EXPERIMENT 3-5. FULL-WAVE LOOP ANTENNA In this experiment, let's measure a radial pattem for a E-Plane and H-py ful-wave loop antenna. We will study a polarization characteristic of a ture oe antenna. Let's calculate a half-power beam width of a full-wave loop = loop using an antenna software. na by BASIC STUDY 1. Infinitesimal Loop Antenna ‘The infinitesimal oop antenna which is smaller size than 8/X or B/A has dal relation to a infinitesimal dipole antenna, it is used for a special application sun as direction searching. Here the duality theory is a theory settling between a radial by power resources(infinitesimal magnetic current resources(infinitesimal loop). 19 the substitutional relation formed dipole) and a radial by Figure 5-1 Current in Infintesimal Loop Antenn® we p antenna is very shore’ co Jitude and phase “o"(zero) Since a loop lenath of an infinitesimal loor in all part, can regard the current as an amp! 5-1. Accordingly the field to direction of Z axis becomes For all direction except Z axis, the radial pattern not t infinitesimal antenna. This infinitesimal !oop antenna can infinitesimal antenna placed in zero point along z axis without radial pattern. But the input resistance of an infinitesimal Ile value as. below 12, Acoo‘diigly use Ik ae @ 0ST ral (053 difficulty to use for a transmitting antenna because of the radi too litle2. Full-Wave Loop Antenna 1, The loop antenna(full-wave loop antenna) of wave(A) is used efficiently for has a proper gain, and input impedance is a value treating easy(about 1008). There are various type of a loop antenna. That is a round shape, square, rectangle and diamond, These all have a similar radial pattern and gain For the radial pattern of a full-wave loop antenna, it is important to suppose the current ranging along the loop line, and to understand how get the electromagnetic field generated along it is added and offset. 2.1 Current Distribution of Full-Wave Loop Antenna Let's think the circle loop antenna of 12 of length on X-Y plane. The power feed point can be placed anywhere. But the direction of power feed has an important effect on a radial pattern (CURRENT DISTRIBUTION UNFOLDED LOOP +x -N2 FEED POINT ne Figure 5-2 Current Distribution of Loop Antenna of Length 10, Let us suppose that the power feed point is on the bottom of Y axis, and the loop spread along X axis without fold by being divided as same length as Figure 5-2. In this figure, it can be seen to have a current distribution like a cosine wave has a max. value at power feed Figure 5-3 shows the distribution of a circle loop antenna and how get the electromagnetic field generated along this is added and offset. The electromagnetic field radiated in this case get add in direction of +¥, -Y and +Z, -Z, but get offset in direction of +X, -X. Sag /=/ +*Y Increasing Magnetic Direction curren C77 LOOP ae aia ps e EE oth FN Ops Dscieasng ciseing Magnet % erate Siseton Ipeteasn age ii Magnetic Direction i ~Y Increasing Figure 5-3 Current Distribution of Circle Loop Antenna 2.2 Radial Pattern of Full-Wave Loop Antenna There are 3 important plane in a loop antenna, That is E-Plane, H-Plane and Loop Plane contained in antenna. To explain this plane, let us consider a s loop antenna, Yeas X-mis Zak i Figure 5-4 Square Loop Antenna 0 XY Plane, and with a conta 1 2 is ‘The loop antenna is placed to be parallel in front of you 0 axis is placed toward you as Figure 5-4. Compare a loop dipole, X-Z plane is E-plane, Y-Z plane is H-plane and Loop plar plane,(a) (B) Figure 5-5 (A) E-Plane Radial Patter (B) To Measure a E-Plane of Full-Wave Loop Antenna Radial Pattern, must Rotate ‘The theoretical radial pattern in E-Plane(X-Z Plane) is as Figure 5-5(A). To measure this radial patter, the loop must be rotated toward Y axis as Figure ve << (a) (8) Figure 5-6 (A) H-Plane Radial Pattern (B) Rotation to measure of Full-Wave Loop Antenna —_-H-Plane Radial Pattern To measure a radial pattern of H-Plane(x - y plane) indicated in Figure 5-€(A), a loop must be revolved on x axis as Figure 56(B). ene(A) (8) Figure 5-7 (A) Loop Plane Radial Pattern (B) Rotation to Measure a Loop of Full-Wave Radial Pattern Plane Radial Pattern, Finally, to measure @ radial pattein of loop plane( Figure 5-7(A), the loop must rotated on z axis consider more exactly the theoretical radial pattern Loop Plane expressed in each Figure 5~5( The radial pattern is similar the E- — y plane) indicated jn as Figure 5-718). Let us of E-Plane, H-Plane eng (A), 5-6(A) and 5-7(A) Plane and Loop Plane, but the amplitude of As Figure §-6, the electromagnetic field in center of loop Sttonaly 2s to be a composition of electromagnetic occurred But on Y axis outside of a loop, Stronger but there is a little phase loop plane becomes smaller than E- is appeared vey by phase curer. the electromagnetic field becomes moe difference. The electromagnetic field of @ lane electromagnetic field. 