.0.0.5/FF02::5 to make sure
single IP packet will be forwarded to every router within
OSPF network. Router now at OSPF Init State
OSPF Neighbor Discovery Process

•  All neighboring router with OSPF enabled receive the hello


packet
•  Checks contents of the hello message and if certain
information match it reply (Unicast) to that hello with
sending its router ID in the neighbor list.
•  This is OSPF Two-way State
Contents Of A Hello Packet
•  Required information to build up adjacency:
–  Router ID of sending router
–  Hello and dead interval time *
–  List of neighbors
–  Network mask
–  Router priority
–  Area ID *
–  DR & BDR IP
–  Authentication information (If any) *

* Need to match to create neighbor relationship


Discovering Network Information
•  After creating 2-way neighbor relationship neighboring
routers will start exchanging network related information
•  At this stage they will decide who will send network
information first. Router with the highest router ID will start
sending first. This stage is called OSPF Exstart Stage
•  Then they will start exchanging link state database. This
stage is Exchange Stage
Adding Network Information
•  When router receive the LSDB it perform following action:
–  Acknowledge the receipt of DBD by sending Ack packet (LSAck)
–  Compare the information it received with the existing DB (if any)
–  If the new DB is more up to date the router send link state request
(LSR) for detail information of that link. This is Loading Stage

•  When all LSR have been satisfied and all routers has an
identical LSDB this stage is OSPF Full Stage
Maintaining Routing Information
•  Send periodic updates (Hello) to all neighbors to make sure
link with the neighbor is active. I.e 10 sec for LAN
•  Send triggered (Instant) update if any network information
changed
•  Maintain link state sequence number to make sure all
information are up-to-date
•  Sequence number is 4-byte number that begins with
0x80000001 to 0x7fffffff
OSPF Packet Types
•  OSPF use following five packet types to flow routing
information between routers:
•  1: hello [every 10 sec]
–  Hello Builds adjacencies between neighbors
•  2: DBD [Database Descriptor Packet]
–  DBD for database synchronization between routers
•  3: LSR [Link State Request Packet]
–  Requests specific link-state records from router to router
•  4: LSU [Link State Update Packet]
–  Sends specifically requested link-state records
•  5: LSAck [Link State Ack Packet]
–  Acknowledges the above packet types
Format of OSPF Packet

•  All five OSPF packets encapsulated in IP payload (Not


TCP)
•  To ensure reliable deliver using IP packet OSPF use its own
Ack packet (Type 5)
Format of OSPF Packet Header Field
•  Version number
–  Either OSPF version 2 (IPv4) or version 3 (IPv6)
•  Packet type
–  Differentiates the five OSPF packet types [Type 1 to Type 5]
•  Packet length
–  Length of OSPF packet in bytes

•  Router ID
–  Defines which router is the source of the packet [Not always source address of IP header]

•  Area ID
–  Defines the area where the packet originated
•  Checksum
–  Used for packet-header error-detection to ensure that the OSPF packet was not corrupted during
transmission

•  Authentication type
–  An option in OSPF that describes either clear-text passwords or encrypted Message Digest 5
(MD5) formats for router authentication
Content of OSPF Packet Data
•  Data (for hello packet):
–  Contains a list of known neighbors
•  Data (for DBD packet):
–  Contains a summary of the LSDB, which includes all known router IDs
and their last sequence number, among a number of other fields
•  Data (for LSR packet):
–  Contains the type of LSU needed and the router ID of the needed LSU
•  Data (for LSU packet):
–  Contains the full LSA entry. Multiple LSA entries can fit in one OSPF
update packet
•  Data (for LSAck packet):
–  Is empty
Difference is OSPFv3 for IPv6

•  OSPFv3 still use 32 bit number as router ID


•  So OSPFv3 operation and packet types are same as OSPFv2
•  Change will be in IP header where source address will be interface
address and destination will be FF02::5 which is 128 bit address.
•  Change will be in DBD [t2] and LSU packet [t4] to carry 128 bit prefix
OSPF Network Topology
•  OSPF network can made up of different types of network
links
•  Neighbor relationship behavior will also be different for
each network type
•  It is important for OSPF to be configured correctly based on
its network types to be functioned properly
•  Some network type create neighbor relationship
automatically some need to create it manually
OSPF Network Topology

Broadcast
Multi-access

Point-to-Point

Non Broadcast X.25/


Multi-access (NBMA) Frame Relay/
ATM
Broadcast Multi-access Network

•  Generally LAN type of technologies like Ethernet or Token


Ring
•  Neighbor relationship are created automatically
•  DB/BDR election is required
•  Default OSPF hello is 10 sec dead interval is 40 sec
Broadcast Multi-access Network
•  Broadcast network use flooding process to send routing
update
•  Broadcast network use DR/BDR concept to reduce routing
update traffic in the LAN
•  Packet sent to DR/BDR use 224.0.0.6/FF02::6 multicast
address
•  Packets from DR to all other routers use 224.0.0.5/FF02::5
multicast address
•  All neighbor routers form full adjacencies relation with the
DR and BDR only
DB/BDR Election Process
•  Router with the highest priority value is the DR, Second
highest is BDR
•  In the event of tie router with the highest IP address on an
interface become DR and second highest is BDR
•  DR/BDR election can be manipulated by using router-ID
command.
•  In practice loopback IP address is used as router ID and the
highest IP address will become DR, Second highest is BDR
•  The DR/BDR election is non-preemptive
–  Generates network link advertisements
•  Assists in database synchronization
Point-to-Point Network

•  Usually a serial interface running either PPP or HDLC


•  Neighbor relationship are created automatically
•  No DR or BDR election required
•  Default OSPF hello is 10 sec and dead interval is 40 sec
Non Broadcast Multi-access Network

X.25/
Frame Relay/
ATM

•  A single interface interconnects multiple sites like Frame


Relay/ATM/X.25
•  NBMA topologies support multiple routers, but without
broadcasting capabilities
•  OSPF neighbor relation need to create manually, DR/BDR
will be elected
•  Default OSPF hello is 30 sec and dead interval is 120 sec
Questions
•  Please remember to fill out the
feedback form
–  <survey-link>
•  Slide handouts will be available
after completing the survey
APNIC Helpdesk Chat
Thank you!
End of Session

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