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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DIVISON OF THERMAL AND ENERGY CONVERSION

 IC Engine Fundamentals
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 Engine Systems
 An engine must at least include the following systems to
operate
 Air supply and Exhaust system
 Fuel supply system
 Combustion system
 Ignition system (SI)
 Cooling system
 Lubricating system
 Starting system
 Electrical power supply (battery or generator)
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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 IC Engine Fundamentals
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pressure = force
area
force = pressure x area
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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pressure = force
area
force = pressure x area
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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Ignition system
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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Ignition system

Crank mechanism
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 Spark Ignnition System
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 Distributer contains:
- A rotating cam driven by the engine drive
- A set of breaker points,
- A condensor(capacitor)
- A roter and distributer cap

o The ignition coil consit of two transformer windings sharing a

common megnetic core- the primary (200 to 300 turns) and
secondary windings (21,000 turns).
o An alternating current in the PW induces magnetic field in the
coil’s core so that it serves as a step up transformer.
 Spark Ignnition System
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 For an ignition coil, one end of windings of both the primary

and secondary are connected together.

 This common point is connected to the battry ( ussually through

the current –limiting ballast rsistor)

 The other end of the primary is connected to the point in the

distributer

 The other end of the SW is connected via the the distributer

cap and rotor to the spark plugs
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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Intake system

Ignition system

Crank mechanism
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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Intake system
Exhaust system

Ignition system

Crank mechanism
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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Intake system
Exhaust system
Cooling system Thermostat

Ignition system

Crank mechanism
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 IC Engine Fundamentals
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Intake system
Exhaust system
Cooling system Thermostat

Ignition system

Lubrication system

Crankcase vent
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 IC Engine Fundamentals
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 Otto cycles
 Intake

 Compression,

 Combustion

 Power

 Exhaust
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fuel

air air + fuel

pressure
1. INTAKE STROKE

volume
TDC BDC
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pressure
Stoichiometric mixture
 

volume
TDC BDC
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pressure


2. COMPRESSION STROKE 


volume
TDC BDC
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pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC
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


pressure


3. Power stroke  

volume
TDC BDC
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


pressure




volume
TDC BDC
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

4. Exaust stroke

pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC
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


pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC
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Wor k = (pressure x volume)

positive work



pressure


 
Exhaust gas residual

volume
TDC BDC

Negative work
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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 IC Engine Fundamentals-Some Problems
28 Intake tuning
Exhaust tuning Emissions

Mixture preparation Combustion, auto ignition CxHx

CO
1. Performance Wear
NOx
2. Fuel economy
3. Emission

Inertia

lubrication
 IC Engine Fundamentals-Diesel Engine
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The Diesel Engine

pressure
volume
TDC BDC

Negligible negative work

 IC Engine Fundamentals-Diesel Engine
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10000 - 20000 psi

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 IC Engine fundamental-SI Engine
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• Intake Stroke

• The piston travels from TDC to BDC with the

intake valve open and exhaust valve closed.

• Piston draws air and fuel mixture into

cylinder
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• Compression Stroke
• When the piston reaches BDC, the intake
valve closes and the piston travels back
to TDC with all valves closed.

• Rising piston compresses mixture raising

both the pressure and temperature in the
cylinder.

• Near the end of the compression stroke,

the spark plug is fired and combustion is
initiated. (constant-volume combustion).
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• Expansion Stroke

• With all valves closed, the high pressure

created by the combustion process pushes
the piston away from TDC.

• As the piston travels from TDC to BDC,

cylinder volume is increased, causing
pressure and temperature to drop.
IC Engine fundamental-SI Engine

• Exhaust Stroke

• With the exhaust valve remaining

open, the piston now travels from BDC
to TDC in the exhaust stroke.

• This pushes most of the remaining

exhaust gases out of the cylinder into
the exhaust system

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 IC Engine fundamental-SI Engine
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Intake Stroke

 Intake stroke in Diesel engine is the same as the intake

stroke in an SI engine.

 The major difference being no fuel is added to the

incoming air.
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Compression Stroke
 The same as in SI engine except that only air is compressed and
compression is to higher pressures and temperature.