2.3 Polarization , 4 ool i > EER fel us ay) X-POLARIZATION XPOLARIZATION. a wae cra 00 UP 720 UP Figute 6-8 Polarization of E-Plane in x DirectionFigure 581A), (B) shows the current flowing into a loop antenna in different moment each other. In figure, to the direction of x axis, to be added the current flowing into loop of both half. On the other hand, to Y axis, to be offset a current. Accordingly E wave becomes polarized toward X axis. With same principle, in case of a vertical feed which a loop has a feed point in the upper side or lower, E wave becomes polarized in parallel. In case of a even feed which a loop has feed point in left or right, E wave becomes polarized in even. 2.4 Impedance, Gain, Beam width When a size of loop is 1A, the input resistance of loop antenna becomes a value about 1002. In this input resistance, the input reactance goes down to very small value. Under this condition, the loop antenna is used very efficiently, to be get a proper beam width. In this time this loop antenna has a gain about 3.0948. This is less than 3.82dB, gain of a full-wave dipole but larger than 2.1dB, gain of a half-wave dipole. Resultingly, theoretically the beam width of this loop antenna is between 47°of a full-wave loop antenna and 78°of a half-wave dipole It can't say that the circle loop is a cube, but almost same as square. If feed the antenna at one position, since the sine wave is generated to be a current anti-node at opposite point to feed point, and to be a node at a central points, becomes max. radiation toward front and rear, vertical with earth f-n2-aff 10 u ve —_-| |— avs +} — va (A) X/4Spacing Step Dipole (B) M/8 Fold and Bend of Both Side (C) 1Wave Loop Figure 5-9 Method Thinking the 1wave Loop Antenna Accordingly it can seems that the square loop antenna in (A) is what isolate both side of the two folded and bended A/2 doublet as each A/8 to get by Spacing 4/4. The same, it can seems that the loop of diamond shape in (B) is what isolate the antenna of inverted V shape.Resistance a) Resetance a ® ® @ @ a7 os 08 uw 12 Circumterence(wave) Figure 5-10 Input Impedance of 1Wave Circle Loop The gain of a full wave loop antenna is different according to thick element, but a square loop is about 148, and a circle loop is some 1? 208. onaret Figure 5-10 shows the change of input impedance around "6 put impedance frequency of a circle loop. When an antenna is tuned, the input impede | ig red that te a loop using a thin lead is about 1402. Also the tuning freauency the thickness of an element like A/2 dipole, but becomes freweny his Hoop an ain 3 has a larger range of using frequency than A/2dipole, when aed ato wire of some 2m as 1 element loop, the length of an element, 274.03) entire length becomes a litle longer than 1wave, Also since t—————— a eeemw.6. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE ee 1, St a main controller, transmittingreceiving antenna positioner and computer which are main instruments of antenna experiment set. 2, Set a height controller on a transmitter and fix 500MHz Yagi antenna on an antenna fixing pack, then set these on a polarization control plate. Set an antenna at vertical position for earth to get an even polarization characteristic. The transmitting antenna set as Figure 5-11 get an even polarization characteristic. Connect S00MHz oscillation output terminal of main controller and the cable connecting terminal of Yagi antenna with SMA cable used for 2m te! Figure 5-11 Even Polarization Transmitting Antenna Full-Wave Circle Loop Antenna 3. Fix the full wave circle loop antenna on the polarization contro! plate of ‘ecever to get an even polarization characteristic. Place an antenna to rotating Genter of receiver by using a position control plate of receiver. See Figure S12 to set[Ref] The poston of a hal wave beam width take wih any ter stray from right ~3dB point. To observe the cuss Sia 01's software, open the cursor option then select a pany, ettin Options, Set Cursors at ~3dB item. The cursor ™ wall Use this Item to take fast the approximate value of In the next experiment. If you necessary, ean, be lace ay 8 halt po 69" BG the 0b fg 18. Save the data of antenna 1, 3 and output the resut. Must op Shon g pattern of two data box. Full-Wave Square Loop Antenna 19. Fix a full-wave square loop antenna on a polarization contol plate of as ve to be got an even polarization characteristic. Use a position conte ces 4 receiver to place the antenna in rotating center of receiver. See Fig to set Figue 5-17 Even Polarization Transmitting Antenna oo loop anten® Connect the cable connecting terminal of a full-wave square 100? Jd comet 8 FF IN terminal of receiver with SMA cable used for 1m, 3 “i cont PUT(tkHz) terminal