QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  Results: What specifically did you find?

2nd SEM.MIDTERMS  Discussion: What do the results mean?

- Hypothesis: Used in the form of a clear statement
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH concerning the problem to be investigated
- Thorough study of a given phenomenon by act of  Qualitative research can lead to hypothesis-
inquiry; allows rediscovery of mysteries in an event testing and hypothesis-generating outcomes
- The world would progress through the act of  Hypothesis Indicators
researching new truths  Statement can be either proven or not
- Systematic process of collecting and logically  Makes a prediction to the conclusion
analyzing information for some purposes  Answers questions asked in the statement
of the problem
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH  Gives a guess of the study’s possible
- Begins with an interest on a problem about any outcomes
social, cultural or natural phenomena; an interest - The Five Chapters
driven problem  Introduction & Statement of Problem: States
- Research Question: Must be important and main problem and thesis argument
relevant  Mentions why it is important and whether it
 Significant in relation to current problems will fill a gap in other studies
 Can be built upon existing knowledge  Never provide length justification before
 Will it apply, test, or develop themes topic has been clearly stated :
- Research Topic: Situation that is in need of a  Limitations of The Study: Exhibits
solution, improvement, or alterations what the researchers will and will not
 Formulation of a good research is dependent do
on selection of strong research questions  Literature Review: Discussion about what is
 Good research must have an impact on its known of the subject and how it was acquired
readers  Methodology: States whether
qualitative/quantitative research methods were
TYPES OF RESEARCH employed
- Pure research: Personal research to enhance  Questions whether interviews or
one’s own knowledge questionnaires were administered
 At times cannot be applied into the real world  Main Body: Longest part of the paper; where
- Applied Research: Tries to solve practical author supports thesis and builds argument
problems of the world  Should focus on rational development of
- Qualitative Research: Interested in understanding the thesis
the meaning of a certain social construct; follows  Conclusion: Brings everything together and
logic of applied research underscores all it means
 Methods: Participant observation, case studies  Hanging Conclusion: Has no actual point
w/narrative, descriptive accounts of setting & and does not exhibit proper summarization
place
 Has set of interpretive, material practices that PHENOMENONS
make world visible - Natural Phenomena
 Involves any research which indicates non-  Manifest without human input; examples being
ordinal values concepts like gravity, the tides, etc.
 Puts emphasis on type of data generated - Social Phenomena
and/or used and includes many types of  Manifest through the actions of groups of
data humans; examples are the six degrees of
 Characteristics separation, social networking
 Concerned with process rather than - Psychological Phenomena
outcome  Manifested through human behaviors and
 Meaning, experiences and structures are response
observed - Visual Phenomena
 Researcher is instrument of data collection  Includes optical illusions, such as the optical
and analysis drift illusion
 Involves fieldwork and is mainly descriptive
PARTS OF A RESEARCH
RESEARCH STRUCTURE
- IMRAD Method: Most commonly followed structure STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
in researches - Provides the question at hand; describing the gap
 Introduction: Why are you doing it? between the real and unreal
 Method: How will you do it? - Discovers the relationships and gaps between

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principle and practice (also known as ‘theoria and study and benchmark as comparison of study
practice’) with other findings

Effective Problem Statement Doing a Literature Review

- Put the problem in context; asks what is already - Usual tasks involve key elements of a research
known study would be the ff.
- Describes the issue; asks what there is to know  Stating problem being addressed
- Shows relevance of the problem; asks why it  Central purpose
should be known  Information about sample/subjects
- Set objectives of the research; asks what will be  Key results or findings
done - Four Practical Suggestions
 Establish priority for researching the literature
Components of A Problem Statement  Delimit scope of the literature
- Must be brief to avoid confusion; problem itself is  Decide the reference style
stated clearly and with detail  Organize visual research map of the literature
- Background of research problem with experience
of researcher COLLECTION OF DATA
- Research design is generally based on a social
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY constructivist perspective
- Reviews background of the problem; “why ask  Research problems become research
these questions?” questions based on prior research experience
- Narrows the proposed title of the study; allowing - Data collection involves interview, observation,
review of the thesis title archival data, and interpretation is based on a
- Detects how far research materials have to be combination of researcher perspective
acquired
- Cites purpose of the study; demonstrating its Data Collection Procedure
significance to students/future researchers - A critical factor of any research initiative in
 Thesis is for readers and not merely for qualitative research involves the ff.
requirements  Direct interaction with individuals on a one-to-
one basis
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS  Direct interactions with individuals in a group
- Defines parameters and focus of the study; limiting setting
to a specific framework of action - Qualitative Research Data Collection: Involves
 Deductive in nature; beginning with principle time consuming data collection methods; have three
leading to specific concern forms
 Surfaces principle and concept for discussion  In-depth interview
- Directs researcher to include/exclude topics to be  Direct observation
lead to a directed goal  Written documents
- Involves honest and sincere capacity of study;
projects variables Visual Map
 Allows researcher to forsee problems of the - Enables person to understand how his or her study
research of the topic adds to, extends, or replicates research
 Allows researcher to state forseen weaknesses already completed
of the research - Also a flexible means to show connections
between different ideas with a singular topic
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
- Takes into account different sources through Data Sampling
published journals and other works - Convenience Sample: Selection of samples are
 Task of researcher is to locate soruces in a based on convenience of researcher; could be
larger body of literature biased
 Gives sense on whether the study builds,  Least rigorous sampling technique; poor quality
replicates or offers an entirely new concept data and lacks intellectual credibility
 Shows grasp and familiarity in a broader body - Purposive Sampling: Pinpointing specific group of
of knowledge people related to the topic of researcher
- Functions of the RRL - Snowball Sampling: Respondents look for research
 Shares results of other studies related to the based on the criteria given by the researcher
reported study - Extreme/Deviant Sampling: Obtain information
 Relates study to the larger ongoing dialogue through unusual cases or picking top/bottom of the
about a topic; filling gaps/extending prior study scale
 Provides framework establishing importance of - Maximum Variation: Purposely picking a wide

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range of variations or a lot of people; applies
whether or not it is convenient
- Stratified Sampling: Looking for individuals within a
certain group in order to apply to the research
(randomly picked)
 Leans more toward the quantitative form of
research
- Theoretical Sampling: Done to discover categories
and their properties to suggest interrelations into a
theory
 Not phenomelogical in nature

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