 Late in the compression stroke fuel is injected directly into the

combustion chamber where it mixes with the very hot air. This causes
the fuel to evaporate and self-ignite causing combustion to start.

 Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues at about

constant pressure until fuel injection is complete (i.e. after Cut - off)
and the piston has started towards BDC.
 IC Engine fundamental-Diesel Engine
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Power Stroke

o The power stroke continues as combustion ends and the

piston travels towards BDC.

Exhaust Stroke

o The same as SI engine

 IC Engine Fundamentals- 2 Stroke Engine
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 The two stroke engine employs the crankcase

as well as the cylinder to achieve all the
elements of the Otto cycle in only two strokes
of the piston.

 One power stroke in one revolution of the

crankshaft

 The main difference between two stroke and

four-stroke engines is in the method of filling
the fresh charge and removing the bunt gases
from the cylinder.
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 In a two-stroke engine, the filling process is accomplished by the

charge compressed in crankcase or by a blower.

 The induction of the compressed charge moves out the product of

combustion through exhaust ports.

 Therefore, no piston strokes are required for these two operations.

 Two strokes are sufficient to complete the cycle, one for compressing
the fresh charge and the other for expansion or power stroke.
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 A compression stroke (intake +

compression) starts by closing the
intake and exhaust ports, and then
compresses the cylinder contents and
draws fresh charge into the
crankcase.

 The fuel/air mixture is drawn into the

crankcase by the vacuum that is
created during the upward stroke of
the piston.

 As the piston approaches TDC,

combustion is initiated.
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 A power or expansion stroke (combustion

+ exhaust)

 At the end of compression stroke the

spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The
burning fuel expands, driving the piston
downward, to complete the cycle.

 At the same time, another crankcase

compression stroke is happening beneath
the piston.
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 During downward movement of the piston

first the exhaust ports and then the intake
ports are uncovered.

 When the inlet ports are uncovered, the

fresh charge which has been compressed in
the crankcase flows into the cylinder.
(Scavenging)

 The piston and the ports are generally

shaped to deflect the incoming charge from
flowing directly into the exhaust ports and to
achieve effective scavenging of the residual
gases
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Upward stroke of the piston During the downward stroke

Intake Valve open Crank Case Transfer port Opening

compression Scavenging
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Upward stroke of the piston Down ward stroke of the piston

Cylinder compression- Power Stroke- Exhaust Stroke-

another intake stroke is Scavenging
Crankcase compression
happening beneath the piston
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Comparison of SI & CI Engines

Description SI Engine CI Engine
Otto Cycle Heat addition @ Diesel cycle, Heat addition @
Basic Cycle
Constant volume constant pressure

Gasoline, Highly volatile fuel, Diesel oil, non volatile fuel, self-
Fuel
self ignition temp is high ignition temp is comparatively low

Fuel directly injected to the

Fuel-air mixture introduced
Introduction of combustion chamber at high
during suction stroke
Fuel pressure (fuel pump and injector
(Carburetor is necessary)
is necessary)
The quantity of fuel is regulated in
Throttle controls the quantity of
Load control the pump. Air quantity is not
mixture introduce
control
Required an ignition system with Ignition system & sparkplug are
Ignition
spark plug not necessary
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Comparison of SI & CI Engines

Description SI Engine CI Engine
Compression 6-10, upper limit is fixed by 16-20 upper limit is limited by
ratio anti knock quantity of fuel weight increase of the engine
They are high speed engines They are low speed engines (
Speed (light weight & homogeneous heavy weight & heterogeneous
combustion) combustion)

Thermal Lower thermal Efficiency Higher thermal efficiency (higher

Efficiency (lower compression ratio) compression ratio)

Lighter due to lower peak Heavier due to higher peak

weight
pressure pressure
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Comparison of 2-Stroke & 4-Stroke Engines

4-Stroke Engines 2-Stroke Engine

The cycle is completed in twoA strokes of

The cycle completed in 4 strokes of piston
the piston or one power strokes obtained in
or 2-revolution of crankshaft
every revo. of crankshaft

