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Effective Punching Shear and Moment Capacity of Flat Plate-Column

Connection with Shear Reinforcements for Lateral Loading

Article  in  International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials · March 2012

DOI: 10.1007/s40069-012-0002-3

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International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
Vol.6, No.1, pp.19~29, March 2012
DOI 10.1007/s40069-012-0002-3
ISSN 1976-0485 / eISSN 2234-1315

Effective Punching Shear and Moment Capacity of Flat Plate-

Column Connection with Shear Reinforcements for Lateral Loading
1), 2) 3) 4)
Jin-Kyu Song, * Jubum Kim, Ho-Bum Song, and Jeong-Won Song

(Received September 16, 2011, Revised February 20, 2012, Accepted February 22, 2012)

Abstract: In this study, three isolated interior flat slab-column connections that include three types of shear reinforcement details;
stirrup, shear stud and shear band were tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading to observe the capacity of slab-column con-
nections. These reinforced joints are 2/3 scale miniatures designed to have identical punching capacities. These experiments showed
that the flexural failure mode appears in most specimens while the maximum unbalanced moment and energy absorbing capacity
increases effectively, with the exception of an unreinforced standard specimen. Finally, the results of the experiments, as wel l as
those of experiments previously carried out by researchers, are applied to the eccentricity shear stress model presented in ACI 318-
08. The failure mode is therefore defined in this study by considering the upper limits for punching shear and unbalanced momen t.
In addition, an intensity factor is proposed for effective widths of slabs that carry an unbalanced moment delivered by bending.
Keywords: flat plate structures, punching shear, unbalanced moment, M-V plane, shear band.

1. Introduction teria. However, the punching shear and unbalanced moment are
interrelated in terms of the acting load as well as the resistance
Because reinforced concrete flat plate structures do not contain strength of the member that resists them. For example, if the resis-
beams, they are able to transfer all the loads acting on slabs tance strength to the unbalanced moment increases concurrently
directly to the columns. At the time when the loads are transferred, with an increase in the bending reinforcement ratio of the slabs
all moments that are generated by the delivery load and critical near the column, then the resistance to punching shear reduces
sections that resist the moment (See Figure 1) also converge on the because the risk of damage, such as the occurrence of cracks,
slabs near the columns. When a moment is caused by a delivery decreases. In addition, if the shear reinforcing materials are
load, it is an unbalanced moment that occurs because of a direct installed, not only the punching shear resistance capacity, but also
shear moment originating from a vertical load and eccentricity and the unbalanced moment resistance and energy absorbing capacity
to the lateral load of a vertical load. In ACI 318-08,1 it is assumed in the connections increases.
1 SR
that part of an unbalanced moment (γf Munb) is transferred by In ACI 318-08, the punching shear strength ( V nP ) of shear
bending and that the remainder is transferred (γv Munb) by shear. reinforcement slabs is presented as follows in Eq. 1:
According to the eccentric shear transfer model, the shear force on
SR
connections rises if the acting unbalanced moment increases. On VnP = Vc + Vs ≤ 1/2 ( f ck b 0 d ) (1)
the other hand, it is assumed that the unbalanced moment strength
does not affect the punching shearing strength in terms of resis- In Eq. 1, Vc is the punching shear strength for concrete slabs (1/
tance capacity, since the punching shearing strength that resists 6( f ck b0 d )) and Vs is the punching shear strength for reinforcing
shear force and the unbalanced moment strength that resists the materials. In the design criteria, the maximum value of Eq. 1 is
unbalanced moment are designed independently in the design cri-
1)
Department of Architectural Engineering, Chonnam National
University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
*Corresponding Author; E-mail: jgsong@ jnu.ac.kr
2)
Department of Civil Engineering, Penn State Harrisburg,
Harrisburg, PA 17507, USA.
3)
Research Institute of Structural Engineering & System,
DongYang Structural Engineers Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea.
4)
Department of Architectural Engineering, Chonnam National
University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
Copyright ⓒ 2012, Korea Concrete Institute. All rights reserved,
including the making of copies without the written permission of
the copyright proprietors. Fig. 1 Location of critical and effective section in flat plates.

