Diagnostic Report: Client Code: Client'S Name and Address
Diagnostic Report: Client Code: Client'S Name and Address
Diagnostic Report: Client Code: Client'S Name and Address
HAEMATOLOGY
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT, EDTA WHOLE
BLOOD/SMEAR
BLOOD COUNTS
HEMOGLOBIN 11.6 Low 12.0 - 15.0 g/dL
METHOD : PHOTOMETRIC
EOSINOPHILS 2 1-6 %
METHOD : ABSORBANCE CYTOCHEMISTRY / MICROSCOPY
LYMPHOCYTES 14 Low 20 - 40 %
METHOD : ABSORBANCE CYTOCHEMISTRY / MICROSCOPY
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MONOCYTES 3 2 - 10 %
METHOD : ABSORBANCE CYTOCHEMISTRY / MICROSCOPY
BASOPHILS 0 0-2 %
METHOD : ABSORBANCE CYTOCHEMISTRY / MICROSCOPY
Interpretation(s)
BLOOD COUNTS-The cell morphology is well preserved for 24hrs. However after 24-48 hrs a progressive increase in MCV and HCT is observed leading to a decrease in MCHC.
A direct smear is recommended for an accurate differential count and for examination of RBC morphology.
RBC AND PLATELET INDICES-The cell morphology is well preserved for 24hrs. However after 24-48 hrs a progressive increase in MCV and HCT is observed leading to a
decrease in MCHC. A direct smear is recommended for an accurate differential count and for examination of RBC morphology.
MALARIAL PARASITE (M.P), EDTA WHOLE BLOOD/SMEAR-Malaria is an acute and sometimes a chronic infestation of red blood cells by parasites of the genus Plasmodium.
Demonstration of these parasites in the blood smear establishes the diagnosis of malaria. Of the four species of plasmodia causing human malaria P. vivax and P. falciparum
are commonly encountered in India. Infection with the other species (P. malariae and P. ovale) is rare in India.
Peripheral blood smear examination for detection of malaria parasite is highly specific but is less sensitive (~85%). Malaria parasite may not be detected on peripheral blood
smear if infestation rate is very low.
BIO CHEMISTRY
LIVER FUNCTION PROFILE, SERUM
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Interpretation(s)
LIVER FUNCTION PROFILE, SERUM-LIVER FUNCTION PROFILE
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile and is a breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may give
yellow discoloration in jaundice.Elevated levels results from increased bilirubin production (eg, hemolysis and ineffective erythropoiesis), decreased bilirubin excretion (eg,
obstruction and hepatitis), and abnormal bilirubin metabolism (eg, hereditary and neonatal jaundice). Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is elevated more than unconjugated
(indirect) bilirubin in Viral hepatitis, Drug reactions, Alcoholic liver disease Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is also elevated more than unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin when
there is some kind of blockage of the bile ducts like in Gallstones getting into the bile ducts, tumors &Scarring of the bile ducts. Increased unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin
may be a result of Hemolytic or pernicious anemia, Transfusion reaction & a common metabolic condition termed Gilbert syndrome, due to low levels of the enzyme that
attaches sugar molecules to bilirubin.
AST is an enzyme found in various parts of the body. AST is found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells, and it is commonly measured
clinically as a marker for liver health. AST levels increase during chronic viral hepatitis, blockage of the bile duct, cirrhosis of the liver,liver cancer,kidney failure,hemolytic
anemia,pancreatitis,hemochromatosis. AST levels may also increase after a heart attack or strenuous activity.ALT test measures the amount of this enzyme in the blood.ALT
is found mainly in the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys,heart,muscles, and pancreas.It is commonly measured as a part of a diagnostic evaluation of
hepatocellular injury, to determine liver health.AST levels increase during acute hepatitis,sometimes due to a viral infection,ischemia to the liver,chronic hepatitis,obstruction
of bile ducts,cirrhosis.