of receiver to Input(1kHz) terminal of 2 ™ BNC cable used for 1m29, Use below formula to calculate the length of a tull-wave square loop and to measure the length of an actual antenna in 500MHz, then record in Table 5-2 ‘Theoretical Antenna Length | Actual Antenna Length 21. The distance between antennas is isolated as 1=1.5m as Figure 5-18. Set center of each transmittingteceiving antenna in a straight line of same height, te Figure 5-18 Distance between Antenna 22. Set as below in condition of main controller power off ~ Power OFF ~ S00MHz Oscilation Switch off ~ 2 GHz Oscillation Switch off ~ 10 GHz Oscillation Switch off ~ Modulation Switch (Mod) off o96/523, 24, 25, 26. | After set a switeh in main controler a8 Below, execute the Antenng 4 program. ain = Power ON = 500MHz Oscillation Switch on = 2 GHz Oscillation Switch off 10 GHz Oscillation Switch off Modulation Switch (Mod) on If the program window is executed, execute a data acquisition in Pop Up menu, Select Antenna here and select E-Plane as Plane, then control to be displayed 0 in an antenna gain displayer by adjusting a signal attenuation, the adjustment is completed, start the data acquisition. ‘After the first experiment, named the taken radial pattern to Antenna 1, and save in data box as E-Plane. To confirm a radial pattern exactly, use a data box. It adjust MSP(Max. Signal Position) to 0°, can see the racial pattem of this antenna. Make a Yagi antenna used for receiving to rotate 90"the polarization cont plate to be got a vertical polarization characteristic. Don't change the polarizing direction of a square loop antenna used for receiving. Experiment again, and named Antenna 2 then save this radial pattern as E-Plane. Figure 5-19 Vertical Polarization Transmitting Antennaa — a7, set a full-wave square loop antenna used for receiving to be got a vertical polarization characteristic as Figure 5-20 ake the center of antenna to be vertical with rotating mis of reconer, Figure 5-20 Vertical Polarization Receiving Antenna 28. After click Antenna Initialize in Edit Menu of a software, select H-Plane as Plane, then click the Auto button for a data acquisition. The data acauisition is finished, save the pattern in Antenna 1 as file. 27. Observe three radial pattern. 28. Set again the transmittingreceiving antennas to be got an even polarization chatactetistic. The distance between antennas is r=1.5m. Make the surrounding condition of antenna to same as the first experiment. Take the E-Plane radial pattern of @ full-wave circle loop antenna, save in the data box. Theoretically, it except an effect caused by power damage, this radial pattern must same as the first pattern. If the pattern is difference very much, nave to do suitably by finding a position where the reflection can be occurred. After 4o suitably, continue an experiment and save new pattern in Antenna 3 data box. Glick the cursor button on tool window of a computer. Two cursors making angle of O’each other are appeared. The values arranged at right side of screen wil be changed. These indicate the max. value of a main beam and the power size of cursor position(dB), and the angle and cursor position is displayed in the right bottom of the window. Select a green cursor by dragging. Whenever move this cursor around window, the value of cursor 2 is changed. This is a difference of amplitude(dB) between max. value of a pattern and a cursor position. -97- Me ell——y 30, Use Iwo cursors 0 take a half angle of main beam power size in ey a ‘a data box ne of Calculate a half-power beam width in E-Plane of a ful-wave sauay loop antenna with below formula. 0 HPBW = 1 8 prom ~ 8 srewie | = —_ 31, Repeat 29th experiment procedure in a radial pattern of the third data bey, HEBW 81. Close an option of curser.(Window return to the initial screen.) Compare the experimental values with give values of an antenna software. If the calculated result is not accorded to these values, experiment and calculate again. IRef.] The position of a hal wave beam width take with antenna software though stray from right -3d8 point. To observe the cursor's position selected by f software, open the cursor option then select a pattern you want. Select the Options, Set Cursors at -3dB item. The cursor will be placed automaticaly Use this item to take fast the approximate value of a half power beam width | in the next experiment. If you necessary, can adjust the to be high accuracy. | 32. Save the data and output the result. In output, have to present the radial | pattem of two data box. Full-Wave Diamond Loop Antenna ization 38. Fix a full-wave diamond loop antenna to be got an even pol ion | characteristic on a polarization control plate of receiver. Use the PO of recent Control plate of receiver to place an antenna in rotating center See Figure 5-21 to set. ~ 98 -