19
 Table 1 Properties of test specimen.
*1 *2 *3
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
SR SR SR
Vg VnSR (Vn) Vtest V test Final failure
---------- ⎛⎝ ----------⎞⎠
Shear fck M test (Mtest) V test (Vtest)
Source Label ------
Reinforcement (MPa) Vc (kN.m) (kN) (kN) V test Vtest mode
3C None 29.7 0.23 (35.8) (177) (160) (1.00) P
Islam & Park 6CS Stirrups 28.2 0.24 38.4 188 234 1.06 F
5
(1976) 7CS Stirrups 29.7 0.24 41.7 202 240 1.14 F
8CS Stirrups 22.1 0.27 34.9 174 207 0.98 F
1C None 35.4 0.21 (58.3) (254) (260) (1.00) F/P
Robertson 2CS Stirrups 31.4 0.22 68.5 288 367 1.13 F
et al. (2002)9 3SL Stirrups 43.4 0.17 71.0 291 432 1.15 F
4HS Studs 38.2 0.20 67.9 286 405 1.13 F
1 None 35.0 0.45 (130) (566) (335) (1.00) P
2 Studs 33.7 0.46 162 668 493 1.18 F
Elgabry &
3 Studs 39.0 0.85 142 754 530 1.33 F/P
Ghali (1987)3
4 Studs 40.8 0.83 150 780 542 1.38 F/P
5 Studs 45.6 1.18 105 786 573 1.39 F/P
9.6AH None 30.7 0.51 (97.9) (459) (369) (1.00) P
9.6EH.34 Stirrups 25.5 0.59 99.8 477 505 1.04 F
9.6EH.48 Stirrups 25.8 0.67 86.2 466 507 1.02 F
9.6AL None 28.9 0.72 (34.6) (353) (358) (1.00) F/P
Hawkins et al. 9.6EL.34 Stirrups 23.4 0.90 33.3 383 483 1.08 F
(1989)4 9.6EL.56 Stirrups 28.5 0.97 43.1 465 533 1.32 F
14AH None 30.3 0.58 (100.2) (486) (354) (1.00) P
14EH.49 Stirrups 25.1 0.70 117.9 557 483 1.15 F
14AL None 27.0 0.95 (43.4) (441) (334) (1.00) P
14EL.49 Stirrups 26.9 1.06 44.4 479 500 1.08 F
C0 None 38.6 0.30 (103) (438) (414) (1.00) P
Kang & PS2.5 Thin plate stirrups 35.1 0.32 109 456 592 1.04 F
Wallace
7 PS3.5 Thin plate stirrups 35.1 0.32 106 447 592 1.02 F
(2008)
HS2.5 Studs 35.1 0.32 104 441 592 1.01 F
RC1 None 38.7 0.43 (81.1) (390) (361) (1.00) P
This study SR1 Stirrups 38.7 0.43 101.4 449 542 1.15 F
(2009) SR2 Studs 38.7 0.43 81.4 391 542 1.00 F
SR3 Bands 38.7 0.43 99.2 443 542 1.14 F
γv Ac c SR γv Ac c SR 1 SR 1
*1: Vtest=Vg+ ------------
- Mtest, Vtest =Vg+ ------------
- Mtest , *2: Vn= --- f ck b 0 d , Vn = --- f ck b 0 d , *3: F - flexural failure, P - punching failure.
Jc Jc 3 2

limited to 1.5 times the punching shear strength of unreinforced two-way shear resistance is affected by the transverse restraint of
slabs. However, the ACI-ASCE Committee 4216 allows the compression struts in connections between slabs and the column.
design strength to increase when the reinforcing shear Vc is 1/4 This classification of slab actions according to the aspect ratio
( f ck b 0 d ) by applying a stud and the maximum value can be works mainly when gravity loads are dominant. In terms of flat
increased up to 2/3( f ck b 0 d ) in Eq. 6. plates acting as an element of transverse resistance, if the impact
On the other hand, in the design criteria, there are two types of of the unbalanced moment by a transverse load is enhanced, one-
actions (beam action and two-way action), by dividing the slabs way bending behavior also appears in two way slabs. As a conse-
into two types, long and narrow width, according to the aspect quence, the punching shear capacity of connections may not be
ratio of slab β. In the case of the beam action, the maximum shear- fully operated.
ing strength that concrete can resist is designed by lowering it to ½ In Table 1, the results are examined of experiments carried out
of the punching shear strength against the two-way action. This is on the transverse load of two-way slabs that have interior connec-
necessary because it is difficult to expect an impact to occur when tions. In Row 19 of Table 1 on the shear strength ratio at the final