Turning moment is not uniform & hence a Turning moment is more uniform & hence a
heavier flywheel is needed lighter flywheel can be used

Power produced for the same size of

The power produced for the same size engine is more (Theoretically twice, actually
engine is less (2 revo gives 1 power) 1.3 times) due to 1 Power stroke in 1 revo.
Of Cra Sh)

Lesser cooling & lubrication requirement Greater cooling & lubrication requirements
Lower rate of wear & tear Higher rate of wear & tear
 IC Engine Fundamentals
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4-S Engines 2-S Engine

No valves but ports (some 2-s engines
Contains valve & Valve mechanisms to
are fitted with exhaust valves or reed
open & close valves
valve)

The initial cost is very high (Coz of heavy Initial cost of the engine is less (Coz od
wt. & complicated valve mechanism) light wt. & simplicity)

Volumetric Efficiency is more (Coz of Volumetric Efficiency is low (Coz of lesser

more time for induction) time for induction)

Thermal Efficiency is higher, part load Thermal Efficiency is less, part load
efficiency is better efficiency is poor compared 4-s engine

Used where low cost, compactness &

Used where Efficiency is important
Light Wt. are important (in Scooters,
( in Cars, Buses, aero planes, etc…
Motorcycles
 IC Engine Fundamentals-Wankel Engine
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 Alternative to the reciprocating engine

geometry

 The intake, compression, combustion and

exhaust process happen in different cavities
created between the rotor and the part of
the housing.

 In Wankel engine there are two rotating

parts: the triangular shaped rotor and the
output shaft with its integral eccentric (lobe).
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 The rotor revolves directly on the eccentric

 The rotor has an integral timing gear which

meshes with the fixed timing gear on one side
of the housing to maintain the correct pulse
relationship between the rotor and the
eccentric shaft rotations.

 As the rotor makes one complete rotation,

during which the eccentric shaft rotates
through three revolutions, each chamber
produces one power stroke.
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 A rotary engine has an ignition system and a fuel-delivery system that are
similar to the ones on piston engines.
The Rotor
 The rotor has three convex faces, each of which acts like a piston.

 Each face of the rotor has a pocket in it, which increases the displacement
of the engine, allowing more space for air/fuel mixture.

 At the apex of each face is a metal blade that forms a seal to the outside
of the combustion chamber
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 The rotor has a set of internal gear

teeth cut into the center of one side.

 These teeth mate with a gear that is

fixed to the housing.

 This gear mating determines the path

and direction the rotor takes through
the housing.
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 The housing is roughly oval in shape.

 its shape is designed so that the three

tips of the rotor will always stay in
contact with the wall of the chamber,
forming three sealed volumes of gas.

 Each part of the housing is dedicated

to one part of the combustion process.
 IC Engine Fundamentals-Wankel Engine
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 The four sections are:

◦ Intake
◦ Compression
◦ Combustion
◦ Exhaust

 The intake and exhaust ports are

located in the housing. There are no
valves in these ports.

 The exhaust port connects directly to

the exhaust, and the intake port
connects directly to the throttle.
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Output Shaft
 The output shaft has round lobes mounted eccentrically,
meaning that they are offset from the centerline of the
shaft.
 Each rotor fits over one of these lobes. The lobe acts sort of
like the crankshaft in a piston engine.

 As the rotor follows its path around the housing, it pushes on

the lobes.
 Since the lobes are mounted eccentric to the output shaft,
the force that the rotor applies to the lobes creates torque
in the shaft, causing it to spin.
 IC Engine Fundamentals-Wankel Engine
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 ADVANTAGES  DISADVANTAGES

 higher output for similar  seals exposed to heating and

displacement and physical size cooling cycles in use, led to a very
high incidence of loss of sealing
 simple and contain far fewer
moving parts  incomplete combustion of the air-
fuel charge, with the remaining
 the shape of the Wankel unburned hydrocarbons released
combustion chamber and the into the exhaust.
turbulence induced by the
moving rotor prevent localized  Is difficult to expand the engine
hot spots from forming to more than two rotors