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CH 7 PowerCycles

The document describes four thermodynamic power cycles: 1) The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. 2) The constant pressure cycle consists of two constant pressure and two adiabatic processes. 3) The constant volume cycle consists of two constant volume and two adiabatic processes. 4) The diesel cycle consists of compression, constant volume heat addition, expansion, and exhaust. It then provides examples calculating parameters for each cycle type.

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870 views12 pages

CH 7 PowerCycles

The document describes four thermodynamic power cycles: 1) The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. 2) The constant pressure cycle consists of two constant pressure and two adiabatic processes. 3) The constant volume cycle consists of two constant volume and two adiabatic processes. 4) The diesel cycle consists of compression, constant volume heat addition, expansion, and exhaust. It then provides examples calculating parameters for each cycle type.

Uploaded by

carleston thurgood
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7

Carnot Cycle and Power Cycles


Carnot Cycle /QH/

P b c

a-b Adiabatic compression until the


temperature rises from TC to TH a d
/QC/
b-c Isothermal expansion to arbitrary
point C with absorption of heat /QH/ V

c-d Adiabatic expansion until the temperature decreases


to TC

d-a Isothermal compression to the initial state with


rejection of heat /QH/
Example 7.1
1kg of air is taken through a Carnot cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of the
air are 1.73 MPa and 300oC. From the initial conditions, the air is expanded
isothermally to three times its initial volume and then further expanded adiabatically to
six times its initial volume. Isothermal compression, followed by adiabatic
compression, completes the cycle. Determine:

a. The pressure, volume and temperature at each corner of the cycle

b. The thermal efficiency of the cycle

c. The work done per cycle

d. The work ratio


Constant Pressure Cycle

This cycle consists of two constant pressure processes 2-3 & 4-1, and two adiabatic processes 1-2 & 3-4.
This cycle is the theoretical cycle on which the modern day gas turbine is based on. The steps can be
summarized as follows (assuming all processes reversible):
 1-2: Adiabatic compression of the gas according to the law PVγ=C. Pressure
increases from P1 to P2. Temperature increases from T1 to T2. Volume decreases
from V1 to V2. Entropy remains constant at S1=S2.

 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition. Pressure remains constant P2=P3.


Temperature increases from T2 to T3. Volume increases from V2 to V3. Entropy
increases from S2 to S3.

 3-4: Adiabatic expansion of the gas according to the law PVγ=C. Pressure
decreases from P3 to P4. Temperature decreases from T3 to T4. Volume increases
from V3 to V4. Entropy remains constant at S3=S4.

 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection. Pressure remains constant P4=P1.


Temperature decreases from T4 to T1. Volume decreases from V4 to V1. Entropy
decreases from S4 to S1.
Example 7.2

In an ideal constant pressure cycle using air, the overall volume ratio of the cycle is
8:1. The volume ratio of the adiabatic compression is 6:1. The pressure, volume, and
temperature of the air at the beginning of the adiabatic compression are 100 kPa,
0.084 m3, and 28oC. Take γ=1.4, Cp=1.006 Kj/kg K. Determine for the cycle:

a. The pressure, volume, and temperature at cycle state points


b. The heat received
c. The work done
d. The thermal efficiency
e. The carnot efficiency within the same temperature limits as the cycle
f. The work ratio
g. The mean effective pressure
Constant Volume Cycle

This cycle consists of two constant volume processes 2-3 & 4-1, and two adiabatic processes 1-2 & 3-4.
This cycle is the theoretical cycle on which the modern petrol engine is based on. The steps can be
summarized as follows:
1-2: Adiabatic compression of the gas according to the law PVγ=C. Pressure
increases from P1 to P2. Temperature increases from T1 to T2. Volume decreases
from V1 to V2. Entropy remains constant at S1=S2.

2-3: Constant volume heat addition. Pressure increases from P2to P3. Temperature
increases from T2 to T3. Volume remains constant V2=V3. Entropy increases from
S2 to S3.

3-4: Adiabatic expansion of the gas according to the law PVγ=C. Pressure decreases
from P3 to P4. Temperature decreases from T3 to T4. Volume increases from V3 to
V4. Entropy remains constant at S3=S4.

4-1: Constant volume heat rejection. Pressure decreases from P4to P1. Temperature
decreases from T4 to T1. Volume remains constant V4=V1. Entropy decreases from
S4 to S1.
Example 7.3

1 kg of air is taken through a constant volume cycle. At the start of the adiabatic
compression, the pressure and temperature are 103 kPa and 100oC. The adiabatic
compression has a volume ratio of 6:1. The maximum pressure of the cycle is 3.45
MPa. Determine for the cycle:

The pressure, volume, and temperature at each of the cycle process change points
The heat transferred to the air
The heat rejected by the air
The ideal thermal efficiency
The work done
The mean effective pressure
Take R = 0.287 KJ/kg.K and γ=1.4
Diesel Cycle
Students to complete
Example 7.4

At the beginning of compression of an ideal diesel cycle, the gas has a temperature
and pressure of 40 deg cel and 90kPa respectively. The volume ratio of compression
is 16:1. The maximum temperature of the cycle is 1400 deg cel. Determine for the
cycle:

a. The pressure and temperature at each of the cycle process change points
b. The work done per kilogram of gas.
c. The thermal efficiency
d. The work ratio
e. The mean effective temperature
f. The carnot efficiency within the cycle temperature limits

Take Ϫ = 1.4 and Cp = 1.004kJ/kg.K

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