20│International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)
failure, the maximum shearing force is significantly less than the In Eq. 2, vmax is the maximum punching shear stress, Vg is the
maximum punching shear strength required in most design crite- direct shear force due to vertical loads, Ac is the critical section
ria, with the exception of the case where the gravity load ratio on areas of slabs, γ v is the ratio of unbalanced moment that is deliv-
punching shear strength is high (See Row (5) in Table 1) and ered by eccentric shear, Munb is the unbalanced moment, c is the
where there is no shear reinforcement. This result suggests that distance from the centroid to the critical sections, and Jc is the
flexural failure might occur due to an unbalanced moment before polar moment of inertia.
the connections reach maximum shear strength, even if the correct When multiplying both sides of Eq. 2 by the critical section
shear reinforcements are installed. area, Ac, the maximum punching shear force in the critical sec-
tions, Vmax, is as follows in Eq. 3.
2. Research significance γv c Ac
- M unb
Vmax = Vg + ------------ (3)
Jc
In this study, shear governed failure and bending governed fail-
ure are defined by using an M-V plane of the unbalanced moment In this equation, γvcAc/Jc is an invariable number that is set
and the punching shear to explain the slab-column connection according to the geometrical characteristics of joints between slabs
actions on the shear and unbalanced moment. Furthermore, mea- and columns. Let the invariable to K, the maximum punching
sures are investigated to reflect the unbalanced moment strength in shear force on critical sections, Vmax, be the linear equation with a
determining the final punching shear strength on slabs. In addition, slope K and y-intercept Vg, similarly to Eq. 4. This may be ex-
the impact of shear reinforcements on punching shear strength and pressed in the graph in Figure 2 as thick solid lines for the unbal-
unbalanced moment strength is examined and effective shear anced moment and shear.
strength and effective width enlargement factors are proposed in
γ v cAc
order to reflect the strength improvement impact by shear rein- Vmax = KM unb + Vg , K = ------------
- (4)
Jc
forcements.
In the design criteria, the punching shear strength of a non-rein-
3. Unbalanced moment and punching shear forcement slab VnP, is defined as Eq. 5 below and the values are
the same as the punching failure line (dotted horizontal bold line)
3.1 Basic concept in Figure 2.
Figure 2 shows the M-V plane, in which the moment and resis-
tance strength are examined based on the eccentricity shear stress 1 (5)
VnP = V c = --- f ck b 0 d
3
model of the design criteria. In the graph, the dotted lines parallel
to the vertical and horizontal axes represent the punching shear In Eq. 5, Vc is the punching shear strength of concrete slabs, fck
and unbalanced moment, respectively, and the solid lines indicate is the concrete design criteria strength, b0 is the circumference of
the moment due to the acting loads of the slabs. The thick solid critical sections at the distance of d/2 from the column sides, and d
lines show the moment of slabs due to the acting load, while the is the effective thickness of slabs.
dots (•) in the graph refer to the current state of the applied load, In addition, under the assumption that part of the unbalanced
and the thin solid lines represent the expected route of the moment moment γ f Munb, is delivered to the columns by bending, if ACI
of slabs according to the increase in loads. 318-081 is applied, in which the slab areas that deliver bending as
In ACI 318-08,1 the maximum shear stress on critical sections c2+3h is defined, the unbalanced moment strength Mn,unb, is as fol-
of slabs is defined by assuming it to be a collated stress of eccen- lows in Eq. 6 and the values may be expressed as the flexural fail-
tric shear originating from the direct shear and unbalanced moment ure lines, indicated as the thick and vertical dotted lines shown in
caused by vertical loads as follows: Figure 2.
Vg γv Munb c Mn, ( c 2 + 3h )
v max = ------ + -------------------
- (2) Mn, unb = ------------------------
- (6)
Ac Jc γf
In Eq. 6, M n, ( c2 + 3h ) is the flexural strength of slab sections that
have a width of c2+3h, γ f is the ratio of the unbalanced moment
that is delivered by bending, c2 is the width of the columns, and h
is the thickness of the slabs in the equation.