ALP is a protein found in almost all body tissues.Tissues with higher amounts of ALP include the liver,bile ducts and bone.Elevated ALP levels are seen in Biliary obstruction,
Osteoblastic bone tumors, osteomalacia, hepatitis, Hyperparathyroidism, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Paget''''''''s disease,Rickets,Sarcoidosis etc. Lower-than-normal ALP levels
seen in Hypophosphatasia,Malnutrition,Protein deficiency,Wilson''''''''s disease.GGT is an enzyme found in cell membranes of many tissues mainly in the liver,kidney and
pancreas.It is also found in other tissues including intestine,spleen,heart, brain and seminal vesicles.The highest concentration is in the kidney,but the liver is considered the
source of normal enzyme activity.Serum GGT has been widely used as an index of liver dysfunction.Elevated serum GGT activity can be found in diseases of the liver,biliary
system and pancreas.Conditions that increase serum GGT are obstructive liver disease,high alcohol consumption and use of enzyme-inducing drugs etc.Serum total
protein,also known as total protein,is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in serum.Protein in the plasma is made up of albumin and
globulin.Higher-than-normal levels may be due to:Chronic inflammation or infection,including HIV and hepatitis B or C,Multiple myeloma,Waldenstrom''''''''s
disease.Lower-than-normal levels may be due to: Agammaglobulinemia,Bleeding (hemorrhage),Burns,Glomerulonephritis,Liver disease, Malabsorption,Malnutrition,Nephrotic
syndrome,Protein-losing enteropathy etc.Human serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma.It is produced in the liver.Albumin constitutes about
half of the blood serum protein.Low blood albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) can be caused by:Liver disease like cirrhosis of the liver, nephrotic syndrome,protein-losing
enteropathy,Burns,hemodilution,increased vascular permeability or decreased lymphatic clearance,malnutrition and wasting etc
NEPHELOMETRY
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, SERUM
(QUANTITATIVE)
Interpretation(s)
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, SERUM (QUANTITATIVE)-CRP is one of the proteins commonly referred to as acute phase reactants. CRP is distinguished by its rapid response to
trauma or infection. Elevated levels of CRP may be seen in inflammatory disorders, tissue injury or necrosis and infections. Synthesis of CRP increases within 4-6 hours of
onset of inflammation, reaching peak values within 1-2 days. CRP levels also fall quickly after resolution of inflammation since its half life is 6 hours.
Testing for CRP is indicated in the following clinical situations - monitoring recovery from surgery, myocardial infarction, transplantation, inflammatory bowel disease,
rheumatic diseases and infectious diseases. Measuring and charting C-reactive protein values can also prove useful in determining disease progress or the effectiveness of
treatments.
CRP levels in autoimmune diseases may show little or no increase unless infection is present. Levels may not increase in conditions like pregnancy, angina, seizures, asthma,
common cold. The main limitation of CRP is in its non-specific response and should not be interpreted without a complete clinical history and evaluation.
SEROLOGY
DENGUE DUO RAPID SCREENING TEST,
SERUM
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Comments
NOTE:
1). THIS IS JUST A SCREENING TEST.
2). ADVISED CLINICAL CORRELATION.
3). IN CASE OF CLINICALLY SUSPECTED INFECTIONS, DENGUE RNA PCR OR MAC ELISA IS ADVISED TO RULE OUT DENGUE, AS NS-1 ANTIGEN
DETECTION IS NOT AS SENSITIVE AS RNA DETECTION AND SOME CASES OF SECONDARY INFECTION MAY BE MISSED BECAUSE OF LOW OR
UNDETECTABLE IGM LEVELS.
Interpretation(s)
DENGUE DUO RAPID SCREENING TEST, SERUM-DENGUE DUO RAPID SCREENING TEST
Dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It belongs to the genus Flavivirus and has four serotypes, DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Infection with one dengue
serotype provides lifelong immunity to that virus, but no cross protective immunity to the other serotypes. Human dengue infection causes a spectrum of illnesses ranging
from inapparent or mild febrile illness to severe to fatal hemorrhagic disease. WHO classifies dengue infections as primary or secondary. It is believed that patients
experiencing a secondary infection with heterologous serotypes have higher risk of complications, including Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome
(DSS).
Test Utility:
Dengue NS1 antigen is present at high concentrations in the sera of dengue virus-infected patients and can be detected in serum from day 1 after onset of clinical signs, up to
day 9. Dengue specific IgM can be detected as early as 5 days after the onset of fever and generally persists for 30-90 days, although detectable levels may be present
rarely upto 8 months post-infection. IgM antibody is also produced in secondary and tertiary dengue infections, although the response in some secondary and probably most
tertiary infections is low level and transient. Dengue IgG levels usually start rising at the end of 1st week in primary infection and persists for months and sometimes for
life.Patients with primary dengue infections usually are IgM positive & IgG negative with higher IgM concentrations, whereas patients with secondary infections are usually
both IgG and IgM positive with higher IgG concentrations.
Limitations:
A negative result may occur if the quantity of antigen/antibody present in the specimen is below the detection limit of the assay, or the antibodies are not present during the
stage of disease when the specimen is collected. Positive results obtained with single serum samples are only provisional and do not necessarily indicate current dengue
infection, but point to an infection in the previous 2 to 3 months. Patients suffering from other flavivirus infections (Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus
etc) may give a false positive dengue test due to presence of cross reactive epitopes. Hence all results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical findings and patient
history. If clinically indicated, it is recommended to recheck positive specimens with a confirmatory test (M antibody Capture ELISA).
**End Of Report**
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