APRIL
ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
Harvey M. Pedrosa
ABM 11-25
Prof. Oscar L. Poloyapoy
1.What is a Frequency Distribution?
A frequency distribution is an orderly arrangement of data classified according to
the magnitude of the observations. When the data are grouped into classes of
appropriate size indicating the number of observations in each class we get a
frequency distribution. By forming frequency distribution, we can summarize the
data effectively. It is a method of presenting the data in a summarized form.
Frequency distribution is also known as Frequency table.
2. Rules in constructing the Frequency Distribution table
There are certain rules to be remembered while constructing a grouped frequency
distribution
- The number of classes should be between 5 and 20.
- If possible, the magnitude of the classes must be 5 or multiple of 5
- Lower limit of first class must be multiple of 5
- Classes are shown in the first column and frequencies in the second column.
3. Steps in constructing frequency distribution
Decide about the number of classes. Too many classes or too few classes might
not reveal the basic shape of the data set, also it will be difficult to interpret such
frequency distribution. The maximum number of classes may be determined by
formula: {\displaystyle \mathrm {NumberofClasses} =C=1+3.3\mathrm {log}
(n)} or {\displaystyle C={\sqrt {n}}(\mathrm {approximately} )} where n is
the total number of observations in the data.
Calculate the range of the data (Range = Max – Min) by finding minimum and
maximum data value. Range will be used to determine the class interval or class
width.
Decide about width of the class denote by h and obtained by {\displaystyle
h={\frac {\mathrm {Range} }{\mathrm {NumberofClasses} }}} .
Generally the class interval or class width is the same for all classes. The classes
all taken together must cover at least the distance from the lowest value
(minimum) in the data set up to the highest (maximum) value. Also note that
equal class intervals are preferred in frequency distribution, while unequal class
interval may be necessary in certain situations to avoid a large number of empty,
or almost empty classes.
Decide the individual class limits and select a suitable starting point of the first
class which is arbitrary, it may be less than or equal to the minimum value.
Usually it is started before the minimum value in such a way that the midpoint
(the average of lower and upper class limits of the first class) is properly placed.
Take an observation and mark a vertical bar (|) for a class it belongs. A running
tally is kept till the last observation.
Find the frequencies, relative frequency, cumulative frequency etc. as required.
4.1.Class Limit
There are two for each class.
The lower class limit of a class is the smallest data value that can go into the class.
The upper class limit of a class is the largest data value that can go into the class.
Class limits have the same accuracy as the data values; the same number of
decimal places as the data values.
4.2.Class Boundaries
They are halfway points that separate the classes.
The lower class boundary of a given class is obtained by averaging the upper limit
of the previous class and the lower limit of the given class.
The upper class boundary of a given class is obtained by averaging the upper limit
of the class and the lower limit of the next class.
4.3.Class Mark
They are the midpoints of the classes.
They are obtained by averaging the limits.
4.4.Class Width
The difference between the upper and lower boundaries of any class. The class
width is also the difference between the lower limits of two consecutive classes or
the upper limits of two consecutive classes. It is not the difference between the
upper and lower limits of the same class.
4.5.Range
The range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest
values.
4.6.Slovin’s Formula
-is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a
margin of error (e).
- it's a random sampling technique formula to estimate sampling size
-It is computed as n = N / (1+Ne2).
whereas:
n = no. of samples
N = total population
e = error margin / margin of error
5.1.Histograms
A graph which displays the data by using vertical bars of various heights to
represent frequencies. The horizontal axis can be either the class boundaries, the
class marks, or the class limits.
5.2.Frequency Polygon
A line graph. The frequency is placed along the vertical axis and the class
midpoints are placed along the horizontal axis. These points are connected with
lines.
5.3.Ogive
A frequency polygon of the cumulative frequency or the relative cumulative
frequency. The vertical axis the cumulative frequency or relative cumulative
frequency. The horizontal axis is the class boundaries. The graph always starts at
zero at the lowest class boundary and will end up at the total frequency (for a
cumulative frequency) or 1.00 (for a relative cumulative frequency).
5.4.Pie Chart
Graphical depiction of data as slices of a pie. The frequency determines the size of
the slice. The number of degrees in any slice is the relative frequency times 360
degrees.
5.5.Pareto Chart
A bar graph for qualitative data with the bars arranged according to frequency.
5.6.Stem and Leaf Plot
A data plot which uses part of the data value as the stem and the rest of the data
value (the leaf) to form groups or classes. This is very useful for sorting data
quickly.