3.2 M-V plane with shear reinforcements

In the design criteria, the slab sections are defined with a width
of c2+3h for resistance against an unbalanced moment that is
delivered by bending, regardless of the installation of shear rein-
6-10
forcements. However, according to existing research results,
the shear reinforced slabs have a smooth plastic redistribution of
flexural reinforcements because shear failure is delayed, unlike
unreinforced slabs where flexural moments converge near the col-
Fig. 2 M-V plane for the flat plates without shear Reinforce- umns. This means that the unbalanced moment strength increases
ments. because of the expansion of the effective width that resists an

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)│21
 SR SR
VnP and Mn, unb , respectively, as shown in Figure 3. When the
load increases continually, it is easy to estimate the final failure
mode, which is the bending governed failure and the shear gov-
erned failure, by using the M-V plane. In this plane, the bending
governed failure is defined as the case where the unbalanced
moment strength reaches maximum strength before shear strength
reaches its maximum strength; while shear governed failure is
defined as the converse case. Figure 4 is shown to explain the slab
failure mode on the M-V plane. When vertical loads on joints are
small (Vg), bending governed failure occurs on the slabs at point c
along the force line oac , and when vertical loads are relatively
large (V'g ), sudden shear governed failure will occur on the slabs at
d, on the force line obd . Meanwhile, when the geometry of joints
differs, yet the vertical loads are identical, bending governed fail-
ure such as in the force line oac may change into shear governed
failure such as in the force line oae . Consequently, the failure
mode in the slab-column joints is predicted when structures have
unexpected extreme loads and when shear reinforcement is carried
out in joints, due to the use of reinforced materials.
Fig. 3 M-V plane for the flat plates with shear reinforcements.

4. Experimental investigation

4.1 Test program

A total of four, flat plate interior joints were subjected to gravity
and cyclic lateral loads. All specimens had the same configura-
tions except shear reinforcement details at the slab-column con-
nections: control specimen with no shear reinforcement (which is
denoted as RC1); stirrups (SR1); headed shear stud (SR2); and
shear bands (SR3). The specimens represented a multi-story resi-
dential building designed in accordance to ACI 318-08.1 Dead and
live loads are assumed to be 6.5 kN/m2and 3.0 kN/m2, respec-
tively. The slabs (135 mm thick) were approximately two-thirds
scale with a bay size of 3 m × 3 m supported by a square column
of 300 mm × 300 mm as shown in Figure 5. The compressive
strength of concrete and the yield strength of reinforcement are
Fig. 4 Various conditions that affect failure modes for the flat assumed to be 35 MPa and 400 MPa, respectively.
plates. Table 2 shows actual material properties of the specimens. As
shown in Figure 6, the spacing of D13 top reinforcement was 100
mm in the column strip, providing 1.11% reinforcement ratio,
unbalanced moment when flat plate slabs are shear-reinforced. while the spacing was approximately 200 mm in middle strip
Figure 3 demonstrates the concept of unbalanced moment strength (0.52% reinforcement ratio). Bottom reinforcement was spaced at
(Mn,unb→ VnSR, unb ) caused by an increase in shear strength (Vnp→ approximately 150 mm throughout and two bars passed through
SR
VnP ) and effective width as shear reinforcements are installed, as the column to satisfy the structural integrity requirement of ACI
has been previously mentioned. code. The minimum cover was 15 mm. The column consisted of
The M-V plane, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, is significantly 8-D29 longitudinal reinforcement and D13 stirrups at 100 mm
useful in examining slab actions because it can explain the effect spacing.
of loads acting on slabs and the resistance capacity of the moment All specimens with shear reinforcement (SR series) were
as well as the status of loads received by the current slabs, the designed to have nominally the same punching shear capacity and
remaining load strength additionally received by the current slabs, 50% greater than that of the control specimen RC1.
and the effect of shear reinforcements in the slabs. For example, The reinforcing interval and the width of stirrups are in accor-
Figure 3 indicates slabs, on which act the unbalanced moment of dance with the design criteria of ACI 318-08.1 With the exception
Munb and the maximum punching shear force of Vmax. In this of stirrups, there are no design criteria for other reinforcing materi-
graph, the maximum punching shear force Vmax consists of a direct als. Therefore, the study results obtained by K. Pilakoutas and X.
shear element Vg according to vertical loads and an eccentric shear li8 and the ACI Committee 4216 were referred to for the shear
element Vunb, due to the unbalanced moment. In Figure 2, the band design and stud design, respectively.
punching shear and unbalanced moment strength of unreinforced The details of shear reinforcement are explained in Figure 7.
slabs are VnP and Mn,unb, respectively, while the punching shear SR1 is fabricated from a closed stirrup by using Ø6 circle rein-
and unbalanced moment strength of shear reinforcement slabs are forcements, while seven stirrups were placed on each side of the

22│International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)
 Fig. 6 Placements of top and bottom bars.

parts of the columns in the specimens are fabricated to be hinged

and a 3000 kN vertical load cell is installed between the hinge and
oil pressure jack for vertical loads. By connecting the hinges that
support the columns with right and left base plates by a restraining
arm, the horizontal movement in the lower part of the hinge in the
columns is restrained. For an actuator, 500 kN was connected to
the upper part of the columns and repeated vertical loads of the
north and south directions were added. At the ends of the slabs,
three vertical links on the south and north directions were installed
and by connecting pins to both ends of the vertical links, the hori-
zontal movements and turns have freedom of movement. At the
ends of the slabs on the west and east directions, guide rails were
Fig. 5 Test specimens (unit: mm). installed in order to prevent twisting of the specimens during the
experimental process of vertical loads. To measure the responses
of the strength and displacement capacity of specimens, two load
columns at 45 mm intervals. SR2 is fabricated from stud rails by cells and six displacement cells were installed. In the upper and
welding seven Ø10-stud bolts onto a steel rail at 52 mm intervals, lower parts of each specimen, twenty strain gauges were attached,
placed in two rows on each side of the columns. For SR3, holes with ten strain gauges in shear reinforcement. The strain gauges
were drilled regularly on 30 mm wide and 3 mm thick band style measure the deformation of flexural reinforcement and shear rein-
steel and bend reinforcement materials at 50 mm intervals between forcing materials. Experiments are carried out according to the
vertical areas were placed on each side of the columns in three gravity loading stage and vertical loading stage. For the gravity
rows. load, displacement loads are added by using an oil pressure jack
Specimens are installed as shown in Figures 8 and 9. The lower that is installed at the lower part of the columns. A vertical load is

Table 2 Published tests of interior slab-column connection subjected to V and M.

Compressive
strength of Yield strength of steel Steel ratio
concrete Column
Slab Effective Type of
size Slab length
Specimen Flexural thickness depth of shear reinforce-
Shear rein- C1, C2 l1, l2 (mm)
reinforce- t (mm) slab d (mm) Top bar Bottom bar ment
fck (MPa) forcements (mm)
ments ρtop (%) ρbottom (%)
fvy (MPa)
fy (MPa)
RC1 38.7 449 - 300 3,000 135 113.5 1.06 0.79 Unreinforced
SR1 38.7 449 631 300 3,000 135 113.5 1.06 0.79 Stirrup
SR2 38.7 449 500 300 3,000 135 113.5 1.06 0.79 Shear stud
SR3 38.7 449 346 300 3,000 135 113.5 1.06 0.79 Shear band

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)│23
 Fig. 7 Placements and details of the shear reinforcements (unit: mm).

Fig. 9 Photo of set up after installation.

Fig. 8 Installation of test specimen.
reaches the targeted value, all the measurement instruments are
monotonously added until it reaches 40% of the nominal punch- initialized. The history of repeated lateral loads is repeatedly added
ing strength (=1/3 ( f ck b 0 d ) ) of slabs. After the vertical load using the displacement control method according to the displace-

24│International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)
 placement ratio. Unlike RC1, the SR2 and SR3 specimens, in
which the stud and shear band are used, do not show brittle punch-
ing after maximum strength is reached. The maximum lateral load
strength appears to be 50 kN at a 2.3 lateral displacement ratio and
61 kN at a 2.7% lateral displacement ratio. SR2 and SR3 maintain
the strength of over 40 kN for 4.5% of the lateral displacement
ratio and 8% of the lateral displacement ratio, respectively. These
3-types of shear reinforcements which have designed to have
identical punching shear capacities showed different influences for
deformation capacity. Shear band, for example, showed large
impact for increasing deformation capacity. It will be estimated
Fig. 10 Loading protocol with displacement control. that shear reinforcements affect directly for increasing deforma-
tion capacity.
A nonlinear pushover analysis is conducted in this study by
ment ratio between stories of a load acting point by using an actu- using FEM for RC1 and SR3 in order to compare and examine
ator connected to the upper part of the columns (see Figure 10). the tensile strain rates and stress distribution according to the plas-
While repeated lateral load experiments are operating, we main- tic redistribution of the main reinforcement (See Figure 17). For
2
tain the gravity load ratio on the joints at a certain level by control- the analysis program, we used ATENA and assumed that the
ling the camber load. structural equation of concrete was stiffened orthotropic. As for
Material modeling, compressive stress-strain relationship of con-
4.2 Test results crete complies with the CEB-FIP model before reaching maxi-
Figure 11 illustrates the lateral loads and lateral displacement mum compressive stress and linear decrease equation was applied
ratio of each specimen. The general behavior of each specimen’s characteristics of softening after maximum compressive stress.
response is the same up to a 1% lateral displacement ratio and the Elasticity theory complied with tensile stress-strain relationship
rigidity of specimens decreases gradually with an increase in the before cracking. The smeared crack model also was applied for
lateral displacement ratio. The unreinforced specimen, RC1, crack. Model proposed by Hordijk complied with biaxial stress
reaches the greatest strength of 50 kN at a 1.4% lateral displace- failure mode and model proposed by Rankine et al. complied with
ment ratio and sudden punching destruction occurs at a 1.8% lat- failure criteria of concrete. In addition, it is assumed that the rein-
eral displacement ratio, with a joint strength of 38 kN. After forcement is fully attached to the concrete and that it only has axial
punching, the lateral load strength in the joints reduces to about stiffness in uniaxial strain as a two-joint point truss element
20% of the maximum strength. The strength reduces and is main- included within the concrete. The comparison between load and
tained at the strength greater than 40 kN of the 4.1% lateral dis- displacement on slabs (Figures 11 (a) and (d)) proves that the anal-

Fig. 11 Relations for lateral drift ratio-lateral load.

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)│25
 Fig. 14 Punching shear strength ratio of flat plates with and
Fig. 12 Envelope curve of the specimens. without shear reinforcements.

the process of gravity load addition and the crack patterns are dis-
tinctly similar up to about a 1.8% lateral displacement ratio load.
Brittle punching failure appears at a 1.8% lateral displacement
ratio in the RC1 specimen and punching shear is formed at a dis-
tance of about 300 mm~550 mm (about 2.5d~5.0d) from the col-
umns in the upper part of the slabs. The crack spread in reinforced
specimens appears continually even after a 1.8% lateral displace-
ment ratio, while at the final stage, crack damage in the reinforced
specimens is considerable, compared to the unreinforced speci-
men, RC1.

5. Strength estimation according to failure

mode

5.1 Effective punching shear strength in flex-

ural failure mode
Figure 14 shows the results of experiments of a vertical load or
combined vertical and lateral loading on existing flat plates. The
results of vertical loading are taken from an analysis of the experi-
ments carried out by Keefe(1954), Franz(1963), Marti et al.(1977),
Muller et al.(1977), Muller et al.(1984), Chana & Desai(1991),
Yamada et al.(1992), and Beutel & Hegger(1998), recorded in the
10
International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) Report and
the results of lateral load are taken from the analysis of experi-
5 9
ments obtained by Islam & Park(1976), Robertson et al.(2002),
3 4
Elgabry & Ghali(1987), Hawkins et al.(1989), and Kang & Wal-
7
lace(2008), for this study (see Table 1).
In Figure 14, the horizontal axis shows the maximum punching
Fig. 13 Crack pattern of the specimens.
shear stress calculated by using Eq. 2 and the vertical axis shows
the punching shear strength rate of shear reinforcement specimens
ysis results correctly predict the results of experiments. compared to the unreinforced specimen. As can be seen in the
Figure 12 shows a comparison of the hysteresis loop of each graph, when only direct shear occurs due to vertical load (□), the
specimen. The strength and displacement capacity of specimens average shear strength rate of shear reinforcement against the
using shear reinforcement increases significantly compared to that unreinforced specimen is 1.63. On the other hand, when eccentric
of the unreinforced specimen. SR3, where shear band was used, shear due to a lateral load is combined with direct shear (▼), the
showed high lateral displacement compared to other reinforced average shear strength ratio is 1.15, which is a significantly lower
joints. value than when only a lateral load operates. Considering the
Figure 13 shows the crack patterns after the addition of the final results of the analysis according to the unbalanced moment and
force on the unreinforced specimen. An examination is carried out punching shear on the M-V plane, when only the vertical load
each time the repeated lateral displacement ratio cycle ends after operates, the slabs act along the moment line of oab , and when it
SR
the addition of gravity load. Cracks in each specimen occur due to reaches punching failure strength VnP , it will face shear failure.

26│International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)
 Fig. 15 Strain profiles of shear reinforcements. Fig. 16 Distribution in steel strain of top bar.

However, if the lateral load combines with the vertical load, the regardless of shear reinforcement. However, if plastic redistribu-
SR
slabs act along the moment line oac , and before reaching VnF , tion of flexural reinforcement is smoothly operated with the cor-
SR
the lateral load can initially reach M n, unb . When the slabs reach rect reinforcement of shear reinforced materials, the effective
the maximum unbalanced moment strength, shear strength can no width resistant to the actual unbalanced moment is expanded,
longer be effective and failure may occur at the effective shear leading to an increase in unbalanced moment strength. To consider
SR
strength VnF . As a result, slabs that undergo bending governed this phenomenon, bending reinforcement deformation rate and
failure may experience failure at a much lower effective shear stress status are examined in this study according to the loading
SR
strength VnF than either VnP or 1.5VnP. During this process, the stages of specimens and the impact is demonstrated.
unbalanced moment strength affects the effective shear strength. Firstly, Figure 16 illustrates the deformation rate of upper rein-
Figure 15 shows the results of the measuring deformation rate of forcement according to the addition of the level of loading of unre-
shear band and shear stud reinforced materials. In all the measure- inforced and shear reinforced specimens. In the same displace-
ments, the deformation rate of shear reinforcing materials could ment ratio between stories, the upper reinforcement deformation
not reach the yield deformation rate at the lateral displacement rate of the unreinforced specimen (Figure 16(a)) is concentrated
ratio when the maximum unbalanced moment appeared. Vs in Eq. on the center of the columns, while the upper reinforcement defor-
1 is based on the assumption that shear reinforcements reach yield mation rate of shear reinforcement specimens (Figure 16(b))
strength. However, when bending governed failure occurs because spreads evenly over the slab width. This is because shear reinforc-
of an unbalanced moment with joints that mainly receive lateral ing materials delay punching shear and redistribute the moment
loads, the yield of shear reinforcing materials cannot be secured. acting on the joints in the direction of the slab width.
The punching shear strength therefore needs to be smaller than Figure 17 shows the results of experiments on the stress of
SR
VnP , which is the strength obtained from Eq. 1 (for example, VnF). upper reinforcement in each specimen and an analysis of the
results obtained using ATENA2. From the results, it was found that
5.2 Effects on unbalanced moment by the shear in the unreinforced specimen, only the reinforcement near the col-
reinforcements umn yields, while in the shear reinforcement specimens, the yield-
In the design criteria, the punching shear strength increases for ing area of reinforcement is extended to near the boundary of the
joints of slabs with shear reinforcement, such as in Eq. 1. How- column strip due to moment redistribution. Shear reinforcements
ever, in terms of unbalanced moment strength, the punching shear contribute indirectly to flexural reinforcements which can make
strength is calculated about the slab section with a width of c2+3h, stress redistribution.

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)│27
 Fig. 17 Distribution in bar stresses at peak load. Fig. 18 Graphic representation between unbalanced moment
and punching shear for normalized test results.

To reflect this phenomenon in a structural design, an effective

width enlargement factor λ is introduced in this study, which
applies the effective width of slabs by expanding, depending on
the installation of shear reinforcing materials. When we apply an
effective width enlargement factor, the effective width of shear
reinforcement slabs becomes λ(c2+3h) by multiplying the effec-
tive width of unreinforced slabs that is defined by the structural
design criteria by the enlargement factor. Nevertheless, the unbal-
anced moment strength MnSR , unb in the shear reinforcement joint is
as follows in Eq. 7.
Mn, λ ( c2 + 3h )
M nSR
, unb = ---------------------------
- (7)
γf
In this equation, M n, λ ( c2 + 3h ) is the flexural strength of the slab
section, with a width of λ(c2+3h).
Fig. 19 Enlargement of unbalanced moment of the flat plate
5.3 Verification of failure mode connections with shear reinforcements.
In the experiment for the lateral load of slab-column joints, if
the existing study results (Table 1) obtained from a test performed
for an unreinforced specimen and the shear reinforced specimens capacity of the effective punching shear considering the flexural
are examined simultaneously, Vg /Vc (Row 5) is the size of the act- failure mode from the unbalanced moment. Figure 19 shows the
ing vertical load on punching shear strength of unreinforced slabs relative increase in the maximum unbalanced moment according
SR SR
(Eq. 5). M test (Row 6) and V test (Row 7) are the results of the to shear reinforcement against unreinforced joints. The behavior
experiment carried out on unbalanced moment and punching of shear reinforced materials differs on the nominal unbalanced
shear. In addition, Row 9 shows the shear strength ratio in the rein- moment capacity, yet it increases 12% on average. If this result is
forcement joints against the shear strength of unreinforced joints. explained by the plastic redistribution of flexural reinforcement by
If these values and normalized values of the unbalanced moment shear reinforcement, the effective width enlargement factor λ to
in Row 6 are compared with the results of the unreinforced speci- define the unbalanced moment strength in Eq. 7 is 1.12.
men in the lateral shear stress model, an equation can be obtained
as follows: 6. Conclusions
SR SR
⎛ Vtest⎞ Vg γ v Ac c Mtest ⎛ M test⎞
⎜ ----------⎟ = ⎛⎝ ----------⎞⎠ + ⎛⎝ -------------⎞⎠ ⎛⎝ ------------⎞⎠ ⎜ ------------⎟ (8) In this study, the unbalanced moment-punching shear is defined
⎝ Vtest⎠ V test Jc V test ⎝ M test⎠
on M-V plane applying the eccentricity shear stress model pre-
However, Eq. 8 does not consider the changes of critical sec- sented in ACI 318-08, and the capacity of slab-column connec-
tions according to shear reinforcement. tions are studied employing tests about four isolated interior flat
Figures 18 and 19 illustrate the results of experiments carried slab-column connections under reversed cyclic lateral loading.
out in this study that is defined by using Eq. 8 and the findings The following conclusions may be drawn from the present study:
from Table 1. In Figure 18, it can be seen that the specimens did 1. These experiments show that the flexural failure mode
not reach the maximum punching shear force, but experienced appears in most specimens with the exception of an unreinforced
flexural failure. From this result, we can determine the maximum standard specimen. Installing the correct shear reinforcement may

28│International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)
improve the seismic capacity of flat plate connections. umn Connections with Stud-Shear Rein- cement Subjected to
2. These experiments showed that the unbalanced moment Shear-Moment Transfer,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 84, No. 5,
strength as well as punching shear strength increase by the shear 1987, pp. 433~442.
reinforcement for joint of slab. This is caused by the expanded 4. Hawkins, N. M., Bao, A., and Yamazaki, J., “Moment Trans-
range resistant to the unbalanced moment, which is due to the fer form Concrete Slabs to Column,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol.
plastic redistribution of flexural stress by the shear reinforcement. 86, No. 6, 1989, pp. 705~716.
To reflect the effect, it is proposed that the effective width enlarge- 5. Islam, S. and Park, R., “Tests on Slab-Column Connections
ment factor (λ) is 1.12. with Shear and Unbalanced Flexure,” Journal of the Structure
3. The unbalanced moment and punching shear relation pro- Division, Vol. 102, No.3, 1976, pp. 549~568.
posed in this paper will be useful for defining capacity of effective 6. Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 421, Shear Reinforcement for
punching shear strength and designing flat plate slab-column con- Slabs, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1999.
nection. 7. Kang, T. H.-K. and Wallace, J. W., “Seismic Performance
of Reinforced Concrete Slab-Column Connections with Thin
Acknowledgements Plate Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 105, No.5, 2008,
pp. 617~625.
This study was financially supported by Chonnam National 8. Pilakoutas, K. and Li, X. “Alternative Shear Reinforcement
University, 2008. for Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs.” Journal of Structural Engi-
neering, Vol. 129, No.9, 2003, pp. 1164~1172.
References 9. Robertson, I. N., Kawai, T., Lee, J., and Enomoto, B.,
“Cyclic Testing of Slab-Column Connections with Shear Rein-
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Struc- forcement,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 99, No.5, 2002, pp.
tural Concrete(ACI 318-08) and Commentary(ACI-318R-08), 605~613.
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008. 10. The CEB/fib Task Group, Punching of Structural Con-
2. Atena, ATENA Program Documentation, Cervenka Con- crete Slabs, International Federation for Structural Concrete(fib),
sulting, Czech Republic, 2000. Lausanne, Switzerland, 2001.
3. Elgabry, A. A. and Ghali, A., “Tests on Concrete Slab-Col-

International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials (Vol.6 No.1, March 2012)│29

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